Pub Date : 2014-03-26DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.132.138
M. Arshad, N. Siddiqui, Ahmed Elkerdasy, Abdulmohsen H. Al Rohaimi, S. A. Khan
The present series of compounds were synthesized with the aim to develop newer anticonvulsant agents that are comparatively more efficacious and safer than the currently used anticonvulsant agents. Various thiazolyl coumarins were synthesized by the reaction of 3-(bromoacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one with different substituted aryl thiourea. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analyses. Compounds were tested for anticonvulsant activity utilizing Pen Tylenetetra Zole-induced seizure (PTZ) and Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) tests at 30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1 dose level. Neurotoxicity and ethanol potentiation test of the compounds were also assessed at the same dose level. Two compounds of the series 3g and 3j exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity at 30 mg kg-1 dose level with lesser neurotoxicity than the standard drug phenytoin.
{"title":"ANTICONVULSANT AND NEUROTOXICITY EVALUATION OF SOME NEWLY SYNTHESIZED THIAZOLYL COUMARIN DERIVATIVES","authors":"M. Arshad, N. Siddiqui, Ahmed Elkerdasy, Abdulmohsen H. Al Rohaimi, S. A. Khan","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.132.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.132.138","url":null,"abstract":"The present series of compounds were synthesized with the aim to develop newer anticonvulsant agents that are comparatively more efficacious and safer than the currently used anticonvulsant agents. Various thiazolyl coumarins were synthesized by the reaction of 3-(bromoacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one with different substituted aryl thiourea. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analyses. Compounds were tested for anticonvulsant activity utilizing Pen Tylenetetra Zole-induced seizure (PTZ) and Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) tests at 30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1 dose level. Neurotoxicity and ethanol potentiation test of the compounds were also assessed at the same dose level. Two compounds of the series 3g and 3j exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity at 30 mg kg-1 dose level with lesser neurotoxicity than the standard drug phenytoin.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"36 1","pages":"132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76772147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-17DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.125.131
B. Al‐Ani
Peptic ulcer is a common upper gastrointestinal disease that remains a major public health problem. Gastric ulceration caused by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID), stress and alcohol are the common causes of gastric ulcer formation in humans following helicobacter pylori bacterial infection of the stomach. The neurohormone, melatonin was reported to protect against NSAID- and stress-induced gastric lesions. We sought to determine whether melatonin, which is known to have antioxidant effects and induces systemic leukocyte mobilization, can protect the gastric structure from a sterile tissue injury. Equally divided melatonin or vehicle pre-treated Albino rats (N = 20) were subjected to sterile tissue injury of gastric ulceration using hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Melatonin treatment significantly protected the animals from gastric lesions induced by hypertonic salt compared to control vehicle-treated animals that show formation of gastric lesions in all examined rats. In addition, melatonin treatment significantly increased sterile tissue injury induction of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear peripheral blood cells. We conclude that melatonin protects sterile tissue injury-induced gastric lesions and augments white blood cell populations in response to this type of tissue injury.
{"title":"MELATONIN PROTECTS THE INTEGRITY OF GASTRIC STRUCTURE FROM A STERILE TISSUE INJURY AND AUGMENTS BOTH MONONUCLEAR AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS INDUCED BY THE INJURY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS","authors":"B. Al‐Ani","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.125.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.125.131","url":null,"abstract":"Peptic ulcer is a common upper gastrointestinal disease that remains a major public health problem. Gastric ulceration caused by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID), stress and alcohol are the common causes of gastric ulcer formation in humans following helicobacter pylori bacterial infection of the stomach. The neurohormone, melatonin was reported to protect against NSAID- and stress-induced gastric lesions. We sought to determine whether melatonin, which is known to have antioxidant effects and induces systemic leukocyte mobilization, can protect the gastric structure from a sterile tissue injury. Equally divided melatonin or vehicle pre-treated Albino rats (N = 20) were subjected to sterile tissue injury of gastric ulceration using hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Melatonin treatment significantly protected the animals from gastric lesions induced by hypertonic salt compared to control vehicle-treated animals that show formation of gastric lesions in all examined rats. In addition, melatonin treatment significantly increased sterile tissue injury induction of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear peripheral blood cells. We conclude that melatonin protects sterile tissue injury-induced gastric lesions and augments white blood cell populations in response to this type of tissue injury.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"33 1","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73317047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-12DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.114.124
A. Ezike, P. Akah, C. Okoli, I. K. Ufere, E. Ezeudu, C. Okoye, C. Ashara, I. Igbokwe
The gastrointestinal and antibacterial properties o f dichloromethane: Methanol extract (DVE) and fractions (DVHF, DVDF and DVMF) from Desmodium velutinum Willd. DC. (Fabaceae) leaves were investigated. Th e extract and fractions significantly (p 5g kg -1 in mice. Results demonstrated that D. velutinum leaf possesses gastrointestinal antimotility and antispasmodic effects and mild antibacterial and ga stroprotective activities.
{"title":"STUDIES ON GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS OF DESMODIUM VELUTINUM : A TRADITIONAL REMEDY FOR DIARRHEA","authors":"A. Ezike, P. Akah, C. Okoli, I. K. Ufere, E. Ezeudu, C. Okoye, C. Ashara, I. Igbokwe","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.114.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.114.124","url":null,"abstract":"The gastrointestinal and antibacterial properties o f dichloromethane: Methanol extract (DVE) and fractions (DVHF, DVDF and DVMF) from Desmodium velutinum Willd. DC. (Fabaceae) leaves were investigated. Th e extract and fractions significantly (p 5g kg -1 in mice. Results demonstrated that D. velutinum leaf possesses gastrointestinal antimotility and antispasmodic effects and mild antibacterial and ga stroprotective activities.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"94 1","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75458021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-11DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.107.113
U. Ijeoma, Nwaehujor Chinaka Onyebuchi, Udegbunam Sunday Ositadimma
Sterculia tragacantha leaves for years have been used by traditional healers in eastern Nigeria in the treatment of arthritis, edema, gout, whitlow and cold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the folkloric claims of Sterculia tragacantha leaf extract in relieving arthritic conditions. The effects of Sterculia Tragacantha methanol leaf Extract (STEX) on formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis were studied in rats. Paw thickness, White Blood Cell Count (WBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin Concentration (HB), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), lipid peroxidation, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase activity were studied post induction of arthritis. In both formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis studies, mean paw thickness in animals given 300 mg kg-1 STEX was significantly (p
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-ARTHRITIC EFFECT OF STERCULIA TRAGACANTHA (LINDL.) LEAF EXTRACT IN RATS","authors":"U. Ijeoma, Nwaehujor Chinaka Onyebuchi, Udegbunam Sunday Ositadimma","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.107.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.107.113","url":null,"abstract":"Sterculia tragacantha leaves for years have been used by traditional healers in eastern Nigeria in the treatment of arthritis, edema, gout, whitlow and cold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the folkloric claims of Sterculia tragacantha leaf extract in relieving arthritic conditions. The effects of Sterculia Tragacantha methanol leaf Extract (STEX) on formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis were studied in rats. Paw thickness, White Blood Cell Count (WBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin Concentration (HB), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), lipid peroxidation, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase activity were studied post induction of arthritis. In both formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis studies, mean paw thickness in animals given 300 mg kg-1 STEX was significantly (p","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"9 1","pages":"107-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85181759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-20DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.96.106
S. Muftau, Olatunji Omobolanle Aisha, S. Ambali, Ibrahim Tunde Oyedepo, Kawu Muhammed Umaru, P. Yusuf, Kobo Patricia Ishaku, H. I. Isa
Studies have shown that Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an Organophosphate (OP) insecticide alters both sex and thyroid hormones. Apart from inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, CPF has been shown to cause oxidative stress. The antioxidant potentials of many flavonoid-containing plants are increasingly being exploited in the therapy of many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) is one of the most widely used nutraceuticals that has been used traditionally to combat various illnesses due to its high flavonoid contents. The present study was therefore aimed at evaluating the ameliorative potentials of HS on subchronic chlorpyrifos-evoked alterations in sex and thyroid hormones in male Wistar rats. Forty-two (42) young adult male Wistar rats were divided at random into six groups containing seven (7) rats per group. Group I was administered distilled water (2 mL kg-1) only while group II received soya oil (2 mL kg-1), Group III was dosed with only aqueous extract of HS (500 mL kg-1 ~ 1/10th of the LD50), while group IV was given CPF (10.6 mL kg-1 ~ 1/8th of the LD50). Group V was pretreated with low dose of HS (250 mg kg-1 ~ 1/20th of the LD50) and then administered reconstituted CPF (10.6 mg kg-1), 30 min later. Group VI was pretreated with high dose of the HS (500 mg kg-1) and then administered CPF (10.6 mg kg-1), 30 min later. The regimens were administered orally by gavage once daily for a period of 11 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, sera obtained from the blood samples were analyzed for the levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroid hormones (T3, T4 and TSH) and AChE. Thyroid and pituitary glands of each rat were also evaluated for Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Results showed a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone in the CPF group relative to the other groups. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the concentrations of T3, T4 and an increase in TSH in the CPF group relative to the other groups. There were significant increases (p<0.05) in MDA concentrations in the thyroid and pituitary glands in the CPF group compared to the other groups. Pretreatment with aqueous extract of HS demonstrated a dose-dependent amelioration of CPF-induced alterations in the levels of testosterone, LH, FSH, AChE, T3, T4 and TSH in the serum and that of pituitary and thyroid glands MDA. This may be partly due to its high level of polyphenolic compounds that confer its antioxidant and possibly AChE restoration activities. It is therefore concluded that pretreatment of individuals who are occupationally exposed to CPF and probably other OPs with the extract of HS may result in protection from the insecticide-induced adverse reproductive health outcomes.
研究表明，毒死蜱(CPF)是一种有机磷(OP)杀虫剂，可以改变性别和甲状腺激素。除了抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性外，CPF还可引起氧化应激。许多含黄酮类植物的抗氧化潜力越来越多地被利用在许多感染性和非感染性疾病的治疗中。木槿(HS)是使用最广泛的营养保健品之一，由于其高类黄酮含量，传统上用于对抗各种疾病。因此，本研究旨在评估HS对亚慢性毒死蜱引起的雄性Wistar大鼠性别和甲状腺激素改变的改善潜力。选取42只成年雄性Wistar大鼠，随机分为6组，每组7只。组1仅给予蒸馏水(2 mL kg-1)，组2给予大豆油(2 mL kg-1)，组3仅给予HS水提物(500 mL kg-1 ~ LD50的1/10)，组4给予CPF (10.6 mL kg-1 ~ LD50的1/8)。V组以低剂量HS (250 mg kg-1 ~ LD50的1/20)预处理，30 min后给予重组CPF (10.6 mg kg-1)。VI组采用高剂量HS (500 mg kg-1)预处理，30 min后给予CPF (10.6 mg kg-1)。这些方案通过灌胃给予口服，每天1次，持续11周。在治疗期结束时，分析血清中促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮、甲状腺激素(T3、T4和TSH)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的水平。测定各组大鼠甲状腺和垂体丙二醛(MDA)浓度。结果显示，CPF组FSH、LH和睾酮浓度较其他各组均无显著降低(p>0.05)。CPF组T3、T4浓度较其他各组明显降低(p<0.05)， TSH升高(p<0.05)。CPF组大鼠甲状腺和垂体MDA浓度显著高于其他各组(p<0.05)。黄芪水提物预处理对cpf诱导的血清中睾酮、LH、FSH、AChE、T3、T4和TSH水平以及垂体和甲状腺MDA水平的改变有剂量依赖性改善。这可能部分是由于其高水平的多酚化合物赋予其抗氧化和可能的AChE恢复活性。因此，对职业暴露于CPF和其他OPs的个体进行HS提取物预处理可能会导致免受杀虫剂引起的不良生殖健康后果的影响。
{"title":"AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA LINN ON SUBCHRONIC CHLORPYRIFOS-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN SEX AND THYROID HORMONES IN MALE WISTAR RATS","authors":"S. Muftau, Olatunji Omobolanle Aisha, S. Ambali, Ibrahim Tunde Oyedepo, Kawu Muhammed Umaru, P. Yusuf, Kobo Patricia Ishaku, H. I. Isa","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.96.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.96.106","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an Organophosphate (OP) insecticide alters both sex and thyroid hormones. Apart from inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, CPF has been shown to cause oxidative stress. The antioxidant potentials of many flavonoid-containing plants are increasingly being exploited in the therapy of many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) is one of the most widely used nutraceuticals that has been used traditionally to combat various illnesses due to its high flavonoid contents. The present study was therefore aimed at evaluating the ameliorative potentials of HS on subchronic chlorpyrifos-evoked alterations in sex and thyroid hormones in male Wistar rats. Forty-two (42) young adult male Wistar rats were divided at random into six groups containing seven (7) rats per group. Group I was administered distilled water (2 mL kg-1) only while group II received soya oil (2 mL kg-1), Group III was dosed with only aqueous extract of HS (500 mL kg-1 ~ 1/10th of the LD50), while group IV was given CPF (10.6 mL kg-1 ~ 1/8th of the LD50). Group V was pretreated with low dose of HS (250 mg kg-1 ~ 1/20th of the LD50) and then administered reconstituted CPF (10.6 mg kg-1), 30 min later. Group VI was pretreated with high dose of the HS (500 mg kg-1) and then administered CPF (10.6 mg kg-1), 30 min later. The regimens were administered orally by gavage once daily for a period of 11 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, sera obtained from the blood samples were analyzed for the levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroid hormones (T3, T4 and TSH) and AChE. Thyroid and pituitary glands of each rat were also evaluated for Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Results showed a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone in the CPF group relative to the other groups. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the concentrations of T3, T4 and an increase in TSH in the CPF group relative to the other groups. There were significant increases (p<0.05) in MDA concentrations in the thyroid and pituitary glands in the CPF group compared to the other groups. Pretreatment with aqueous extract of HS demonstrated a dose-dependent amelioration of CPF-induced alterations in the levels of testosterone, LH, FSH, AChE, T3, T4 and TSH in the serum and that of pituitary and thyroid glands MDA. This may be partly due to its high level of polyphenolic compounds that confer its antioxidant and possibly AChE restoration activities. It is therefore concluded that pretreatment of individuals who are occupationally exposed to CPF and probably other OPs with the extract of HS may result in protection from the insecticide-induced adverse reproductive health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":"96-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79623213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-14DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.84.95
S. Bashir, M. D. Morsy, H. Sakr, H. Refaey, R. Eid, M. Alkhateeb, Moataz A. Defallah
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is one of most prevalent complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), therefore prevention of its development is a important field for researches. Quercetin is a plant flavenoid with hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties that is cla imed to have a reno-protective effect in diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the reno-preventi ve role of Quercetin treatment in terms of biochemi cal and pathological changes in diabetic rats and to de termine whether the effect is mediated through modulation of oxidative stress and Na + , K + ATPase expression and activity. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed equally among 6 groups: (i) Contro l group (C), (ii) Quercetin treated Control group ( CQ), (iii) Diabetic group (D), (iv) Diabetic Insulin tre ated group (DI), (v) Diabetic Quercetin treated gro up (DQ) and (vi) Diabetic Insulin and Quercetin treated gro up (DIQ). Systolic blood pressure was measured at t he end of the experiments (8 weeks). Retro-orbital blo od samples were used to determine the serum levels of glucose, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, Na + and K + . Renal homogenate levels of Na + , K + ATPase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA0, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR Na + , K + ATPase expression assays and kidney histopathological examination were conducted. Treatment with either insulin or Quercetin alone resulted in partial rever sal of the biochemical and histopathological signs of neph ropathy in diabetic rats. This was associated with partial but significant amelioration of indicators of oxida tive stress and Na + , K + ATPase gene expression and activity. However only combined treatment by both insulin and Quercetin significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters up to the control levels. These results suggested that combined therapy with insulin and Quercetin might be a useful preventive tool aga inst development of DN.
{"title":"QUERCETIN AMELIORATES DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN RATS VIA MODULATION OF RENAL NA + , K + -ATPASE EXPRESSION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS","authors":"S. Bashir, M. D. Morsy, H. Sakr, H. Refaey, R. Eid, M. Alkhateeb, Moataz A. Defallah","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.84.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.84.95","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is one of most prevalent complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), therefore prevention of its development is a important field for researches. Quercetin is a plant flavenoid with hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties that is cla imed to have a reno-protective effect in diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the reno-preventi ve role of Quercetin treatment in terms of biochemi cal and pathological changes in diabetic rats and to de termine whether the effect is mediated through modulation of oxidative stress and Na + , K + ATPase expression and activity. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed equally among 6 groups: (i) Contro l group (C), (ii) Quercetin treated Control group ( CQ), (iii) Diabetic group (D), (iv) Diabetic Insulin tre ated group (DI), (v) Diabetic Quercetin treated gro up (DQ) and (vi) Diabetic Insulin and Quercetin treated gro up (DIQ). Systolic blood pressure was measured at t he end of the experiments (8 weeks). Retro-orbital blo od samples were used to determine the serum levels of glucose, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, Na + and K + . Renal homogenate levels of Na + , K + ATPase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA0, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR Na + , K + ATPase expression assays and kidney histopathological examination were conducted. Treatment with either insulin or Quercetin alone resulted in partial rever sal of the biochemical and histopathological signs of neph ropathy in diabetic rats. This was associated with partial but significant amelioration of indicators of oxida tive stress and Na + , K + ATPase gene expression and activity. However only combined treatment by both insulin and Quercetin significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters up to the control levels. These results suggested that combined therapy with insulin and Quercetin might be a useful preventive tool aga inst development of DN.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"356 1","pages":"84-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77324263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-13DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.75.83
F. Ngoula, P. Watcho, A. Kenfack, Joseph N’zouk Manga, H. Defang, Kamtchouing Pierre, Tchoumboué Joseph
The pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful chemicals liberated in the environment in an unplanned manner. Dimethoate is widely used as a potent pesticide in many countries and has been shown to produce some adverse health effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dimethoate (an organophosphate insecticide) on the reproductive system and fertility of male rats and the possible mechanism underlining its action. Twenty four adult Wistar male rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals per group and force-fed with 0, 3.66, 5.50 and 11 mg kg-1 body weight of dimethoate for 90 days. At 80 days of treatment, each males was allows to mate with two primiparous cyclic females. The results showed a significant decrease (p
{"title":"EFFECT OF DIMETHOATE (AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE) ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND FERTILITY OF ADULT MALE RAT","authors":"F. Ngoula, P. Watcho, A. Kenfack, Joseph N’zouk Manga, H. Defang, Kamtchouing Pierre, Tchoumboué Joseph","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.75.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.75.83","url":null,"abstract":"The pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful chemicals liberated in the environment in an unplanned manner. Dimethoate is widely used as a potent pesticide in many countries and has been shown to produce some adverse health effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dimethoate (an organophosphate insecticide) on the reproductive system and fertility of male rats and the possible mechanism underlining its action. Twenty four adult Wistar male rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals per group and force-fed with 0, 3.66, 5.50 and 11 mg kg-1 body weight of dimethoate for 90 days. At 80 days of treatment, each males was allows to mate with two primiparous cyclic females. The results showed a significant decrease (p","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"175 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78554040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-12DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.68.74
Anjo Sunny, M. Khan, Darpelly Mahesh, N. Chauhan, Ritu Mishra, Namindla Presila, A. Samuel
The purpose of this review is to give the readers a n insight about the risks and benefits of ‘quinapri l’, a potent Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI). Quinapril is a highly effective novel drug indicated for treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension. Despite of the fact that safety profile is quite well with low incidence of adverse effects, a n attempt has been made to minimize the risks and subsequently minimizing the adverse consequences of this competitive inhibitor, thereby increasing the benefits of this enzyme inhibitor in day to day cli nical practice.
{"title":"RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND RISK MINIMIZATION OF QUINAPRIL: A REVIEW","authors":"Anjo Sunny, M. Khan, Darpelly Mahesh, N. Chauhan, Ritu Mishra, Namindla Presila, A. Samuel","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.68.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.68.74","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review is to give the readers a n insight about the risks and benefits of ‘quinapri l’, a potent Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI). Quinapril is a highly effective novel drug indicated for treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension. Despite of the fact that safety profile is quite well with low incidence of adverse effects, a n attempt has been made to minimize the risks and subsequently minimizing the adverse consequences of this competitive inhibitor, thereby increasing the benefits of this enzyme inhibitor in day to day cli nical practice.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"17 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79462322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-30DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.53.67
J. Isaac, A. Charles, A. Daniel
Allium sativum is cultivated in the northern part of Ghana and has gained widespread use as chemoprotective, in curing hypertension, impotence and erectile dysfunction. The multipurpose use together with its aphrodisiac activity has resulted in the widespread use of this plant medicine both in meals and as herbal medications. Safety assessment of this plant however is rare. The present study is designed to evaluate the toxic effect of the aqueous extract of Allium sativa on the prostate, heart, liver kidney and haematological parameters after a shorterm administration in male-sprague-dawley rats. The following doses were used in different groups of male Sprague-Dawley Rats: 5000, 3000 and 1000 mg kg-1. The following parameters were monitored: Clinical Chemistry, Gross and Histopathology (Heart, kidney, liver and prostate). No death was recorded at the highest dose of 5000 mg kg-1. ASE reduced levels of urea and creatinine but increased levels of liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels as compared to the controls. There was a statistically significant increase in WBC count (p
{"title":"ABSENCE OF VISIBLE TOXIC EFFECTS ACCOMPANYING THE SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ALLIUM SATIVA LINN. IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS","authors":"J. Isaac, A. Charles, A. Daniel","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.53.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.53.67","url":null,"abstract":"Allium sativum is cultivated in the northern part of Ghana and has gained widespread use as chemoprotective, in curing hypertension, impotence and erectile dysfunction. The multipurpose use together with its aphrodisiac activity has resulted in the widespread use of this plant medicine both in meals and as herbal medications. Safety assessment of this plant however is rare. The present study is designed to evaluate the toxic effect of the aqueous extract of Allium sativa on the prostate, heart, liver kidney and haematological parameters after a shorterm administration in male-sprague-dawley rats. The following doses were used in different groups of male Sprague-Dawley Rats: 5000, 3000 and 1000 mg kg-1. The following parameters were monitored: Clinical Chemistry, Gross and Histopathology (Heart, kidney, liver and prostate). No death was recorded at the highest dose of 5000 mg kg-1. ASE reduced levels of urea and creatinine but increased levels of liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels as compared to the controls. There was a statistically significant increase in WBC count (p","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"99 1","pages":"53-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73349090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-13DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.39.52
C. M. Hossain, M. K. Ghosh, B. S. Satapathy, N. S. Dey, B. Mukherjee
Diabetes mellitus gradually leads to dysfunction an d failure of some vital organs specially the eyes, kidneys, pancreas, brain, heart, liver and lungs. The study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of apigenin and its mechanistic role in controlling damages of vital tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ra ts. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated w ith apigenin and glipizide. Various biochemical cha nges, GLUT4 and CD38 protein expression patterns and histopathological alterations in some vital organs such as liver, kidneys and pancreas were investigated to co mpare the antidiabetic potentials of those two chem icals and to understand their capability to control the d amages of the vital organs during diabetes. Effecti ve control of blood glucose level along with the alteration of hepatic phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enz ymes, antioxidant defense enzyme activities and lipid per oxidation level towards their normal values and enh anced GLUT4 translocation and downregulated CD38 expression by apigenin were observed. Apigenin was also found to prevent the deterioration of vital organs during diabetes. In conclusion, apigenin has predom inant role in controlling blood glucose level along with the p rotection of vital organs eventually damaged during diabetes, by minimizing toxicities and associated d iabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced dia betic rats and may explore as a potential antidiabetic agent i n near future.
{"title":"APIGENIN CAUSES BIOCHEMICAL MODULATION, GLUT4 AND CD38 ALTERATIONS TO IMPROVE DIABETES AND TO PROTECT DAMAGES OF SOME VITAL ORGANS IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES","authors":"C. M. Hossain, M. K. Ghosh, B. S. Satapathy, N. S. Dey, B. Mukherjee","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.39.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.39.52","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus gradually leads to dysfunction an d failure of some vital organs specially the eyes, kidneys, pancreas, brain, heart, liver and lungs. The study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of apigenin and its mechanistic role in controlling damages of vital tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ra ts. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated w ith apigenin and glipizide. Various biochemical cha nges, GLUT4 and CD38 protein expression patterns and histopathological alterations in some vital organs such as liver, kidneys and pancreas were investigated to co mpare the antidiabetic potentials of those two chem icals and to understand their capability to control the d amages of the vital organs during diabetes. Effecti ve control of blood glucose level along with the alteration of hepatic phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enz ymes, antioxidant defense enzyme activities and lipid per oxidation level towards their normal values and enh anced GLUT4 translocation and downregulated CD38 expression by apigenin were observed. Apigenin was also found to prevent the deterioration of vital organs during diabetes. In conclusion, apigenin has predom inant role in controlling blood glucose level along with the p rotection of vital organs eventually damaged during diabetes, by minimizing toxicities and associated d iabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced dia betic rats and may explore as a potential antidiabetic agent i n near future.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82922551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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