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Buccal gland within the bucinator muscle. 颊舌肌内的颊腺。
IF 1.4 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.223
Emma R Lesser, Arada Chaiyamoon, R Shane Tubbs, Joe Iwanaga

There are major and minor salivary glands that aid in the digestive process. Major glands are discrete and exist in predictable locations; minor salivary glands are more widespread and usually found dispersed in the mucosa of the mouth. Glands have their own contractile abilities, which allow them to secrete products without the assistance of vasculature or skeletal, or smooth muscle. This study will describe a cadaveric histological specimen in which an ectopic buccal gland was embedded within bucinator muscle fibers. Potential causes and explanations for this finding will be discussed, as well.

唾液腺分为主要唾液腺和次要唾液腺,它们都有助于消化过程。大唾液腺是离散的,存在于可预测的位置;小唾液腺则更为广泛,通常分散在口腔黏膜中。唾液腺具有自身的收缩能力,这使它们能够在没有血管、骨骼肌或平滑肌的帮助下分泌产品。本研究将描述一具尸体组织学标本,在该标本中,异位颊面腺嵌入颊面肌纤维内。本研究还将讨论这一发现的潜在原因和解释。
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引用次数: 0
Reversible effect of castration induced hypogonadism on the morphology of the left coronary arteries in adult male rabbits. 去势所致性腺功能减退对成年雄性家兔左冠状动脉形态的可逆影响。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.196
Duncan Anangwe, Moses Madadi Obimbo, Ibsen Henric Ongidi, Peter Bundi Gichangi

Hypogonadism is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. This study sought to describe the histomorphology of the left coronary arteries of the adult male rabbit following orchiectomy and subsequent testosterone administration. We included 20 adult male rabbits, divided into a baseline group (n=2), an interventional group subjected to castration only (n=6), an intervention group subjected to castration followed by testosterone injection (n=6), and a control group (n=6). Key variables under investigation were serum testosterone levels, the intima-media thickness of coronary arteries, smooth muscle cell density, and adventitial collagen fiber density. The mean coronary arteries' intimal medial thickness was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (0.488 mm and 0.388 mm, respectively), while the testosterone-injected group had a mean of 0.440 mm. Mean smooth muscle cell density was significantly lower in the castrated rabbits vs. controls (26.96% and 47.80%, respectively), this observation being reversed with testosterone injection (47.53%). Mean adventitial collagen fiber density was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (66.6% and 36.1%, respectively), with a marginal difference after testosterone injection (65.2%). This study demonstrates that castration-induced hypogonadism causes morphological changes in the coronary arteries that are partly reversible using testosterone injections. These findings provide a morphological basis for understanding the role of testosterone in coronary arteries.

性腺功能减退与冠状动脉疾病的风险增加有关。本研究旨在描述成年雄性兔在睾丸切除术和随后的睾酮治疗后左冠状动脉的组织形态学。我们纳入20只成年雄性家兔,分为基线组(n=2)、仅阉割干预组(n=6)、阉割后注射睾酮干预组(n=6)和对照组(n=6)。研究的关键变量是血清睾酮水平、冠状动脉内膜-中膜厚度、平滑肌细胞密度和外膜胶原纤维密度。去势组冠状动脉内膜中层厚度均值显著高于对照组(分别为0.488 mm和0.388 mm),注射睾酮组冠状动脉内膜中层厚度均值为0.440 mm。去势兔的平均平滑肌细胞密度显著低于对照组(分别为26.96%和47.80%),注射睾酮后这一观察结果逆转(47.53%)。去势组平均胶原纤维密度显著高于对照组(分别为66.6%和36.1%),注射睾酮后差异较小(65.2%)。本研究表明,去势诱导的性腺功能减退引起冠状动脉的形态改变,这种改变可以通过睾酮注射部分逆转。这些发现为理解睾酮在冠状动脉中的作用提供了形态学基础。
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引用次数: 0
Bisphosphonate's effect on the tongue in adult male albino rats and the possible protective role of rutin: light and scanning electron microscopic study. 双膦酸盐对成年雄性白化大鼠舌头的影响以及芦丁可能起到的保护作用:光镜和扫描电子显微镜研究。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.230
Dalia El-Sayed El-Ghazouly, Rania Ibrahim Yassien

Alendronate sodium (ALS) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of different bone disorders. However, its adverse effect on oral soft tissue has been detected. Rutin (RUT) is natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to investigate the possible effect of ALS on the tongue of adult male albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of RUT. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (RUT): Received RUT 50 mg/kg, group III (ALS): Received ALS 1 mg/kg, group IV (ALS+RUT): Received ALS and RUT with the same doses as pervious groups. The drugs were given once daily for 5 weeks. Tongue specimens were taken and processed for light and scanning electron microscopic inspection. ALS treated group revealed structural changes in the tongue in the form of decrease in the height of the filiform papillae with blunt ends, marked atrophy in some papillae with areas of focal loss, loss of some epithelial cells, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuoles in some epithelial cells. The lamina propria showed inflammatory cellular infiltration with congested blood vessels. Statistically, there were highly significant decrease in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunopositive cells, area percentage of Bcl-2 immunoexpression and highly significant increase in the collagen content compared to control group. Administration of RUT with ALS minimizes these changes. RUT protected the rat tongue against the histological and immunohistochemical changes induced by ALS through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

阿仑膦酸钠(ALS)是一种含氮双膦酸盐,用于治疗各种骨病。然而,已发现它对口腔软组织有不良影响。芦丁(RUT)是一种天然类黄酮,具有抗氧化和抗炎特性。本研究旨在调查 ALS 对成年雄性白化大鼠舌头可能产生的影响,并评估 RUT 可能起到的保护作用。将 40 只成年雄性白化大鼠平均分为四组:第一组(对照组)、第二组(RUT 组)、第三组(RUT 组)和第四组(RUT 组):接受 RUT 50 毫克/千克,第三组(ALS):第四组(ALS+RUT):接受 ALS 和 RUT,剂量与前几组相同。每天给药一次,持续 5 周。取舌苔标本进行光镜和扫描电子显微镜检查。ALS 治疗组的舌体结构发生变化,丝状乳头高度降低,末端变钝,部分乳头明显萎缩,有局灶性脱落,部分上皮细胞脱落,部分上皮细胞出现细胞核萎缩和胞浆空泡。固有层出现炎性细胞浸润,血管充血。据统计,与对照组相比,增殖细胞核抗原免疫阳性细胞的数量和 Bcl-2 免疫表达的面积百分比均有非常显著的下降,胶原蛋白含量也有非常显著的增加。服用 RUT 和 ALS 可将这些变化降至最低。RUT 具有抗氧化和抗炎特性,可保护大鼠舌头免受 ALS 引起的组织学和免疫组化变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Sonographic observation of the paradoxical masseteric bulging and clinical implication of functional compartment. 矛盾性斜方肌隆起的声像图观察及功能分区的临床意义。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.234
Kyu-Ho Yi, Hyungkyu Bae, Soo-Bin Kim, Woo-Ram Kim, Won Lee, Ji-Soo Kim, Hee-Jin Kim

Masseter are commonly botulinum neurotoxin targeted muscle for facial contouring in aesthetic field. However, paradoxical masseteric bulging is common adverse effect that has not been discussed with ultrasonographic observations. Retrospective study has been conducted from October, 2021 to January, 2023, out of 324 patients have done blinded botulinum neurotoxin injection in the masseter at the middle and lower portion of the masseter with each side of 25 units (letibotulinum neurotoxin type A), 3 patients demonstrated paradoxical masseteric bulging has been reported and the image observed by ultrasonography by physician. Based on the observations made, we can infer that the function of the moving muscle involves twisting of the muscle fibers during contraction, along with the twisting of the deep inferior tendon, which causes the muscle to be divided into anterior and posterior compartments rather than into superficial and deep compartments of masseter. In ultrasonographic observe the skin surface of a patient with paradoxical masseteric bulging, it is observable that either the anterior or posterior part contracts significantly. The functional units of anterior and posterior compartment are observable as muscular contraction of inward movement of the muscle from either the anterior or posterior functional unit.

在美容领域,颌下肌是常用的肉毒杆菌神经毒素面部塑形靶肌肉。然而,似是而非的颌下肌隆起是一种常见的不良反应,尚未通过超声波观察加以讨论。2021 年 10 月至 2023 年 1 月期间进行了一项回顾性研究,在 324 名患者中,每侧 25 单位(A 型莱妥霉素)的盲注肉毒杆菌神经毒素注射在颌下肌的中下部,有 3 名患者出现了矛盾性颌下肌隆起,医生通过超声波检查观察到了这一图像。根据观察结果,我们可以推断,活动肌的功能包括收缩时肌纤维的扭转,以及深下肌腱的扭转,这导致肌肉分为前区和后区,而不是颌间肌的浅区和深区。通过超声波观察矛盾性颌间肌隆起患者的皮肤表面,可以观察到前部或后部明显收缩。前后室的功能单元可观察到前部或后部功能单元的肌肉收缩向内运动。
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引用次数: 0
Glucocorticoids improve sperm performance in physiological and pathological conditions: their role in sperm fight/flight response. 糖皮质激素改善精子在生理和病理条件下的表现:它们在精子战斗/飞行反应中的作用。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.164
Vittoria Rago, Adele Vivacqua, Saveria Aquila

Glucocorticoids play a physiologic role in the adult male reproductive functions, modulating gonadal steroid synthesis and spermatogenesis, through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The expression of GR has been described in several key testicular cell types, including somatic cells and early germ cell populations. Nothing is known on GR in human spermatozoa. Herein, we explored the GR expression and its possible role in normal and testicular varicocele semen samples from volunteer donors. After semen parameter evaluation by macro- and microscopic analysis, samples were centrifuged; then spermatozoa and culture media were recovered for further investigations. By western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses we evidenced for the first time in spermatozoa the presence of GR-D3 isoform which was reduced in sperm from varicocele patients. By treating sperm with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEXA), we found that survival, motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction were increased in both healthy and varicocele samples. GR involvement in mediating DEXA effects, was confirmed by using the GR inhibitor mifepristone (M2F). Worthy, we also discovered that sperm secretes different cortisol amounts depending on its physio-pathological status, suggesting a defence mechanism to escape the immune system attach in the female genital tract thus maintaining the immune-privilege as in the testis. Collectively, our data suggests a role for glucocorticoids in determining semen quality and function, as well as in participating on sperm immune defensive mechanisms. The novelty of this study may be beneficial and needs to take into account in artificial insemination/drug discovery aimed to enhancing sperm quality.

糖皮质激素通过糖皮质激素受体(GR)调节性腺类固醇合成和精子发生,在成年男性生殖功能中发挥生理作用。GR在几种关键的睾丸细胞类型中都有表达,包括体细胞和早期生殖细胞群。目前尚不清楚人类精子中的 GR 表达情况。在此,我们对志愿者捐献的正常精液样本和精索静脉曲张精液样本中的 GR 表达及其可能的作用进行了研究。通过宏观和显微镜分析评估精液参数后,对样本进行离心,然后回收精子和培养基进行进一步研究。通过 Western 印迹和免疫荧光分析,我们首次发现精子中存在 GR-D3 同工酶,而精索静脉曲张患者的精子中 GR-D3 同工酶减少。通过用合成糖皮质激素地塞米松(DEXA)处理精子,我们发现健康精子和精索静脉曲张样本中精子的存活率、运动能力、获能能力和顶体反应均有所提高。使用 GR 抑制剂米非司酮(M2F)证实了 GR 参与介导 DEXA 的作用。值得注意的是,我们还发现精子会根据其生理病理状态分泌不同数量的皮质醇,这表明女性生殖道中存在一种逃避免疫系统附着的防御机制,从而保持睾丸的免疫特权。总之,我们的数据表明,糖皮质激素在决定精液质量和功能以及参与精子免疫防御机制方面发挥作用。这项研究的新颖性可能是有益的,在旨在提高精子质量的人工授精/药物研发中需要加以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Inhibitory effect of temozolomide on apoptosis induction of cinnamaldehyde in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line. 替莫唑胺对肉桂醛诱导人多形性胶质母细胞瘤T98G细胞凋亡的抑制作用。
IF 1.4 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.159
Hedieh Abband, Sara Dabirian, Adele Jafari, Mehran Nasiri, Ebrahim Nasiri

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat this type of cancer. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a derivative of cinnamon extract and makes up 99% of it. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro combined effect of CIN and TMZ on human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line viability. In this study, we used 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) method to evaluate the extent of IC50, acridine orange, Giemsa and Hoechst staining to evaluate the manner of apoptosis and the Western blotting method to examine the expression change of apoptotic proteins. Our results show that TMZ has an inhibitory effect on CIN when both used in combination at concentrations of 300 and 100 μM (P<0.05) and has a cytotoxic effect when used alone at the same concentrations (P<0.05). The western blotting result showed that TMZ at concentrations of 2,000 and 1,000 μM significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl2 expression (P<0.05), indicating that TMZ induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. However, CIN had no effect on Bax and Bcl2 expressions, thus causing apoptosis from another pathway. Also, the Bax:Bcl2 expression ratio at concentrations combined was lower than that for TMZ 1,000 μM and higher than that for CIN 150 and 100 μM (P<0.05), which confirms the inhibitory effect of TMZ on CIN. From the present study, we conclude that TMZ in combination with CIN has an inhibitory effect on increasing the cytotoxicity rate.

胶质母细胞瘤是成人最常见的原发性恶性脑肿瘤。替莫唑胺(TMZ)是fda批准用于治疗此类癌症的药物。肉桂醛(CIN)是肉桂提取物的衍生物,占99%。本研究旨在探讨CIN和TMZ对人多形性胶质母细胞瘤T98G细胞系体外活性的联合影响。本研究采用3-(4,5二甲基噻唑-2-酰基)-2,5-二苯基溴化太他唑(MTT)法评价IC50程度,吖啶橙、Giemsa和Hoechst染色评价凋亡方式,Western blotting法检测凋亡蛋白的表达变化。结果表明,在300 μM和100 μM (PPPP)浓度下,TMZ对CIN具有抑制作用
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引用次数: 0
Ketone ester supplementation of Atkins-type diet prolongs survival in an orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. 在阿特金斯类饮食中补充酮酯可延长胶质母细胞瘤正位异种移植模型的存活时间。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.158
Hassan Azari, Angela Poff, Dominic D'Agostino, Brent Reynolds

Heavy reliance on glucose metabolism and a reduced capacity to use ketone bodies makes glioblastoma (GBM) a promising candidate for ketone-based therapies. Ketogenic diet (KD) is well-known for its promising effects in controlling tumor growth in GBM. Moreover, synthetic ketone ester (KE) has demonstrated to increase blood ketone levels and enhance animal survival in a metastatic VM-M3 murine tumor model. Here, we compared the efficacy of a KE-supplemented Atkins-type diet (ATD-KE) to a classic KD in controlling tumor progression and enhancing survival in a clinically relevant orthotopic patient-derived xenograft GBM model. Our findings demonstrate that ATD-KE preserves body weight (percent change from the baseline; 112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 and 104.8±3.67), decreases blood glucose (80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 and 52.35±3.89 mg/dl), and increases ketone bodies in blood (1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 and 2.66±0.21 mM) and brain tumor tissue (3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 and 4.25±0.25 mM) comparable to the KD (results presented for ATD-KE vs. standard diet [STD] and KD, respectively). Importantly, the ATD-KE treatment significantly enhanced survival compared to the STD and was indistinguishable from the KD (47 days in STD vs. 56 days in KD and ATD-KE), suggesting that a nutritionally balanced low carbohydrate ATD combined with KE may be as effective as the KD alone in reducing brain tumor progression. Overall, these data support the rationale for clinical testing of KE-supplemented low-carb diet as an adjunct treatment for brain tumor patients.

胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)严重依赖葡萄糖代谢,而利用酮体的能力却很低,因此很有希望成为酮基疗法的候选对象。众所周知,生酮饮食(KD)在控制胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤生长方面具有良好的效果。此外,合成酮酯(KE)在转移性 VM-M3 小鼠肿瘤模型中已被证明能提高血液酮体水平并提高动物存活率。在此,我们比较了阿特金斯类膳食(ATD-KE)与传统酮酯在临床相关的正位患者异种移植 GBM 模型中控制肿瘤进展和提高存活率的功效。我们的研究结果表明,ATD-KE 能保持体重(与基线相比的百分比变化;112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 和 104.8±3.67),降低血糖(80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 和 52.35±3.89 mg/dl),增加血液中的酮体(1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 和 2.66±0.21 mM)和脑肿瘤组织(3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 和 4.25±0.25 mM)中的酮体含量与 KD 相当(结果分别为 ATD-KE vs. 标准饮食 [STD] 和 KD)。重要的是,与 STD 相比,ATD-KE 治疗显著提高了存活率,与 KD 的存活率相差无几(STD 为 47 天,KD 和 ATD-KE 为 56 天),这表明营养均衡的低碳水化合物 ATD 联合 KE 在减少脑肿瘤进展方面可能与单独的 KD 一样有效。总之,这些数据支持将补充 KE 的低碳水化合物饮食作为脑肿瘤患者辅助治疗方法进行临床测试的合理性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the variations of the pancreatic ductal system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. 探索胰腺导管系统的变异:观察性研究的系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.148
Adil Asghar, Ravi Kant Narayan, Nagavalli Basavanna Pushpa, Apurba Patra, Kumar Satish Ravi, R Shane Tubbs

The exocrine part of the pancreas has a duct system called the pancreatic ductal system (PDS). Its mechanism of development is complex, and any reorganization during early embryogenesis can give rise to anatomical variants. The aim of this study is to collect, classify, and analyze published evidence on the importance of anatomical variants of the PDS, addressing gaps in our understanding of such variations. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify publications relevant to this review. R studio with meta-package was used for data extraction, risk of bias estimation, and statistical analysis. A total of 64 studies out of 1,778 proved suitable for this review and metanalysis. The meta-analysis computed the prevalence of normal variants of the PDS (92% of 10,514 subjects). Type 3 variants and "descending" subtypes of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) predominated in the pooled samples. The mean lengths of the MPD and accessory pancreatic duct (APD) were 16.53 cm and 3.36 cm, respectively. The mean diameters of the MPD at the head and the APD were 3.43 mm and 1.69 mm, respectively. The APD was present in only 41% of samples, and the long type predominated. The pancreatic ductal anatomy is highly variable, and the incorrect identification of variants may be challenging for surgeons during ductal anastomosis with gut, failure to which may often cause ductal obstruction or pseudocysts formation.

胰腺的外分泌部分有一个管道系统,称为胰腺导管系统(PDS)。其发育机制十分复杂,早期胚胎发育过程中的任何重组都可能导致解剖变异。本研究旨在收集、分类和分析已发表的有关胰腺导管系统解剖变异重要性的证据,弥补我们对此类变异认识的不足。研究人员检索了 MEDLINE、Web of Science、Embase 和 Google Scholar 数据库,以确定与本综述相关的出版物。使用带有元软件包的 R studio 进行数据提取、偏倚风险估计和统计分析。在 1,778 项研究中,共有 64 项研究被证明适合本综述和荟萃分析。荟萃分析计算了 PDS 正常变异的流行率(10,514 名受试者中的 92%)。在汇总样本中,主胰管(MPD)的 3 型变异和 "下降 "亚型占多数。主胰管和附属胰管(APD)的平均长度分别为 16.53 厘米和 3.36 厘米。MPD头部和APD的平均直径分别为3.43毫米和1.69毫米。只有 41% 的样本存在 APD,且以长型为主。胰腺导管解剖结构千变万化,在导管与肠道吻合时,错误地识别变异体可能会给外科医生带来挑战,失败的吻合往往会导致导管阻塞或假性囊肿的形成。
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引用次数: 0
In search of subcortical and cortical morphologic alterations of a normal brain through aging: an investigation by computed tomography scan. 寻找正常大脑在衰老过程中皮层下和皮层形态的变化:计算机断层扫描研究。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.219
Mehrdad Ghorbanlou, Fatemeh Moradi, Mohammad Hassan Kazemi-Galougahi, Maasoume Abdollahi

Morphologic changes in the brain through aging, as a physiologic process, may involve a wide range of variables including ventricular dilation, and sulcus widening. This study reports normal ranges of these changes as standard criteria. Normal brain computed tomography scans of 400 patients (200 males, 200 females) in every decade of life (20 groups each containing 20 participants) were investigated for subcortical/cortical atrophy (bicaudate width [BCW], third ventricle width [ThVW], maximum length of lateral ventricle at cella media [MLCM], bicaudate index [BCI], third ventricle index [ThVI], and cella media index 3 [CMI3], interhemispheric sulcus width [IHSW], right hemisphere sulci diameter [RHSD], and left hemisphere sulci diameter [LHSD]), ventricular symmetry. Distribution and correlation of all the variables were demonstrated with age and a multiple linear regression model was reported for age prediction. Among the various parameters of subcortical atrophy, BCW, ThVW, MLCM, and the corresponding indices of BCI, ThVI, and CMI3 demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R2≥0.62). All the cortical atrophy parameters including IHSW, RHSD, and LHSD demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R2≥0.63). This study is a thorough investigation of variables in a normal brain which can be affected by aging disclosing normal ranges of variables including major ventricular variables, derived ventricular indices, lateral ventricles asymmetry, cortical atrophy, in every decade of life introducing BW, ThVW, MLCM, BCI, ThVI, CMI3 as most significant ventricular parameters, and IHSW, RHSD, LHSD as significant cortical parameters associated with age.

作为一个生理过程,大脑在衰老过程中的形态变化可能涉及多种变量,包括脑室扩张和脑沟增宽。本研究以这些变化的正常范围作为标准。研究人员对 400 名患者(200 名男性,200 名女性)每十年的正常脑部计算机断层扫描结果(20 组,每组 20 人)进行了皮层下/皮层萎缩(云母状宽度 [BCW]、第三脑室宽度 [ThVW]、侧脑室宽度 [ThVW])的调查、MLCM]、双核指数[BCI]、第三脑室指数[ThVI]和第三脑室指数[CMI3]、半球间沟宽度[IHSW]、右半球沟直径[RHSD]和左半球沟直径[LHSD])、脑室对称性。所有变量的分布和相关性均与年龄有关,并报告了一个预测年龄的多元线性回归模型。在皮层下萎缩的各种参数中,BCW、ThVW、MLCM 以及 BCI、ThVI 和 CMI3 的相应指数与年龄有显著相关性(R2≥0.62)。包括 IHSW、RHSD 和 LHSD 在内的所有皮质萎缩参数均与年龄有显著相关性(R2≥0.63)。这项研究对正常大脑中可能受衰老影响的变量进行了深入调查,揭示了生命每十年中主要脑室变量、衍生脑室指数、侧脑室不对称性、皮质萎缩等变量的正常范围,将体重、ThVW、MLCM、BCI、ThVI、CMI3 作为最重要的脑室参数,将 IHSW、RHSD、LHSD 作为与年龄相关的重要皮质参数。
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引用次数: 0
Atlanto-occipital assimilation: embryological basis and its clinical significance. 寰枕同化:胚胎学基础及其临床意义。
IF 1.1 Q3 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-31 Epub Date: 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.225
Hari Hara Hanusun N, Akanksha Singh, Pooja Poddar, Jessy J P, Neerja Rani, Hitesh Gurjar, Seema Singh

Atlanto-occipital assimilation is an osseous embryological anomaly of the craniovertebral junction in which the atlas (C1) is fused to the occiput of skull. Embryologically, this assimilation may happen due to failure of the segmentation and separation of the caudal occipital and the cranial cervical sclerotome. The segmentation clock is maintained by NOTCH and WNT signalling pathways along with Hox genes and retinoic acid. This condition is likely to be a consequence of mutation in above mentioned genes. The knowledge of this assimilation may be crucial for the clinicians as it may lead to various neurovascular symptoms. The present case report involves the analysis of atlanto-occipital assimilation with its clinical significance and embryological basis.

寰枕同化是颅椎交界处的一种骨性胚胎异常,即寰椎(C1)与头骨枕融合。在胚胎学上,这种同化可能是由于尾枕和颅颈硬骨的分节和分离失败造成的。分节时钟由 NOTCH 和 WNT 信号通路以及 Hox 基因和视黄酸维持。这种情况很可能是上述基因突变的结果。了解这种同化现象对临床医生来说至关重要,因为它可能会导致各种神经血管症状。本病例报告分析了寰枕同位的临床意义和胚胎学基础。
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引用次数: 0
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Anatomy & Cell Biology
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