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Evolution of vertebrate brain size is associated with sexual traits 脊椎动物大脑大小的进化与性特征有关
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10039
M. Zhong, Long Jin, Jian Ping Yu, W. Liao
The expensive tissue hypothesis predicts a trade-off between investments in the brain and other energetically costly organs due to the costs associated with their growth and maintenance within the finite energy resources available. However, few studies address the strength of relationships between brain size and investments in precopulatory (ornaments and armaments) and postcopulatory (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits. Here, in a broad comparative study, we tested the prediction that the relationship between brain size and investment in sexual traits differs among taxa relative to the importance of sperm competition within them. We found that brain size was negatively correlated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in anurans and primates, and it tended to decrease with SSD in ungulates and cetaceans. However, brain size did not covary significantly with armaments (e.g., canine length, horn, antler, and muscle mass). Brain size was not correlated with postcopulatory sexual traits (testes and ejaculates). The intensity of covariance between brain size and precopulatory sexual traits decreased with increasing relative testis size.
昂贵的组织假说预测了对大脑和其他能量昂贵的器官的投资之间的权衡,因为它们在有限的可用能量资源内生长和维持的成本。然而,很少有研究涉及大脑大小与群体前(装饰物和武器)和群体后(睾丸和射精)性特征投资之间的关系强度。在这里,在一项广泛的比较研究中,我们测试了大脑大小和性特征投资之间的关系的预测,即相对于精子竞争的重要性,不同分类群之间的关系不同。我们发现,在无尾类和灵长类动物中,大脑大小与性大小二态性(SSD)呈负相关,而在有蹄类和鲸目动物中,它往往随着性大小二型性而减少。然而,大脑大小与军备(如犬的长度、角、鹿角和肌肉质量)没有显著的相关性。大脑大小与人口后的性特征(睾丸和射精)无关。大脑大小和繁殖前性特征之间的协方差强度随着睾丸相对大小的增加而降低。
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引用次数: 0
Infections by the trematode Microphallus nicolli and the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani in relation to the reproductive condition of their intermediate host, the Pacific mole crab Emerita analoga 尼科利小蠊和阿尔特曼尼棘头蠊的感染与其中间宿主翡翠蟹类似物的繁殖条件的关系
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10038
R. Bhaduri
Parasites can dramatically influence fecundity of their hosts, so for any host species it is important to establish whether parasite infections affect host reproduction. The Pacific mole crab, Emerita analoga, commonly harbors metacercarial cysts of the trematode Microphallus nicolli and cystacanths of the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani. Although these helminths are known to infect primarily larger female mole crabs, they may do so disproportionately when tied to their host’s reproductive condition. This study was undertaken to examine differences in parasite prevalence and abundance between non-ovigerous and ovigerous hosts. Crabs from Del Monte Beach, Monterey, California were collected, carapace length measured, sexed, examined for parasites, and had their reproductive state noted. The vast majority of the crabs sampled were infected with at least one parasite, and over half of the crabs had both M. nicolli and P. altmani. Ovigerous females were significantly larger than non-ovigerous crabs. Prevalence of both trematode metacercarial cysts and acanthocephalan cystacanths was significantly higher in ovigerous females than in non-ovigerous ones. Egg-bearing females were also more heavily infected by both parasites than non-egg-bearing individuals. These results suggest that larger ovigerous crabs may provide greater resources and thus are able to support higher levels of infections. This study shows that neither parasite prevalence nor abundance seemed to affect egg production in E. analoga.
寄生虫会极大地影响宿主的繁殖力,因此对于任何宿主物种来说,确定寄生虫感染是否会影响宿主繁殖都很重要。太平洋鼹鼠,类似Emerita,通常含有尼科利小拇吸虫的囊性囊肿和阿尔特马尼棘头虫的囊囊。尽管已知这些蠕虫主要感染体型较大的雌性鼹鼠,但当与宿主的生殖条件联系在一起时,它们可能会不成比例地感染。这项研究是为了检验非产卵宿主和产卵宿主之间寄生虫流行率和丰度的差异。采集了来自加利福尼亚州蒙特利市德尔蒙特海滩的螃蟹,测量了甲壳长度,进行了性别鉴定,检查了寄生虫,并记录了它们的繁殖状态。绝大多数被采样的螃蟹至少感染了一种寄生虫,超过一半的螃蟹同时感染了尼科利分枝杆菌和阿尔特曼尼分枝杆菌。产卵的雌性螃蟹明显大于非产卵的螃蟹。产卵雌性的吸虫囊性囊肿和棘头囊囊的患病率明显高于非产卵雌性。有卵的雌性也比没有卵的个体更容易感染这两种寄生虫。这些结果表明,较大的产卵蟹可能提供更多的资源,从而能够支持更高水平的感染。这项研究表明,寄生虫的流行率和丰度似乎都不会影响类似大肠杆菌的卵子生产。
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引用次数: 1
Revisiting classic ecogeographical rules, using a widely distributed mouse species (Apodemus draco) 重新审视经典的生态地理规则,使用广泛分布的老鼠物种(Apodemus draco)
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10012
Jifa Cui, Bingxin Wang, Shengnan Ji, Huawei Su, Youbing Zhou
Ecogeographical rules predict an association between specific adaptive morphological/physiological traits and latitude, elevation or cooler climates. Such ecogeographical effects are often expressed most clearly in widely distributed species due to continuous selective adaptation occurring over their geographic range. Based on 40 population sampling sites of 116 adult individuals (female, ; male, ) across an elevational range of 191–2573 m, we tested whether morphological traits accorded with predictions of Bergmann’s rule, Allen’s rule and Hesse’s rule for the South China field mouse (Apodemus draco). The effects of elevation on body size, appendage length and heart size were tested by fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models. None conformed to Bergmann’s, Allen’s or Hesse’s rule. Clines in body size opposed Bergmann’s rule, and foot and snout length ratios opposed Allen’s rule. We conclude that South China field mice, a widely distributed species, exhibit an acute thermoregulation mechanism in which in colder conditions body sizes decrease – as opposed to altering heart sizes or surface area to volume ratios – requiring less energy to regulate body temperatures. Also, there was a stronger selective pressure to increase partial appendage lengths (i.e., foot and snout) to adapt to the specific environment (e.g. longer period of snow cover, up to 2573 m) rather than on a general shortening of appendages to cope with colder conditions.
生态地理规则预测了特定的适应性形态/生理特征与纬度、海拔或凉爽气候之间的联系。由于在地理范围内不断发生选择性适应,这种生态地理效应通常在分布广泛的物种中表现得最为明显。基于海拔191–2573m范围内116只成年个体(雌性,;雄性,)的40个群体采样点,我们测试了华南野鼠(Apodemus draco)的形态特征是否符合Bergmann规则、Allen规则和Hesse规则的预测。通过拟合线性混合效应模型来检验海拔高度对身体大小、附肢长度和心脏大小的影响。没有一个符合伯格曼、艾伦或黑塞的规则。Clines在体型上反对Bergmann的规则,而脚和鼻子的长度比例则反对Allen的规则。我们得出的结论是,华南野鼠是一种分布广泛的物种,它表现出一种急性的体温调节机制,在较冷的条件下,体型缩小,而不是改变心脏大小或表面积与体积的比例,需要较少的能量来调节体温。此外,增加部分附肢长度(即脚部和鼻子)以适应特定环境(例如更长的积雪期,高达2573米)的选择性压力更强,而不是为了应对更冷的条件而普遍缩短附肢。
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引用次数: 2
Pectoral muscle transcriptome analyses reveal high-altitude adaptations in Tibetan chickens 胸肌转录组分析揭示了藏鸡的高海拔适应性
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10026
YaoDong Hu, Su Jiayu, L. Cheng, D. Lan, Diyan Li
The largest muscles in fowl are the pectorals, which provide the power required for birds to fly. Tibetan chickens show specific adaptations to high-altitude conditions, but changes in the muscle transcriptome associated with these adaptations have not been characterized yet. Therefore, in this study, we used next-generation sequencing technologies to generate eight libraries of mRNA sequences for four Tibetan chickens and four Beijing fatty chickens. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis was performed. In the eight samples, 12 333 annotated protein-coding genes were expressed. Among these, 48 differentially expressed genes were found; all of which were upregulated in Tibetan chickens. These differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in kidney morphogenesis, which indicates that hypoxia has an important effect on renal tubule development. Only nine genes were involved in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, such as the endocytosis pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the calcium signaling pathway and the TGF-beta signaling pathway. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study will be used to facilitate future research into the Tibetan chicken.
鸟类最大的肌肉是胸肌,胸肌为鸟类提供飞行所需的力量。藏鸡表现出对高海拔环境的特殊适应,但与这些适应相关的肌肉转录组的变化尚未被表征。因此,本研究利用新一代测序技术,对4只藏鸡和4只北京肥鸡进行了8个mRNA序列文库的构建。进行了全面的转录组分析。在8个样本中,共表达了12 333个带注释的蛋白编码基因。其中,发现48个差异表达基因;在藏鸡中均表达上调。这些差异表达基因主要参与肾脏形态发生,提示缺氧对肾小管发育有重要影响。《京都基因与基因组百科全书》仅涉及9个基因,如内吞作用通路、MAPK信号通路、钙信号通路和tgf - β信号通路。本研究鉴定的差异表达基因将用于藏鸡的进一步研究。
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引用次数: 2
Sexual dimorphism and variability in the skull of Martes foina 鹅肝马氏体头骨的两性异形和变异性
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10020
A. Özen
Morphometry can help to understand morphology and clarify taxonomy of species. The morphometric variability of the skull and sexual dimorphism of stone martens (Martes foina), obtained from various geographical regions of Turkey, were investigated. Measurements were made regarding 14 characters on skulls of the samples. Adults have significantly bigger skulls compared to juveniles. Regarding their sexual dimorphism, descriptive statistics revealed variability in the size of the skull between sexes, with mean values of males being higher than those of females. The most significant sexual dimorphisms (the highest variabilities) were observed in palatal width and especially frontal width. The strongest positive correlations were found between the basilar length and condylobasal length in males and between the mandibular length and total skull length in females. Furthermore, principal component analysis confirmed strong correlations between some characters of the skull in both sexes. By comparing characters with those of European populations this study contributes to a general model of the skull of Martes foina.
形态计量学有助于认识物种的形态,阐明物种的分类学。研究了来自土耳其不同地理区域的石貂(Martes foina)颅骨的形态变异和性别二态性。对样本头骨上的14个字符进行了测量。成年人的头骨比青少年大得多。关于两性二态性,描述性统计揭示了两性之间颅骨大小的差异,男性的平均值高于女性。最显著的性别二态性(变异最大)表现在腭宽,尤其是额宽。男性基底骨长度与髁状基底骨长度、女性下颌骨长度与颅骨总长度呈正相关。此外,主成分分析证实了两性颅骨的某些特征之间存在很强的相关性。通过与欧洲人群的特征进行比较,本研究有助于建立马氏颅骨的一般模型。
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引用次数: 1
Life and Research of V. А. Charkin — scientist, father, grandfather V.的生活与研究А。查金,科学家,父亲,祖父
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.15407/ANIMBIOL22.03.021
І. V. Nevostruyeva
Charkin Volodymyr was PhD in Biology, Senior researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cattle Nutrition that focuses on researching the physiology of animal lactation, studying the influence of Iodium, Chromium, Selenium, Cobalt on metabolic processes, productivity and composition of milk; development of elements of national protein feeding system of high productive cows that correspond to modern protein standardizing criteria. Lactation is a complex process of creation, storing and producing milk in animal’s mammal gland. Nervous system and hormones of endocrine glands with the help of brain cortex and hypothalamus, where lactation center is located, regulate the process of mild production. Hypothalamus produces releasing factors – somatoliberin and prolactoliberin that stimulate the production of hormones somatotropin and prolactin in hypothesis. These hormones directly take part in the production of milk. The role of other endocrine glands is that they contribute to promotion of the synthesis of milk precursors and increase of their amount in blood.
Charkin Volodymyr是生物学博士,高级研究员,牛营养实验室负责人,专注于研究动物泌乳的生理学,研究碘、铬、硒、钴对代谢过程、生产力和牛奶成分的影响;符合现代蛋白质标准化标准的高产奶牛国家蛋白质饲养系统要素的开发。哺乳是哺乳动物腺体中产生、储存和生产乳汁的复杂过程。内分泌腺的神经系统和激素在泌乳中心所在的大脑皮层和下丘脑的帮助下,调节轻度生产的过程。下丘脑产生释放因子——生长激素释放素和催乳素释放素,在假说中刺激激素生长激素和催乳素的产生。这些激素直接参与牛奶的生产。其他内分泌腺的作用是促进乳汁前体的合成并增加其在血液中的含量。
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引用次数: 0
Stanislav Payenok — Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor (1928–1994) Stanislav Payenok——生物科学博士,教授(1928-1994)
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.15407/ANIMBIOL22.03.015
A. Hunchak
Stanislav Payenok was doctor of biological sciences, professor. The research conducted by S. Payenok launched a new direction in zootechnical vitaminology. The studies touched upon the problems of vitamin nutrition of different animals, development of new and efficient vitamin preparations, studying their biological impact and establishing optimum amounts, means and schemes of administration.
Stanislav Payenok是生物科学博士,教授。S.Payenok进行的这项研究开创了动物技术简历学的新方向。这些研究涉及不同动物的维生素营养、开发新的高效维生素制剂、研究其生物学影响以及确定最佳给药量、方法和方案等问题。
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引用次数: 0
Irynei Ratych — Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Member of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences Irynei Ratych——农业科学博士,美国国家农业科学院副院士
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.15407/ANIMBIOL22.03.011
A. Hunchak
Irynei Ratych is a doctor of agricultural sciences, associate member of NAAS. The main attention was paid to the study of artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation radiation impact on protein metabolism processes in skin and blood of young cattle. One of the stages of research work dealt with studies of metabolism processes and fertility in birds in connection with protein, amino acidic and mineral nutrition of different age, breed and fertility groups of birds. When researching metabolism of mineral sulfur in bird organism, he for the first time conducted a complex study of biochemical mechanisms of exogenous suplhate impact on bird organism with regard for the amount of protein, sulfur-content amino acids and total sulfur in diet by methods of radiology, biochemistry, physiology and nutrition. Theoretical foundations and practical recommendations have been developed on improving efficiency of sodium sulphate use in feed of birds of different age, type and productivity direction.
Irynei Ratych是一名农业科学博士,也是美国科学院的准会员。本文主要研究了人工紫外线辐射源对犊牛皮肤和血液中蛋白质代谢过程的影响。研究工作的一个阶段是研究鸟类的新陈代谢过程和生育能力,与不同年龄、品种和生育能力的鸟类的蛋白质、氨基酸和矿物质营养有关。在研究矿物硫在鸟类机体中的代谢时,首次采用放射学、生物化学、生理学和营养学的方法,从饲粮中蛋白质、含硫氨基酸和总硫的数量等方面,对外源硫酸盐对鸟类机体影响的生化机制进行了复杂的研究。为提高不同日龄、不同类型和不同生产方向禽鸟饲料中硫酸钠的使用效率提供了理论基础和实践建议。
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引用次数: 0
Halyna Stojanovska — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher (1950–2020) Halyna Stojanovska -生物科学候选人,高级研究员(1950-2020)
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.15407/ANIMBIOL22.03.024
A. Hunchak
Stoianovska Halyna was the candidate of biological sciences, senior researcher — qualified scientist in the physiology, biochemistry and nutrition of poultry. The main directions of research were finding substrate regulatory mechanisms of metabolic processes in the body of poultry; study patterns of physiological and biochemical processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the body of poultry, and developing ways to increase the level of transformation of feed nutrients into products (meat and eggs).
Stoianovska Halyna是生物科学候选人,高级研究员-家禽生理学,生物化学和营养方面的合格科学家。主要研究方向是寻找家禽体内代谢过程的底物调控机制;研究家禽体内营养物质消化和同化的生理生化过程模式,并开发提高饲料营养物质向产品(肉和蛋)转化水平的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Vasyl Holovach — Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor (1924–1987) Vasyl Holovach——生物科学博士,教授(1924–1987)
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.15407/ANIMBIOL22.03.005
I. Ratych
Vasyl Holovach was doctor of biological sciences, professor. The main directions of scientific activity were elucidation of the etiology of chronic hematuria in cattle and research pertaining to the study of impact of artificial UV radiation sources on metabolism in the body of young cattle.
Vasyl Holovach是生物科学博士,教授。科研活动的主要方向是阐明牛慢性血尿的病因,研究人工紫外线辐射源对犊牛体内代谢的影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Animal Biology
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