Pub Date : 2014-10-28DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.189.199
K. Exley, S. Robertson, F. Pope, R. Harrison, T. Gant
Scientists, health care professionals and the gener al public have all raised concerns about the potent ial health impact natural and manmade sources bioaerosols. In response in september 2012 the Natural Environmental Research Council and public health England jointly funded a workshop to review the ‘sources, quantification and health implications of bioaerosols’. The organising committee for the wor kshop identified five priority areas-(1) bioaerosol ident ification and quantification methodology, (2) bioae rosol sources, (3) health effects of bioaerosols, (4) ext reme events, risk assessment and mediation and (5) bioaerosol dispersion and modelling. The primary purpose was to bring together experts to report on re cent research and identify research gaps where increased knowledge would improve risk understanding and public health. This report summarises the presentat ions, the main discussion points and key conclusion s that emerged during the workshop.
{"title":"WORKSHOP ON THE SOURCES, QUANTIFICATION AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF BIOAEROSOLS WORKSHOP REPORT","authors":"K. Exley, S. Robertson, F. Pope, R. Harrison, T. Gant","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.189.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.189.199","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists, health care professionals and the gener al public have all raised concerns about the potent ial health impact natural and manmade sources bioaerosols. In response in september 2012 the Natural Environmental Research Council and public health England jointly funded a workshop to review the ‘sources, quantification and health implications of bioaerosols’. The organising committee for the wor kshop identified five priority areas-(1) bioaerosol ident ification and quantification methodology, (2) bioae rosol sources, (3) health effects of bioaerosols, (4) ext reme events, risk assessment and mediation and (5) bioaerosol dispersion and modelling. The primary purpose was to bring together experts to report on re cent research and identify research gaps where increased knowledge would improve risk understanding and public health. This report summarises the presentat ions, the main discussion points and key conclusion s that emerged during the workshop.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"64 1","pages":"189-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86450409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-26DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.174.176
R. Tiwari, K. Dhama
The discovery of antibiotics, being the wonderful amiable pillars of chemotherapy, was a revolutioniz ed turning point in human history. With the discovery of antibiotic drug Penicillin in 1928, Sir Alexander Flemming explored the role of microbial products in counteracting the pathogenic effects of microorgani sms. Before 1940, antibiotics were magical drugs used as growth promoters, during the processing, storage an d transportation of food products to check secondary contaminations and for the treatment of various bac terial ailments (Byarugaba, 2004). However, very frequent, inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics aga inst various microorganisms had a continuous survival pressure as a warning to their life and this pressu re forced them to express various resistance genes in equilibrium with environment to support the rise of antibiotic resistance to counteract antimicrobial approaches and to develop antibiotic resistance, in deed (Soulsby, 2005; Zhang et al ., 2006).
{"title":"ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A FRIGHTENING HEALTH DILEMMA","authors":"R. Tiwari, K. Dhama","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.174.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.174.176","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of antibiotics, being the wonderful amiable pillars of chemotherapy, was a revolutioniz ed turning point in human history. With the discovery of antibiotic drug Penicillin in 1928, Sir Alexander Flemming explored the role of microbial products in counteracting the pathogenic effects of microorgani sms. Before 1940, antibiotics were magical drugs used as growth promoters, during the processing, storage an d transportation of food products to check secondary contaminations and for the treatment of various bac terial ailments (Byarugaba, 2004). However, very frequent, inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics aga inst various microorganisms had a continuous survival pressure as a warning to their life and this pressu re forced them to express various resistance genes in equilibrium with environment to support the rise of antibiotic resistance to counteract antimicrobial approaches and to develop antibiotic resistance, in deed (Soulsby, 2005; Zhang et al ., 2006).","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"51 1","pages":"174-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87991731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-22DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.177.188
Rabab R Elzoghby, Ahlam F. Hamoda, A. Abdel-Fatah, Mona M. Farouk
The present study was designed to determine the mod ulating effect of green tea and vitamin C against adverse effects of malathion. Animals were divided into four groups 5 rats /group). Group one was used as a control. Group two given malathion (50 mg /kg/day; 1/50 of the LD50 for four weeks). Group three and Group four were given malathion (50 mg/kg/day; 1/50 of the LD50 for four weeks) plus vitamin C (200 mg/kg/day) and plus green tea (36 mg/kg/day) respectively. At the end of the fourth week, the malathion-treated group had significantly lower Red Blood Cell count (RBCs), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV%) and leucocytes (WBCs) than the control group. Compared to the control group, the malathion-treate d group had significantly higher serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine and uric acid levels than the control group. The malathion treated rats also had significantly lower serum tot al protein, albumin and globulin levels than the control group, but the malathion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea groups did not differ from the control group in terms of these parameters . Moreover, concomitant vitamin C and green tea treatment significantly normalized, at least partia lly, all of the other hematological and biochemical parameters that were altered by malathion. Liver ti ssue homogenate in malathion treated group had lower Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-PX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels accompanied with higher level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) than the control group. Histopathological studies revealed that the malathion-treated, malath ion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea treated groups exhibited histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues, although some pathological features were only observed in the mal athion-treated group. Thus, vitamin C and green tea can reduce malathion hepatotoxicity and nephrptoxic ity.
{"title":"PROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN C AND GREEN TEA EXTRACT ON MALATHION-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS","authors":"Rabab R Elzoghby, Ahlam F. Hamoda, A. Abdel-Fatah, Mona M. Farouk","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.177.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.177.188","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to determine the mod ulating effect of green tea and vitamin C against adverse effects of malathion. Animals were divided into four groups 5 rats /group). Group one was used as a control. Group two given malathion (50 mg /kg/day; 1/50 of the LD50 for four weeks). Group three and Group four were given malathion (50 mg/kg/day; 1/50 of the LD50 for four weeks) plus vitamin C (200 mg/kg/day) and plus green tea (36 mg/kg/day) respectively. At the end of the fourth week, the malathion-treated group had significantly lower Red Blood Cell count (RBCs), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV%) and leucocytes (WBCs) than the control group. Compared to the control group, the malathion-treate d group had significantly higher serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine and uric acid levels than the control group. The malathion treated rats also had significantly lower serum tot al protein, albumin and globulin levels than the control group, but the malathion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea groups did not differ from the control group in terms of these parameters . Moreover, concomitant vitamin C and green tea treatment significantly normalized, at least partia lly, all of the other hematological and biochemical parameters that were altered by malathion. Liver ti ssue homogenate in malathion treated group had lower Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-PX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels accompanied with higher level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) than the control group. Histopathological studies revealed that the malathion-treated, malath ion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea treated groups exhibited histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues, although some pathological features were only observed in the mal athion-treated group. Thus, vitamin C and green tea can reduce malathion hepatotoxicity and nephrptoxic ity.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"61 1","pages":"177-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79484135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-27DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.168.173
Elena A. Cheverikina, A. V. Leifa, N. A. Kora, Juliya V. Badalyan, E. Burdukovskaya, E. Pavlova
To identify character accentuation students who are prone to addiction will allow to adjust their socialization process during the training period in order to increase its effectiveness, as well as it will contribute to the creation of effective psycho-educational programs aimed at reducing the level of their addiction to drugs. Objective: To identify the influence of experimental character accentuation susceptibility to drug addiction among students. The study is based on concept of accented personalities by K. Leonhard and typology of accented personalities by A.E. Lichko. Psychological testing was as an empirical research method. Data processing was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.17. It was found out that the students of higher education compared to students of secondary vocational education had susceptibility to drug addiction associated with less accentuation of character. This can be explained by the fact that those who are going to the universities to study are more socially adapted, they have a higher level of self-control and self-discipline, able by virtue of age and education to control outbursts of emotions and behavior. The findings of the study data will allow to adjust psycho-educational programs aimed at reducing the propensity to addiction among students based on character accentuation detected among students of higher and vocational education.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY ACCENTUATION ON DRUG ADDICTION AMONG STUDENTS","authors":"Elena A. Cheverikina, A. V. Leifa, N. A. Kora, Juliya V. Badalyan, E. Burdukovskaya, E. Pavlova","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.168.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.168.173","url":null,"abstract":"To identify character accentuation students who are prone to addiction will allow to adjust their socialization process during the training period in order to increase its effectiveness, as well as it will contribute to the creation of effective psycho-educational programs aimed at reducing the level of their addiction to drugs. Objective: To identify the influence of experimental character accentuation susceptibility to drug addiction among students. The study is based on concept of accented personalities by K. Leonhard and typology of accented personalities by A.E. Lichko. Psychological testing was as an empirical research method. Data processing was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.17. It was found out that the students of higher education compared to students of secondary vocational education had susceptibility to drug addiction associated with less accentuation of character. This can be explained by the fact that those who are going to the universities to study are more socially adapted, they have a higher level of self-control and self-discipline, able by virtue of age and education to control outbursts of emotions and behavior. The findings of the study data will allow to adjust psycho-educational programs aimed at reducing the propensity to addiction among students based on character accentuation detected among students of higher and vocational education.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"168-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87841948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.157.167
E. H. A. Heidar, FareedF Al Faya, W. N. Hassan, R. Eid, M. Haidara
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degradation of matrix and destruction of articular cartilage. Articular chondrocytes are solely responsible for t he production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Therefore, chondrocyte disruption is implic ated in cartilage degeneration. Numerous studies have shown that antioxidant treatments are promisin g therapeutics in cases of OA. This study was designedto examine whether vitamin E protects rat a rticular chondrocytes against increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress and preve nts cartilage destruction in mono-iodoacetateinduced osteoarthritis rat model. Data showed that osteoarthritis group showed a significant increase in inflammatory markers, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (38±1 ng/mL), Interlukin-6 (IL-6) (253±15 ng/mL) and oxidative stress marker, Super Oxide Dis mutase (SOD) (14±1 ng/mL) compared to control (18±1 ng/mL), (121+/-23 ng/mL) and (8±1 ng/mL) respectively. Opposite trend was found when animals were treated with vitamin E where TNF-α (27±2 ng/mL) and SOD (10±1 ng/mL) declined significantly. Electro-microscopic examination docu mented the above results and showed improvement of knee joint after administration of v itamin E. This study supported the notion that OA is a multi factorial complication, caused by inflam mation and increased oxidative stress. Administration of vitamin E decreased the markers o f inflammation and oxidative stress as well asimproved ultra-structure of the knee jointin acut e OA animal model. However, further work id needed to validate reliability in human patients su ffering from osteoarthritis.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS RAT MODEL: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INSIGHTS","authors":"E. H. A. Heidar, FareedF Al Faya, W. N. Hassan, R. Eid, M. Haidara","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.157.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.157.167","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degradation of matrix and destruction of articular cartilage. Articular chondrocytes are solely responsible for t he production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Therefore, chondrocyte disruption is implic ated in cartilage degeneration. Numerous studies have shown that antioxidant treatments are promisin g therapeutics in cases of OA. This study was designedto examine whether vitamin E protects rat a rticular chondrocytes against increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress and preve nts cartilage destruction in mono-iodoacetateinduced osteoarthritis rat model. Data showed that osteoarthritis group showed a significant increase in inflammatory markers, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (38±1 ng/mL), Interlukin-6 (IL-6) (253±15 ng/mL) and oxidative stress marker, Super Oxide Dis mutase (SOD) (14±1 ng/mL) compared to control (18±1 ng/mL), (121+/-23 ng/mL) and (8±1 ng/mL) respectively. Opposite trend was found when animals were treated with vitamin E where TNF-α (27±2 ng/mL) and SOD (10±1 ng/mL) declined significantly. Electro-microscopic examination docu mented the above results and showed improvement of knee joint after administration of v itamin E. This study supported the notion that OA is a multi factorial complication, caused by inflam mation and increased oxidative stress. Administration of vitamin E decreased the markers o f inflammation and oxidative stress as well asimproved ultra-structure of the knee jointin acut e OA animal model. However, further work id needed to validate reliability in human patients su ffering from osteoarthritis.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"444 1","pages":"157-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78803351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-13DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.148.156
J. A. H. M. Bittencourt, Nayana Keyla Seabra de Oliveira, M. Cabral, J. R. Ribeiro, S. V. C. Henriques, Leide C. S. Picanço, Cleydson B. R. Santos, D. Stien, J. Carvalho, J. Silva
Snakebites envenomations are a problem public health in worldwide due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality. The Bothrops venom causes local tissue damage and inflammation is one of the most important events that occur. At present, effective treatment for snakebites is serum therapy with antivenom, which neutralizes systemic alterations but does not prevent local damage that can cause disabilities. Many plants are used in popular medicine to treat these accidents but few attempts have been made to investigate the scientific validity of these assertions. In Amazon region, indigenous and local people use the macerated bark of Brosimum guinanensis applied in the form of cataplasm, on the site of snakebite. This study aimed to analyze the ability of the Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract in the neutralization several effects induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom to investigate the scientific validity of folk medicine informations by means of controlled experiments. Our results showed that Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract was not effective to inhibit oedema, peritonitis, coagulant, myotoxic, phospholipase A2 activity (indirect hemolytic method) induced by B. atrox venom, but was able to inhibited significantly hemorrhagic and nociceptive activities. These results support a potential effect of this extract as a compounds source for biotechonological application and synthesis of new drugs with therapeutic purpose.
{"title":"ANTIOPHIDIAN ACTIVITY OF BROSIMUM GUIANENSE (AUBL) HUBER","authors":"J. A. H. M. Bittencourt, Nayana Keyla Seabra de Oliveira, M. Cabral, J. R. Ribeiro, S. V. C. Henriques, Leide C. S. Picanço, Cleydson B. R. Santos, D. Stien, J. Carvalho, J. Silva","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.148.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.148.156","url":null,"abstract":"Snakebites envenomations are a problem public health in worldwide due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality. The Bothrops venom causes local tissue damage and inflammation is one of the most important events that occur. At present, effective treatment for snakebites is serum therapy with antivenom, which neutralizes systemic alterations but does not prevent local damage that can cause disabilities. Many plants are used in popular medicine to treat these accidents but few attempts have been made to investigate the scientific validity of these assertions. In Amazon region, indigenous and local people use the macerated bark of Brosimum guinanensis applied in the form of cataplasm, on the site of snakebite. This study aimed to analyze the ability of the Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract in the neutralization several effects induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom to investigate the scientific validity of folk medicine informations by means of controlled experiments. Our results showed that Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract was not effective to inhibit oedema, peritonitis, coagulant, myotoxic, phospholipase A2 activity (indirect hemolytic method) induced by B. atrox venom, but was able to inhibited significantly hemorrhagic and nociceptive activities. These results support a potential effect of this extract as a compounds source for biotechonological application and synthesis of new drugs with therapeutic purpose.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"56 1","pages":"148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83007829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.206.222
O. M. A. Allah, A. El-Din, Fouad El Debakey
Cisplatin (Cis) is an anticancer drug, which is accompanied with major side effects including nephrotoxicity. The current study was performed to assess the possible prophylactic effects of fenofibrate (FEN), Nicotinamide (NAM) and their combination on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines associated with cisplatin-induced renal damage. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups (8 each) as follows; control group; FEN group (100 mg/kg/day p.o.); NAM group (200 mg/kg/day p.o.); FEN and NAM were administered for eight days. Cis group (7 mg/kg i.p. as a single dose on day five); FEN + Cis group; NAM + Cis group and FEN + NAM + Cis group. Urine, blood and kidneys were taken out for biochemical and histopathological analysis and scoring. Oxidative stress induced by Cis was evidenced by significant elevation in renal Malondialdehyde (MDA) level acompanied by significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) in kidney tissues. Moreover, Cis produced significant increase in kidney Tumor Necrosis Factor-I± (TNF-I±) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), the proinflammatory cytokines and significant decrease in Interleukin-10 (IL-10), the anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, administration of either FEN or NAM attenuated cisplatin-induced increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney of rats, associated with improvement of the impaired renal function and histopathological changes, but their combination was found to be more effective in protection against cisplatin-induced renal damage than each drug alone. In conclusion, FEN and NAM combination protected the kidney tissue against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
{"title":"Effect of Combined Fenofibrate and Nicotinamide on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines Involved in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats","authors":"O. M. A. Allah, A. El-Din, Fouad El Debakey","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.206.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.206.222","url":null,"abstract":"Cisplatin (Cis) is an anticancer drug, which is accompanied with major side effects including nephrotoxicity. The current study was performed to assess the possible prophylactic effects of fenofibrate (FEN), Nicotinamide (NAM) and their combination on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines associated with cisplatin-induced renal damage. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups (8 each) as follows; control group; FEN group (100 mg/kg/day p.o.); NAM group (200 mg/kg/day p.o.); FEN and NAM were administered for eight days. Cis group (7 mg/kg i.p. as a single dose on day five); FEN + Cis group; NAM + Cis group and FEN + NAM + Cis group. Urine, blood and kidneys were taken out for biochemical and histopathological analysis and scoring. Oxidative stress induced by Cis was evidenced by significant elevation in renal Malondialdehyde (MDA) level acompanied by significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) in kidney tissues. Moreover, Cis produced significant increase in kidney Tumor Necrosis Factor-I± (TNF-I±) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), the proinflammatory cytokines and significant decrease in Interleukin-10 (IL-10), the anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, administration of either FEN or NAM attenuated cisplatin-induced increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney of rats, associated with improvement of the impaired renal function and histopathological changes, but their combination was found to be more effective in protection against cisplatin-induced renal damage than each drug alone. In conclusion, FEN and NAM combination protected the kidney tissue against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"30 1","pages":"206-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82864752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.223.231
P. Jain, M. Hossain, K. Fatema, M. Hossain, Kafil Uddin Mazumder, Hemayet Hossain, M. A. Alam, H. Reza
Allophylus cobbe L. Raeuschel (Family-Sapindaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally for the treatment of various health risks like pain, inflammation, ulcers and wounds in Bangladesh. This study determined the polyphenolic compounds and evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract of Allophylus cobbe leaves. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the polyphenolic compounds present in the extract. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing in mice at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight. The extract was also investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect on rats at above mentioned doses using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined in terms of radical scavenging ability of the stable 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides in the extract. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds such as (+)-catechin hydrate, (â)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and quercetin. The extract increased the licking time of hind paw when placed on a hot plate by 35.31% at 250 mg kg-1 dose which is comparable to the increase shown by diclofenac sodium (42.73%) at the 3rd h of study in hot plate test. Moreover, the extract also showed good analgesic effect in acetic acid induced writhing test. The percent inhibition of writhing response by the extract was 85.96 and 78.07% at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 doses respectively while that of the standard drug was 66.67%. Furthermore, the extract also reduced carrageenan induced paw edema formation; the most prominent inhibition was found to be 58.88% (250 mg kg-1) at the 3rd h of study. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased markedly with increasing concentrations. At a concentration of 200 µg mL-1, the scavenging activity of the ethanol extract (91.53% inhibition) was comparable to that of the standard ascorbic acid (99.3% inhibition). Our results suggest that Allophylus cobbe extract possesses significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities which may justify the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as colic, fever, inflammatory rheumatic pains and other oxidative stress associated disorders.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of Allophylus Cobbe Leaves","authors":"P. Jain, M. Hossain, K. Fatema, M. Hossain, Kafil Uddin Mazumder, Hemayet Hossain, M. A. Alam, H. Reza","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.223.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.223.231","url":null,"abstract":"Allophylus cobbe L. Raeuschel (Family-Sapindaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally for the treatment of various health risks like pain, inflammation, ulcers and wounds in Bangladesh. This study determined the polyphenolic compounds and evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract of Allophylus cobbe leaves. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the polyphenolic compounds present in the extract. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing in mice at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight. The extract was also investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect on rats at above mentioned doses using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined in terms of radical scavenging ability of the stable 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides in the extract. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds such as (+)-catechin hydrate, (â)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and quercetin. The extract increased the licking time of hind paw when placed on a hot plate by 35.31% at 250 mg kg-1 dose which is comparable to the increase shown by diclofenac sodium (42.73%) at the 3rd h of study in hot plate test. Moreover, the extract also showed good analgesic effect in acetic acid induced writhing test. The percent inhibition of writhing response by the extract was 85.96 and 78.07% at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 doses respectively while that of the standard drug was 66.67%. Furthermore, the extract also reduced carrageenan induced paw edema formation; the most prominent inhibition was found to be 58.88% (250 mg kg-1) at the 3rd h of study. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased markedly with increasing concentrations. At a concentration of 200 µg mL-1, the scavenging activity of the ethanol extract (91.53% inhibition) was comparable to that of the standard ascorbic acid (99.3% inhibition). Our results suggest that Allophylus cobbe extract possesses significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities which may justify the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as colic, fever, inflammatory rheumatic pains and other oxidative stress associated disorders.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"3 1","pages":"223-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85994629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.200.202
R. Koenen
{"title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Disease","authors":"R. Koenen","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.200.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.200.202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"82 1","pages":"200-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85597815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.203.205
A. Ruiz-Garcia, K. Parivar
The success of drug development rests over two well defined pillars, a good understanding of the drug’s clinical pharmacology and the appropriate target population for whom the clinical use is intended. The label for human prescription drugs requires a good understanding of the pharmacological effects (pharmacodynamics or PD) and the mechanism of action of the drug as well as detailed information of the drug’s Pharmacokinetics (PK): Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (FDA, 2014). The understanding of the PK characteristics and PD effects (desired or adverse) will provide educated recommendations about the effective dose, dosing regimen, potential drug-drug interactions and hence contraindications and warnings. Further, the influence of demographic factors on the PK and PD attributes (e.g., age, sex, race, hepatic or renal impairment) need to be well understood to provide the appropriate guidance to patients and caregivers for patients in specific populations (pediatric, geriatric, organ impairment, pregnancy, etc). In summary, a very extensive portion of the label covers clinical pharmacology topics, the following label sections are mainly supported by clinical pharmacology knowledge collected throughout the course of drug development:
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