Hypogonadism is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. This study sought to describe the histomorphology of the left coronary arteries of the adult male rabbit following orchiectomy and subsequent testosterone administration. We included 20 adult male rabbits, divided into a baseline group (n=2), an interventional group subjected to castration only (n=6), an intervention group subjected to castration followed by testosterone injection (n=6), and a control group (n=6). Key variables under investigation were serum testosterone levels, the intima-media thickness of coronary arteries, smooth muscle cell density, and adventitial collagen fiber density. The mean coronary arteries' intimal medial thickness was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (0.488 mm and 0.388 mm, respectively), while the testosterone-injected group had a mean of 0.440 mm. Mean smooth muscle cell density was significantly lower in the castrated rabbits vs. controls (26.96% and 47.80%, respectively), this observation being reversed with testosterone injection (47.53%). Mean adventitial collagen fiber density was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (66.6% and 36.1%, respectively), with a marginal difference after testosterone injection (65.2%). This study demonstrates that castration-induced hypogonadism causes morphological changes in the coronary arteries that are partly reversible using testosterone injections. These findings provide a morphological basis for understanding the role of testosterone in coronary arteries.
{"title":"Reversible effect of castration induced hypogonadism on the morphology of the left coronary arteries in adult male rabbits.","authors":"Duncan Anangwe, Moses Madadi Obimbo, Ibsen Henric Ongidi, Peter Bundi Gichangi","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.196","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypogonadism is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. This study sought to describe the histomorphology of the left coronary arteries of the adult male rabbit following orchiectomy and subsequent testosterone administration. We included 20 adult male rabbits, divided into a baseline group (n=2), an interventional group subjected to castration only (n=6), an intervention group subjected to castration followed by testosterone injection (n=6), and a control group (n=6). Key variables under investigation were serum testosterone levels, the intima-media thickness of coronary arteries, smooth muscle cell density, and adventitial collagen fiber density. The mean coronary arteries' intimal medial thickness was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (0.488 mm and 0.388 mm, respectively), while the testosterone-injected group had a mean of 0.440 mm. Mean smooth muscle cell density was significantly lower in the castrated rabbits vs. controls (26.96% and 47.80%, respectively), this observation being reversed with testosterone injection (47.53%). Mean adventitial collagen fiber density was significantly higher in the castrated group than in controls (66.6% and 36.1%, respectively), with a marginal difference after testosterone injection (65.2%). This study demonstrates that castration-induced hypogonadism causes morphological changes in the coronary arteries that are partly reversible using testosterone injections. These findings provide a morphological basis for understanding the role of testosterone in coronary arteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138457365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2024-01-15DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.229
Zia Moasses, Arefeh Aryan, Ashraf Hassanpour-Dehnavi, Mohammad Zarenezhad, Alireza Dorodchi
The origin and distribution of median nerve varies among the different individuals. The median nerve variations in axillary region were reported by many authors previously. Understanding of these variations is especially necessary for clinicians to prevent iatrogenic nerve damage. The current work aimed to evaluate the possible anatomical variations of median nerve in the axillary region in a sample of the Iranian cadavers (Shiraz, Fars). We dissected 26 upper limbs from 13 male cadavers to investigate the different variations of median and musculocutaneous nerves according to Venieratos and Anagnostopoulou classification. In 23.07% of specimens (n=6), the medial root united with 2 lateral roots and formed the median nerve proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle. In one case, a communicating branch separated from the musculocutaneous nerve distal to the coracobrachialis and connected to the median nerve in upper arm. Our results suggest that there are anatomical variations of the median nerve in terms of its origin and its communication with the musculocutaneous nerve in the population of southern Iran. The anatomical knowledge of the median nerve variations is important for clinicians to improve patient health outcome. Theses variations of the median nerve should be considered during surgical procedures of the axillary region and nerve block of the infra clavicular part of the brachial plexus.
{"title":"The anatomical variations of median nerve in Shiraz, Iran.","authors":"Zia Moasses, Arefeh Aryan, Ashraf Hassanpour-Dehnavi, Mohammad Zarenezhad, Alireza Dorodchi","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.229","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The origin and distribution of median nerve varies among the different individuals. The median nerve variations in axillary region were reported by many authors previously. Understanding of these variations is especially necessary for clinicians to prevent iatrogenic nerve damage. The current work aimed to evaluate the possible anatomical variations of median nerve in the axillary region in a sample of the Iranian cadavers (Shiraz, Fars). We dissected 26 upper limbs from 13 male cadavers to investigate the different variations of median and musculocutaneous nerves according to Venieratos and Anagnostopoulou classification. In 23.07% of specimens (n=6), the medial root united with 2 lateral roots and formed the median nerve proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle. In one case, a communicating branch separated from the musculocutaneous nerve distal to the coracobrachialis and connected to the median nerve in upper arm. Our results suggest that there are anatomical variations of the median nerve in terms of its origin and its communication with the musculocutaneous nerve in the population of southern Iran. The anatomical knowledge of the median nerve variations is important for clinicians to improve patient health outcome. Theses variations of the median nerve should be considered during surgical procedures of the axillary region and nerve block of the infra clavicular part of the brachial plexus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139465776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2024-01-18DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.223
Emma R Lesser, Arada Chaiyamoon, R Shane Tubbs, Joe Iwanaga
There are major and minor salivary glands that aid in the digestive process. Major glands are discrete and exist in predictable locations; minor salivary glands are more widespread and usually found dispersed in the mucosa of the mouth. Glands have their own contractile abilities, which allow them to secrete products without the assistance of vasculature or skeletal, or smooth muscle. This study will describe a cadaveric histological specimen in which an ectopic buccal gland was embedded within bucinator muscle fibers. Potential causes and explanations for this finding will be discussed, as well.
{"title":"Buccal gland within the bucinator muscle.","authors":"Emma R Lesser, Arada Chaiyamoon, R Shane Tubbs, Joe Iwanaga","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.223","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are major and minor salivary glands that aid in the digestive process. Major glands are discrete and exist in predictable locations; minor salivary glands are more widespread and usually found dispersed in the mucosa of the mouth. Glands have their own contractile abilities, which allow them to secrete products without the assistance of vasculature or skeletal, or smooth muscle. This study will describe a cadaveric histological specimen in which an ectopic buccal gland was embedded within bucinator muscle fibers. Potential causes and explanations for this finding will be discussed, as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139484508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2024-02-16DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.230
Dalia El-Sayed El-Ghazouly, Rania Ibrahim Yassien
Alendronate sodium (ALS) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of different bone disorders. However, its adverse effect on oral soft tissue has been detected. Rutin (RUT) is natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to investigate the possible effect of ALS on the tongue of adult male albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of RUT. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (RUT): Received RUT 50 mg/kg, group III (ALS): Received ALS 1 mg/kg, group IV (ALS+RUT): Received ALS and RUT with the same doses as pervious groups. The drugs were given once daily for 5 weeks. Tongue specimens were taken and processed for light and scanning electron microscopic inspection. ALS treated group revealed structural changes in the tongue in the form of decrease in the height of the filiform papillae with blunt ends, marked atrophy in some papillae with areas of focal loss, loss of some epithelial cells, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuoles in some epithelial cells. The lamina propria showed inflammatory cellular infiltration with congested blood vessels. Statistically, there were highly significant decrease in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunopositive cells, area percentage of Bcl-2 immunoexpression and highly significant increase in the collagen content compared to control group. Administration of RUT with ALS minimizes these changes. RUT protected the rat tongue against the histological and immunohistochemical changes induced by ALS through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
阿仑膦酸钠(ALS)是一种含氮双膦酸盐,用于治疗各种骨病。然而,已发现它对口腔软组织有不良影响。芦丁(RUT)是一种天然类黄酮,具有抗氧化和抗炎特性。本研究旨在调查 ALS 对成年雄性白化大鼠舌头可能产生的影响,并评估 RUT 可能起到的保护作用。将 40 只成年雄性白化大鼠平均分为四组:第一组(对照组)、第二组(RUT 组)、第三组(RUT 组)和第四组(RUT 组):接受 RUT 50 毫克/千克,第三组(ALS):第四组(ALS+RUT):接受 ALS 和 RUT,剂量与前几组相同。每天给药一次,持续 5 周。取舌苔标本进行光镜和扫描电子显微镜检查。ALS 治疗组的舌体结构发生变化,丝状乳头高度降低,末端变钝,部分乳头明显萎缩,有局灶性脱落,部分上皮细胞脱落,部分上皮细胞出现细胞核萎缩和胞浆空泡。固有层出现炎性细胞浸润,血管充血。据统计,与对照组相比,增殖细胞核抗原免疫阳性细胞的数量和 Bcl-2 免疫表达的面积百分比均有非常显著的下降,胶原蛋白含量也有非常显著的增加。服用 RUT 和 ALS 可将这些变化降至最低。RUT 具有抗氧化和抗炎特性,可保护大鼠舌头免受 ALS 引起的组织学和免疫组化变化的影响。
{"title":"Bisphosphonate's effect on the tongue in adult male albino rats and the possible protective role of rutin: light and scanning electron microscopic study.","authors":"Dalia El-Sayed El-Ghazouly, Rania Ibrahim Yassien","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.230","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alendronate sodium (ALS) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of different bone disorders. However, its adverse effect on oral soft tissue has been detected. Rutin (RUT) is natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to investigate the possible effect of ALS on the tongue of adult male albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of RUT. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (RUT): Received RUT 50 mg/kg, group III (ALS): Received ALS 1 mg/kg, group IV (ALS+RUT): Received ALS and RUT with the same doses as pervious groups. The drugs were given once daily for 5 weeks. Tongue specimens were taken and processed for light and scanning electron microscopic inspection. ALS treated group revealed structural changes in the tongue in the form of decrease in the height of the filiform papillae with blunt ends, marked atrophy in some papillae with areas of focal loss, loss of some epithelial cells, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuoles in some epithelial cells. The lamina propria showed inflammatory cellular infiltration with congested blood vessels. Statistically, there were highly significant decrease in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunopositive cells, area percentage of Bcl-2 immunoexpression and highly significant increase in the collagen content compared to control group. Administration of RUT with ALS minimizes these changes. RUT protected the rat tongue against the histological and immunohistochemical changes induced by ALS through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2024-02-14DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.234
Kyu-Ho Yi, Hyungkyu Bae, Soo-Bin Kim, Woo-Ram Kim, Won Lee, Ji-Soo Kim, Hee-Jin Kim
Masseter are commonly botulinum neurotoxin targeted muscle for facial contouring in aesthetic field. However, paradoxical masseteric bulging is common adverse effect that has not been discussed with ultrasonographic observations. Retrospective study has been conducted from October, 2021 to January, 2023, out of 324 patients have done blinded botulinum neurotoxin injection in the masseter at the middle and lower portion of the masseter with each side of 25 units (letibotulinum neurotoxin type A), 3 patients demonstrated paradoxical masseteric bulging has been reported and the image observed by ultrasonography by physician. Based on the observations made, we can infer that the function of the moving muscle involves twisting of the muscle fibers during contraction, along with the twisting of the deep inferior tendon, which causes the muscle to be divided into anterior and posterior compartments rather than into superficial and deep compartments of masseter. In ultrasonographic observe the skin surface of a patient with paradoxical masseteric bulging, it is observable that either the anterior or posterior part contracts significantly. The functional units of anterior and posterior compartment are observable as muscular contraction of inward movement of the muscle from either the anterior or posterior functional unit.
{"title":"Sonographic observation of the paradoxical masseteric bulging and clinical implication of functional compartment.","authors":"Kyu-Ho Yi, Hyungkyu Bae, Soo-Bin Kim, Woo-Ram Kim, Won Lee, Ji-Soo Kim, Hee-Jin Kim","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.234","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Masseter are commonly botulinum neurotoxin targeted muscle for facial contouring in aesthetic field. However, paradoxical masseteric bulging is common adverse effect that has not been discussed with ultrasonographic observations. Retrospective study has been conducted from October, 2021 to January, 2023, out of 324 patients have done blinded botulinum neurotoxin injection in the masseter at the middle and lower portion of the masseter with each side of 25 units (letibotulinum neurotoxin type A), 3 patients demonstrated paradoxical masseteric bulging has been reported and the image observed by ultrasonography by physician. Based on the observations made, we can infer that the function of the moving muscle involves twisting of the muscle fibers during contraction, along with the twisting of the deep inferior tendon, which causes the muscle to be divided into anterior and posterior compartments rather than into superficial and deep compartments of masseter. In ultrasonographic observe the skin surface of a patient with paradoxical masseteric bulging, it is observable that either the anterior or posterior part contracts significantly. The functional units of anterior and posterior compartment are observable as muscular contraction of inward movement of the muscle from either the anterior or posterior functional unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139728822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.164
Vittoria Rago, Adele Vivacqua, Saveria Aquila
Glucocorticoids play a physiologic role in the adult male reproductive functions, modulating gonadal steroid synthesis and spermatogenesis, through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The expression of GR has been described in several key testicular cell types, including somatic cells and early germ cell populations. Nothing is known on GR in human spermatozoa. Herein, we explored the GR expression and its possible role in normal and testicular varicocele semen samples from volunteer donors. After semen parameter evaluation by macro- and microscopic analysis, samples were centrifuged; then spermatozoa and culture media were recovered for further investigations. By western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses we evidenced for the first time in spermatozoa the presence of GR-D3 isoform which was reduced in sperm from varicocele patients. By treating sperm with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEXA), we found that survival, motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction were increased in both healthy and varicocele samples. GR involvement in mediating DEXA effects, was confirmed by using the GR inhibitor mifepristone (M2F). Worthy, we also discovered that sperm secretes different cortisol amounts depending on its physio-pathological status, suggesting a defence mechanism to escape the immune system attach in the female genital tract thus maintaining the immune-privilege as in the testis. Collectively, our data suggests a role for glucocorticoids in determining semen quality and function, as well as in participating on sperm immune defensive mechanisms. The novelty of this study may be beneficial and needs to take into account in artificial insemination/drug discovery aimed to enhancing sperm quality.
糖皮质激素通过糖皮质激素受体(GR)调节性腺类固醇合成和精子发生,在成年男性生殖功能中发挥生理作用。GR在几种关键的睾丸细胞类型中都有表达,包括体细胞和早期生殖细胞群。目前尚不清楚人类精子中的 GR 表达情况。在此,我们对志愿者捐献的正常精液样本和精索静脉曲张精液样本中的 GR 表达及其可能的作用进行了研究。通过宏观和显微镜分析评估精液参数后,对样本进行离心,然后回收精子和培养基进行进一步研究。通过 Western 印迹和免疫荧光分析,我们首次发现精子中存在 GR-D3 同工酶,而精索静脉曲张患者的精子中 GR-D3 同工酶减少。通过用合成糖皮质激素地塞米松(DEXA)处理精子,我们发现健康精子和精索静脉曲张样本中精子的存活率、运动能力、获能能力和顶体反应均有所提高。使用 GR 抑制剂米非司酮(M2F)证实了 GR 参与介导 DEXA 的作用。值得注意的是,我们还发现精子会根据其生理病理状态分泌不同数量的皮质醇,这表明女性生殖道中存在一种逃避免疫系统附着的防御机制,从而保持睾丸的免疫特权。总之,我们的数据表明,糖皮质激素在决定精液质量和功能以及参与精子免疫防御机制方面发挥作用。这项研究的新颖性可能是有益的,在旨在提高精子质量的人工授精/药物研发中需要加以考虑。
{"title":"Glucocorticoids improve sperm performance in physiological and pathological conditions: their role in sperm fight/flight response.","authors":"Vittoria Rago, Adele Vivacqua, Saveria Aquila","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.164","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucocorticoids play a physiologic role in the adult male reproductive functions, modulating gonadal steroid synthesis and spermatogenesis, through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The expression of GR has been described in several key testicular cell types, including somatic cells and early germ cell populations. Nothing is known on GR in human spermatozoa. Herein, we explored the GR expression and its possible role in normal and testicular varicocele semen samples from volunteer donors. After semen parameter evaluation by macro- and microscopic analysis, samples were centrifuged; then spermatozoa and culture media were recovered for further investigations. By western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses we evidenced for the first time in spermatozoa the presence of GR-D3 isoform which was reduced in sperm from varicocele patients. By treating sperm with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEXA), we found that survival, motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction were increased in both healthy and varicocele samples. GR involvement in mediating DEXA effects, was confirmed by using the GR inhibitor mifepristone (M2F). Worthy, we also discovered that sperm secretes different cortisol amounts depending on its physio-pathological status, suggesting a defence mechanism to escape the immune system attach in the female genital tract thus maintaining the immune-privilege as in the testis. Collectively, our data suggests a role for glucocorticoids in determining semen quality and function, as well as in participating on sperm immune defensive mechanisms. The novelty of this study may be beneficial and needs to take into account in artificial insemination/drug discovery aimed to enhancing sperm quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy reliance on glucose metabolism and a reduced capacity to use ketone bodies makes glioblastoma (GBM) a promising candidate for ketone-based therapies. Ketogenic diet (KD) is well-known for its promising effects in controlling tumor growth in GBM. Moreover, synthetic ketone ester (KE) has demonstrated to increase blood ketone levels and enhance animal survival in a metastatic VM-M3 murine tumor model. Here, we compared the efficacy of a KE-supplemented Atkins-type diet (ATD-KE) to a classic KD in controlling tumor progression and enhancing survival in a clinically relevant orthotopic patient-derived xenograft GBM model. Our findings demonstrate that ATD-KE preserves body weight (percent change from the baseline; 112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 and 104.8±3.67), decreases blood glucose (80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 and 52.35±3.89 mg/dl), and increases ketone bodies in blood (1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 and 2.66±0.21 mM) and brain tumor tissue (3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 and 4.25±0.25 mM) comparable to the KD (results presented for ATD-KE vs. standard diet [STD] and KD, respectively). Importantly, the ATD-KE treatment significantly enhanced survival compared to the STD and was indistinguishable from the KD (47 days in STD vs. 56 days in KD and ATD-KE), suggesting that a nutritionally balanced low carbohydrate ATD combined with KE may be as effective as the KD alone in reducing brain tumor progression. Overall, these data support the rationale for clinical testing of KE-supplemented low-carb diet as an adjunct treatment for brain tumor patients.
胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)严重依赖葡萄糖代谢,而利用酮体的能力却很低,因此很有希望成为酮基疗法的候选对象。众所周知,生酮饮食(KD)在控制胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤生长方面具有良好的效果。此外,合成酮酯(KE)在转移性 VM-M3 小鼠肿瘤模型中已被证明能提高血液酮体水平并提高动物存活率。在此,我们比较了阿特金斯类膳食(ATD-KE)与传统酮酯在临床相关的正位患者异种移植 GBM 模型中控制肿瘤进展和提高存活率的功效。我们的研究结果表明,ATD-KE 能保持体重(与基线相比的百分比变化;112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 和 104.8±3.67),降低血糖(80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 和 52.35±3.89 mg/dl),增加血液中的酮体(1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 和 2.66±0.21 mM)和脑肿瘤组织(3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 和 4.25±0.25 mM)中的酮体含量与 KD 相当(结果分别为 ATD-KE vs. 标准饮食 [STD] 和 KD)。重要的是,与 STD 相比,ATD-KE 治疗显著提高了存活率,与 KD 的存活率相差无几(STD 为 47 天,KD 和 ATD-KE 为 56 天),这表明营养均衡的低碳水化合物 ATD 联合 KE 在减少脑肿瘤进展方面可能与单独的 KD 一样有效。总之,这些数据支持将补充 KE 的低碳水化合物饮食作为脑肿瘤患者辅助治疗方法进行临床测试的合理性。
{"title":"Ketone ester supplementation of Atkins-type diet prolongs survival in an orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma.","authors":"Hassan Azari, Angela Poff, Dominic D'Agostino, Brent Reynolds","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.158","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy reliance on glucose metabolism and a reduced capacity to use ketone bodies makes glioblastoma (GBM) a promising candidate for ketone-based therapies. Ketogenic diet (KD) is well-known for its promising effects in controlling tumor growth in GBM. Moreover, synthetic ketone ester (KE) has demonstrated to increase blood ketone levels and enhance animal survival in a metastatic VM-M3 murine tumor model. Here, we compared the efficacy of a KE-supplemented Atkins-type diet (ATD-KE) to a classic KD in controlling tumor progression and enhancing survival in a clinically relevant orthotopic patient-derived xenograft GBM model. Our findings demonstrate that ATD-KE preserves body weight (percent change from the baseline; 112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 and 104.8±3.67), decreases blood glucose (80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 and 52.35±3.89 mg/dl), and increases ketone bodies in blood (1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 and 2.66±0.21 mM) and brain tumor tissue (3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 and 4.25±0.25 mM) comparable to the KD (results presented for ATD-KE vs. standard diet [STD] and KD, respectively). Importantly, the ATD-KE treatment significantly enhanced survival compared to the STD and was indistinguishable from the KD (47 days in STD vs. 56 days in KD and ATD-KE), suggesting that a nutritionally balanced low carbohydrate ATD combined with KE may be as effective as the KD alone in reducing brain tumor progression. Overall, these data support the rationale for clinical testing of KE-supplemented low-carb diet as an adjunct treatment for brain tumor patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2023-11-22DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.159
Hedieh Abband, Sara Dabirian, Adele Jafari, Mehran Nasiri, Ebrahim Nasiri
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat this type of cancer. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a derivative of cinnamon extract and makes up 99% of it. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro combined effect of CIN and TMZ on human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line viability. In this study, we used 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) method to evaluate the extent of IC50, acridine orange, Giemsa and Hoechst staining to evaluate the manner of apoptosis and the Western blotting method to examine the expression change of apoptotic proteins. Our results show that TMZ has an inhibitory effect on CIN when both used in combination at concentrations of 300 and 100 μM (P<0.05) and has a cytotoxic effect when used alone at the same concentrations (P<0.05). The western blotting result showed that TMZ at concentrations of 2,000 and 1,000 μM significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl2 expression (P<0.05), indicating that TMZ induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. However, CIN had no effect on Bax and Bcl2 expressions, thus causing apoptosis from another pathway. Also, the Bax:Bcl2 expression ratio at concentrations combined was lower than that for TMZ 1,000 μM and higher than that for CIN 150 and 100 μM (P<0.05), which confirms the inhibitory effect of TMZ on CIN. From the present study, we conclude that TMZ in combination with CIN has an inhibitory effect on increasing the cytotoxicity rate.
{"title":"Inhibitory effect of temozolomide on apoptosis induction of cinnamaldehyde in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line.","authors":"Hedieh Abband, Sara Dabirian, Adele Jafari, Mehran Nasiri, Ebrahim Nasiri","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.159","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat this type of cancer. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a derivative of cinnamon extract and makes up 99% of it. The aim of this study was to investigate the <i>in vitro</i> combined effect of CIN and TMZ on human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line viability. In this study, we used 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) method to evaluate the extent of IC<sub>50</sub>, acridine orange, Giemsa and Hoechst staining to evaluate the manner of apoptosis and the Western blotting method to examine the expression change of apoptotic proteins. Our results show that TMZ has an inhibitory effect on CIN when both used in combination at concentrations of 300 and 100 μM (<i>P</i><0.05) and has a cytotoxic effect when used alone at the same concentrations (<i>P</i><0.05). The western blotting result showed that TMZ at concentrations of 2,000 and 1,000 μM significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl2 expression (<i>P</i><0.05), indicating that TMZ induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. However, CIN had no effect on Bax and Bcl2 expressions, thus causing apoptosis from another pathway. Also, the Bax:Bcl2 expression ratio at concentrations combined was lower than that for TMZ 1,000 μM and higher than that for CIN 150 and 100 μM (<i>P</i><0.05), which confirms the inhibitory effect of TMZ on CIN. From the present study, we conclude that TMZ in combination with CIN has an inhibitory effect on increasing the cytotoxicity rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138294483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.219
Mehrdad Ghorbanlou, Fatemeh Moradi, Mohammad Hassan Kazemi-Galougahi, Maasoume Abdollahi
Morphologic changes in the brain through aging, as a physiologic process, may involve a wide range of variables including ventricular dilation, and sulcus widening. This study reports normal ranges of these changes as standard criteria. Normal brain computed tomography scans of 400 patients (200 males, 200 females) in every decade of life (20 groups each containing 20 participants) were investigated for subcortical/cortical atrophy (bicaudate width [BCW], third ventricle width [ThVW], maximum length of lateral ventricle at cella media [MLCM], bicaudate index [BCI], third ventricle index [ThVI], and cella media index 3 [CMI3], interhemispheric sulcus width [IHSW], right hemisphere sulci diameter [RHSD], and left hemisphere sulci diameter [LHSD]), ventricular symmetry. Distribution and correlation of all the variables were demonstrated with age and a multiple linear regression model was reported for age prediction. Among the various parameters of subcortical atrophy, BCW, ThVW, MLCM, and the corresponding indices of BCI, ThVI, and CMI3 demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R2≥0.62). All the cortical atrophy parameters including IHSW, RHSD, and LHSD demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R2≥0.63). This study is a thorough investigation of variables in a normal brain which can be affected by aging disclosing normal ranges of variables including major ventricular variables, derived ventricular indices, lateral ventricles asymmetry, cortical atrophy, in every decade of life introducing BW, ThVW, MLCM, BCI, ThVI, CMI3 as most significant ventricular parameters, and IHSW, RHSD, LHSD as significant cortical parameters associated with age.
{"title":"In search of subcortical and cortical morphologic alterations of a normal brain through aging: an investigation by computed tomography scan.","authors":"Mehrdad Ghorbanlou, Fatemeh Moradi, Mohammad Hassan Kazemi-Galougahi, Maasoume Abdollahi","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.219","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphologic changes in the brain through aging, as a physiologic process, may involve a wide range of variables including ventricular dilation, and sulcus widening. This study reports normal ranges of these changes as standard criteria. Normal brain computed tomography scans of 400 patients (200 males, 200 females) in every decade of life (20 groups each containing 20 participants) were investigated for subcortical/cortical atrophy (bicaudate width [BCW], third ventricle width [ThVW], maximum length of lateral ventricle at cella media [MLCM], bicaudate index [BCI], third ventricle index [ThVI], and cella media index 3 [CMI3], interhemispheric sulcus width [IHSW], right hemisphere sulci diameter [RHSD], and left hemisphere sulci diameter [LHSD]), ventricular symmetry. Distribution and correlation of all the variables were demonstrated with age and a multiple linear regression model was reported for age prediction. Among the various parameters of subcortical atrophy, BCW, ThVW, MLCM, and the corresponding indices of BCI, ThVI, and CMI3 demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R<sup>2</sup>≥0.62). All the cortical atrophy parameters including IHSW, RHSD, and LHSD demonstrated a significant correlation with age (R<sup>2</sup>≥0.63). This study is a thorough investigation of variables in a normal brain which can be affected by aging disclosing normal ranges of variables including major ventricular variables, derived ventricular indices, lateral ventricles asymmetry, cortical atrophy, in every decade of life introducing BW, ThVW, MLCM, BCI, ThVI, CMI3 as most significant ventricular parameters, and IHSW, RHSD, LHSD as significant cortical parameters associated with age.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31Epub Date: 2024-02-14DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.148
Adil Asghar, Ravi Kant Narayan, Nagavalli Basavanna Pushpa, Apurba Patra, Kumar Satish Ravi, R Shane Tubbs
The exocrine part of the pancreas has a duct system called the pancreatic ductal system (PDS). Its mechanism of development is complex, and any reorganization during early embryogenesis can give rise to anatomical variants. The aim of this study is to collect, classify, and analyze published evidence on the importance of anatomical variants of the PDS, addressing gaps in our understanding of such variations. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify publications relevant to this review. R studio with meta-package was used for data extraction, risk of bias estimation, and statistical analysis. A total of 64 studies out of 1,778 proved suitable for this review and metanalysis. The meta-analysis computed the prevalence of normal variants of the PDS (92% of 10,514 subjects). Type 3 variants and "descending" subtypes of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) predominated in the pooled samples. The mean lengths of the MPD and accessory pancreatic duct (APD) were 16.53 cm and 3.36 cm, respectively. The mean diameters of the MPD at the head and the APD were 3.43 mm and 1.69 mm, respectively. The APD was present in only 41% of samples, and the long type predominated. The pancreatic ductal anatomy is highly variable, and the incorrect identification of variants may be challenging for surgeons during ductal anastomosis with gut, failure to which may often cause ductal obstruction or pseudocysts formation.
胰腺的外分泌部分有一个管道系统,称为胰腺导管系统(PDS)。其发育机制十分复杂,早期胚胎发育过程中的任何重组都可能导致解剖变异。本研究旨在收集、分类和分析已发表的有关胰腺导管系统解剖变异重要性的证据,弥补我们对此类变异认识的不足。研究人员检索了 MEDLINE、Web of Science、Embase 和 Google Scholar 数据库,以确定与本综述相关的出版物。使用带有元软件包的 R studio 进行数据提取、偏倚风险估计和统计分析。在 1,778 项研究中,共有 64 项研究被证明适合本综述和荟萃分析。荟萃分析计算了 PDS 正常变异的流行率(10,514 名受试者中的 92%)。在汇总样本中,主胰管(MPD)的 3 型变异和 "下降 "亚型占多数。主胰管和附属胰管(APD)的平均长度分别为 16.53 厘米和 3.36 厘米。MPD头部和APD的平均直径分别为3.43毫米和1.69毫米。只有 41% 的样本存在 APD,且以长型为主。胰腺导管解剖结构千变万化,在导管与肠道吻合时,错误地识别变异体可能会给外科医生带来挑战,失败的吻合往往会导致导管阻塞或假性囊肿的形成。
{"title":"Exploring the variations of the pancreatic ductal system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","authors":"Adil Asghar, Ravi Kant Narayan, Nagavalli Basavanna Pushpa, Apurba Patra, Kumar Satish Ravi, R Shane Tubbs","doi":"10.5115/acb.23.148","DOIUrl":"10.5115/acb.23.148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exocrine part of the pancreas has a duct system called the pancreatic ductal system (PDS). Its mechanism of development is complex, and any reorganization during early embryogenesis can give rise to anatomical variants. The aim of this study is to collect, classify, and analyze published evidence on the importance of anatomical variants of the PDS, addressing gaps in our understanding of such variations. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify publications relevant to this review. R studio with meta-package was used for data extraction, risk of bias estimation, and statistical analysis. A total of 64 studies out of 1,778 proved suitable for this review and metanalysis. The meta-analysis computed the prevalence of normal variants of the PDS (92% of 10,514 subjects). Type 3 variants and \"descending\" subtypes of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) predominated in the pooled samples. The mean lengths of the MPD and accessory pancreatic duct (APD) were 16.53 cm and 3.36 cm, respectively. The mean diameters of the MPD at the head and the APD were 3.43 mm and 1.69 mm, respectively. The APD was present in only 41% of samples, and the long type predominated. The pancreatic ductal anatomy is highly variable, and the incorrect identification of variants may be challenging for surgeons during ductal anastomosis with gut, failure to which may often cause ductal obstruction or pseudocysts formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7831,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy & Cell Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10968189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139728821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}