Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10092
Rob Found, J. A. Baker, J. Fryxell, A. McLaren, A. Rodgers, J. Shuter, I. Thompson, B. Patterson
Understanding the impacts of disturbance on individual fitness is important for wildlife management, and critical for the conservation of species at risk. We compared the fitness and seasonal range use of 39 woodland caribou in Ontario study areas contrasted by their level of human disturbance. We previously showed that wolf density in the disturbed site was higher, likely due to human-modified landscapes favoring moose, the primary prey of wolves. In this paper we address three objectives. First, because the assimilation of dietary nitrogen is heavily influenced by metabolic processes related to stress, we hypothesized that ratios of nitrogen isotopes (N) may indicate changes in body condition in ungulates and be useful proxies for changes in fitness. Second, we predicted that increased predation risk from wolves in disturbed areas would result in measurable declines in caribou body condition. Third, we hypothesized that one mechanism for fitness declines among caribou in the disturbed area was increased wolf activity restricting caribou seasonal movements. We showed change in N in the tissues of caribou was correlated with body condition scoring using fat assessment. We used GPS collars to quantify seasonal range use and found that fitness was higher, and seasonal range overlap was lower, in caribou using the nondisturbed area. Winter fitness declines were significantly larger in the more disturbed area. Our study identifies another mechanism by which the cumulative effects of human-disturbed landscapes on caribou fitness could contribute to global declines in caribou populations.
{"title":"Stable isotopes indicate reduced body condition of caribou in disturbed areas","authors":"Rob Found, J. A. Baker, J. Fryxell, A. McLaren, A. Rodgers, J. Shuter, I. Thompson, B. Patterson","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Understanding the impacts of disturbance on individual fitness is important for wildlife management, and critical for the conservation of species at risk. We compared the fitness and seasonal range use of 39 woodland caribou in Ontario study areas contrasted by their level of human disturbance. We previously showed that wolf density in the disturbed site was higher, likely due to human-modified landscapes favoring moose, the primary prey of wolves. In this paper we address three objectives. First, because the assimilation of dietary nitrogen is heavily influenced by metabolic processes related to stress, we hypothesized that ratios of nitrogen isotopes (N) may indicate changes in body condition in ungulates and be useful proxies for changes in fitness. Second, we predicted that increased predation risk from wolves in disturbed areas would result in measurable declines in caribou body condition. Third, we hypothesized that one mechanism for fitness declines among caribou in the disturbed area was increased wolf activity restricting caribou seasonal movements. We showed change in N in the tissues of caribou was correlated with body condition scoring using fat assessment. We used GPS collars to quantify seasonal range use and found that fitness was higher, and seasonal range overlap was lower, in caribou using the nondisturbed area. Winter fitness declines were significantly larger in the more disturbed area. Our study identifies another mechanism by which the cumulative effects of human-disturbed landscapes on caribou fitness could contribute to global declines in caribou populations.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44082757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10094
Rahul Kumar, B. K. Gupta, A. K. Sharma
We hereby report an isolated population of a rare morpho-variant of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmaplata plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) from Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India, which is also the first record of this species from the state of Jharkhand, India. Descriptions of both male and female spiders, the female’s exuviae, its eggs and habitat are presented. We have studied its moulting, feeding and sexual behaviour in detail, and have recorded various behavioural aspects that were never documented before, such as debris-rolling behaviour, photokinetic response, starvation response and oxygen deprivation response. We here report the occurrence of this spider near the colonies of the ground-nesting ant Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787). This spider is known to mimic the Asian weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775), which are greenish orange to red in colour. Specimens collected by us are dark brown to black in coloration whereas the commonly reported specimens are often greenish orange to red. We propose that the darker coloration would have been naturally selected in this isolated population of M. plataleoides as an adaptation to coexist with C. compressus, which is also black in coloration and abundant around the spiders. Study of the moulting behaviour of the morpho-variant further reveals the display of a novel mechanism of ant mimicry among these spiders which we have named as temporal myrmecomorphy. Temporal myrmecomorphy has been proposed to be a protective mechanism used by a harmless mimic against the attacks of the aggressive models so that it can co-exist with the models. Present study establishes the usefulness of a morpho-variant as an important model in understanding the evolution and behaviour of a species holistically.
{"title":"On the behavioural biology of a morpho-variant of Myrmaplata plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) (Araneae: Salticidae) with taxonomic notes","authors":"Rahul Kumar, B. K. Gupta, A. K. Sharma","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10094","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We hereby report an isolated population of a rare morpho-variant of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmaplata plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) from Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India, which is also the first record of this species from the state of Jharkhand, India. Descriptions of both male and female spiders, the female’s exuviae, its eggs and habitat are presented. We have studied its moulting, feeding and sexual behaviour in detail, and have recorded various behavioural aspects that were never documented before, such as debris-rolling behaviour, photokinetic response, starvation response and oxygen deprivation response. We here report the occurrence of this spider near the colonies of the ground-nesting ant Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787). This spider is known to mimic the Asian weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775), which are greenish orange to red in colour. Specimens collected by us are dark brown to black in coloration whereas the commonly reported specimens are often greenish orange to red. We propose that the darker coloration would have been naturally selected in this isolated population of M. plataleoides as an adaptation to coexist with C. compressus, which is also black in coloration and abundant around the spiders. Study of the moulting behaviour of the morpho-variant further reveals the display of a novel mechanism of ant mimicry among these spiders which we have named as temporal myrmecomorphy. Temporal myrmecomorphy has been proposed to be a protective mechanism used by a harmless mimic against the attacks of the aggressive models so that it can co-exist with the models. Present study establishes the usefulness of a morpho-variant as an important model in understanding the evolution and behaviour of a species holistically.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44441220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10096
Somya Jain, N. Singla, S. Kalra, A. Mahal
Crop raiding has been reported in many parts of Punjab as a result of an overabundance of nilgai antelopes (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and farmers are constantly battling to save their crops. In the present study, various management strategies such as physical deterrents (nylon rope, nylon net and garden net), visual repellents (scarecrow and reflective ribbon), chemical repellents (different concentrations of Neelbo and Ecodon (based on ricinoleic acid) applied by spraying, soaking jute rope, soaked in wood shavings packed in plastic bags and paper cups) and biological deterrents (bioacoustic device and different concentrations of faecal solution of horse, tiger and Himalayan black bear) were evaluated to minimize the damage caused by nilgai. Nylon net was the most promising method, providing complete protection against nilgai, which can be used for protecting crops at vulnerable stages with a one-time cost. The nylon rope and garden net provided partial protection from nilgai damage. The bioacoustic device and reflective ribbon were also effective for a short period of time. Neelbo was found more effective as chemical repellent against nilgai. The faecal solution of horse and Himalayan black bear remained effective as repellent for 10 days. It is thus concluded that while comprehensive damage prevention may be difficult, animal management devices can help reduce nilgai damage at vulnerable stages of the crop. The employment of a range of management devices at the proper time can be part of a cost-effective system to keep nilgai damage at acceptable levels.
{"title":"Effectiveness of different management strategies against Nilgai population (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Punjab Province of India","authors":"Somya Jain, N. Singla, S. Kalra, A. Mahal","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10096","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Crop raiding has been reported in many parts of Punjab as a result of an overabundance of nilgai antelopes (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and farmers are constantly battling to save their crops. In the present study, various management strategies such as physical deterrents (nylon rope, nylon net and garden net), visual repellents (scarecrow and reflective ribbon), chemical repellents (different concentrations of Neelbo and Ecodon (based on ricinoleic acid) applied by spraying, soaking jute rope, soaked in wood shavings packed in plastic bags and paper cups) and biological deterrents (bioacoustic device and different concentrations of faecal solution of horse, tiger and Himalayan black bear) were evaluated to minimize the damage caused by nilgai. Nylon net was the most promising method, providing complete protection against nilgai, which can be used for protecting crops at vulnerable stages with a one-time cost. The nylon rope and garden net provided partial protection from nilgai damage. The bioacoustic device and reflective ribbon were also effective for a short period of time. Neelbo was found more effective as chemical repellent against nilgai. The faecal solution of horse and Himalayan black bear remained effective as repellent for 10 days. It is thus concluded that while comprehensive damage prevention may be difficult, animal management devices can help reduce nilgai damage at vulnerable stages of the crop. The employment of a range of management devices at the proper time can be part of a cost-effective system to keep nilgai damage at acceptable levels.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45463779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10093
W. Dionisio-da-Silva, C. Albuquerque, A. Lira
Clonal lineages in similar environments may be influenced by non-Mendelian inheritance, such as maternal age effects and developmental instabilities. These mechanisms may affect the developmental fitness of parthenogenetic litters. In this study, the scorpion Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) was used to analyze the effects of non-Mendelian variation on parthenogenetic litters. A total of 75 juveniles from five females were reared under the same controlled conditions, while their development was observed and evaluated through differences in offspring fitness traits (litter size, prosoma size, developmental time, and mortality) between the litters. First and second litters had a similar litter size, although second litters exhibited longer developmental time in the early instar stages (second and third) than first litters. These results indicate that T. stigmurus females allocated nutrient resources to maximize litter size rather than developmental fitness in subsequent litters. Differences in developmental time found in early instars but not in late instars may have occurred as a result of stochastic developmental variations in young individuals. Such variation in duration of development has the potential to influence survival of juveniles in natural environments because individuals that grow faster may avoid large predators and consume larger prey, compared to those that do not.
{"title":"Fitness differences between parthenogenetic litters of the synanthropic scorpion Tityus stigmurus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)","authors":"W. Dionisio-da-Silva, C. Albuquerque, A. Lira","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Clonal lineages in similar environments may be influenced by non-Mendelian inheritance, such as maternal age effects and developmental instabilities. These mechanisms may affect the developmental fitness of parthenogenetic litters. In this study, the scorpion Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) was used to analyze the effects of non-Mendelian variation on parthenogenetic litters. A total of 75 juveniles from five females were reared under the same controlled conditions, while their development was observed and evaluated through differences in offspring fitness traits (litter size, prosoma size, developmental time, and mortality) between the litters. First and second litters had a similar litter size, although second litters exhibited longer developmental time in the early instar stages (second and third) than first litters. These results indicate that T. stigmurus females allocated nutrient resources to maximize litter size rather than developmental fitness in subsequent litters. Differences in developmental time found in early instars but not in late instars may have occurred as a result of stochastic developmental variations in young individuals. Such variation in duration of development has the potential to influence survival of juveniles in natural environments because individuals that grow faster may avoid large predators and consume larger prey, compared to those that do not.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46544624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10089
K. Sudarshani, H. Wegiriya
Immature testicular sperm of mammals acquire the potential to move in a forward direction during their journey through excurrent ducts, efferent ductules and the epididymis. The present study aimed to determine the sperm storage time using the hamster cauda epididymis. Ligation of the left epididymal tubule at the junction between the distal corpus and the proximal cauda was carried out to determine the storage time. The right epididymis was left unaltered as the control. On days 3, 12, 15, 24, 28, 32, and 40 after ligation of the cauda, experiments were carried out and repeated five times. Sperm total count and mortality were determined using the haemocytometer counting method and sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead viability kit. The morphology of cauda sperm was observed by preparing sperm smears from each animal. Data were analyzed using SPSS and all values were expressed as mean ± SEM. On day 40, the total number of cauda sperms was reduced remarkably. In the experimental groups and in the control, 3–6% of sperm motility was maintained until day 40. By day 3, the percentage of live sperm was 50% and by the 40th day, it was decreased up to 10%. In the control group, the live sperm percentage was 24% by the 40th day (). By day 32, 76% of the cauda spermatozoa appeared abnormal with head defects, mid piece and neck defects and multiple defects. Findings of the present study indicate that cauda sperm storage time is more than 40 days. Motility, viability and morphology of these spermatozoa were decreased remarkably during this storage time.
{"title":"An investigation on cauda storage of sperm in hamster epididymis","authors":"K. Sudarshani, H. Wegiriya","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Immature testicular sperm of mammals acquire the potential to move in a forward direction during their journey through excurrent ducts, efferent ductules and the epididymis. The present study aimed to determine the sperm storage time using the hamster cauda epididymis. Ligation of the left epididymal tubule at the junction between the distal corpus and the proximal cauda was carried out to determine the storage time. The right epididymis was left unaltered as the control. On days 3, 12, 15, 24, 28, 32, and 40 after ligation of the cauda, experiments were carried out and repeated five times. Sperm total count and mortality were determined using the haemocytometer counting method and sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead viability kit. The morphology of cauda sperm was observed by preparing sperm smears from each animal. Data were analyzed using SPSS and all values were expressed as mean ± SEM. On day 40, the total number of cauda sperms was reduced remarkably. In the experimental groups and in the control, 3–6% of sperm motility was maintained until day 40. By day 3, the percentage of live sperm was 50% and by the 40th day, it was decreased up to 10%. In the control group, the live sperm percentage was 24% by the 40th day (). By day 32, 76% of the cauda spermatozoa appeared abnormal with head defects, mid piece and neck defects and multiple defects. Findings of the present study indicate that cauda sperm storage time is more than 40 days. Motility, viability and morphology of these spermatozoa were decreased remarkably during this storage time.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10091
A. Csanády, Peter Krišovský
Sexual differences in the wildcat were evaluated on 15 variables in 49 pelvic and 38 sacral bones in wildcat from the Western Carpathians. Our data confirmed a male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the pelvic and sacral bones. The effect size was very large for two pelvic (SB, smallest width of the shaft of the ilium; and LAR, length of the acetabulum) and two sacral traits (GB, greatest width across the wings; and BFcr, greatest width of the cranial articular surface). Our different allometric patterns in pelvic and sacral measures in both sexes may also be important in mode of locomotion. These findings highlight the need for morphometric analysis of species at the regional as well global level.
{"title":"Sex differences in pelvic and sacral size in wildcat from the Western Carpathians","authors":"A. Csanády, Peter Krišovský","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10091","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Sexual differences in the wildcat were evaluated on 15 variables in 49 pelvic and 38 sacral bones in wildcat from the Western Carpathians. Our data confirmed a male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the pelvic and sacral bones. The effect size was very large for two pelvic (SB, smallest width of the shaft of the ilium; and LAR, length of the acetabulum) and two sacral traits (GB, greatest width across the wings; and BFcr, greatest width of the cranial articular surface). Our different allometric patterns in pelvic and sacral measures in both sexes may also be important in mode of locomotion. These findings highlight the need for morphometric analysis of species at the regional as well global level.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48573987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Altitudinal gradients create environmental variation that can strongly affect avian life history strategies. To fully understand this issue, a comparison of the demography of populations of the same species over large altitudinal differences is required. Here, we investigated the breeding ecology of two populations of Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), one in the temperate zone of central China at an altitude of 30 m and another in the alpine zone of the northeastern Tibetan plateau at an altitude of 3430 m. The breeding ecology of this species was rarely studied at such a high altitude before. Our result revealed that high-altitude tree sparrows started breeding later, had a shorter breeding period (80 versus 140 days), produced smaller broods (1.2 versus 2.5 chicks) and had significantly smaller clutches (4.0 versus 4.9 eggs) but larger eggs (4272 versus 3443 mm3) when compared with their low-altitude counterparts. Besides, tree sparrows at our high-altitude site had longer nestling periods (14.5 versus 13.4 days) than those at the low-altitude site. High-altitude tree sparrows tend to have reduced fecundity but allocate more energy into each offspring to confront the stressful conditions at high altitudes. The observed patterns are consistent with adaptive life history strategies.
{"title":"Life history variation between two Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus populations at different altitudes","authors":"Shaobin Li, Hao-Ran Gao, Jinlong Liu, Chongmou Li, Guopan Li, Dayong Li","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Altitudinal gradients create environmental variation that can strongly affect avian life history strategies. To fully understand this issue, a comparison of the demography of populations of the same species over large altitudinal differences is required. Here, we investigated the breeding ecology of two populations of Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), one in the temperate zone of central China at an altitude of 30 m and another in the alpine zone of the northeastern Tibetan plateau at an altitude of 3430 m. The breeding ecology of this species was rarely studied at such a high altitude before. Our result revealed that high-altitude tree sparrows started breeding later, had a shorter breeding period (80 versus 140 days), produced smaller broods (1.2 versus 2.5 chicks) and had significantly smaller clutches (4.0 versus 4.9 eggs) but larger eggs (4272 versus 3443 mm3) when compared with their low-altitude counterparts. Besides, tree sparrows at our high-altitude site had longer nestling periods (14.5 versus 13.4 days) than those at the low-altitude site. High-altitude tree sparrows tend to have reduced fecundity but allocate more energy into each offspring to confront the stressful conditions at high altitudes. The observed patterns are consistent with adaptive life history strategies.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47590966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10087
Morgan R. Wynkoop, Clara Cooper-Mullin, A. G. Jiménez
Birds and mammals produce most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but when oxygen is not present in sufficient levels, ATP can be produced through anaerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the final step of glycolysis by converting phosphoenolpyruvate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into pyruvate and ATP. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is important for anaerobic glycolysis by catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate into lactate. In this study, we measured LDH and PK activities in plasma from birds and mammals in order to determine the relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age. Our results show that birds had a higher LDH and PK activity compared with mammals. There is a positive relationship between body mass and plasma LDH activity in birds only. However, this relationship disappears when the data are phylogenetically corrected. We did not observe a significant relationship between plasma LDH and age in birds or mammals. Plasma PK activity was negatively correlated with body mass in birds but not in mammals and positively associated with age in both birds and mammals. The relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age may be complex due to differences in metabolism in birds and mammals. Increases in LDH and PK activity with body mass in birds may be linked to anaerobic demands of flight, especially in larger birds. A decrease in LDH activity with age/MLSP (maximum lifespan) in mammals may reflect a differing metabolic shift as compared with birds. Increases in PK with age in both mammals and birds may help them cope with greater energetic needs as cells age.
{"title":"Plasma lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activity changes with body mass and age across birds and mammals","authors":"Morgan R. Wynkoop, Clara Cooper-Mullin, A. G. Jiménez","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Birds and mammals produce most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but when oxygen is not present in sufficient levels, ATP can be produced through anaerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the final step of glycolysis by converting phosphoenolpyruvate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into pyruvate and ATP. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is important for anaerobic glycolysis by catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate into lactate. In this study, we measured LDH and PK activities in plasma from birds and mammals in order to determine the relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age. Our results show that birds had a higher LDH and PK activity compared with mammals. There is a positive relationship between body mass and plasma LDH activity in birds only. However, this relationship disappears when the data are phylogenetically corrected. We did not observe a significant relationship between plasma LDH and age in birds or mammals. Plasma PK activity was negatively correlated with body mass in birds but not in mammals and positively associated with age in both birds and mammals. The relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age may be complex due to differences in metabolism in birds and mammals. Increases in LDH and PK activity with body mass in birds may be linked to anaerobic demands of flight, especially in larger birds. A decrease in LDH activity with age/MLSP (maximum lifespan) in mammals may reflect a differing metabolic shift as compared with birds. Increases in PK with age in both mammals and birds may help them cope with greater energetic needs as cells age.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44959864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-23DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10088
V. Shah, R. Pande, P. Verma, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad
The effect of four cultivated species of cotton on the oviposition behaviour and/or preference of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella was studied under laboratory conditions. Blends of volatile organic compounds from squares of all four species of cotton (Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. barbadense) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Differences were observed across the species with respect to the relative proportion of identified compounds, viz., pinene, carene, caryophyllene, humulene and γ terpinene. In order to evaluate the ovipositional preference of pink bollworm, a series of no-choice and choice experiments were conducted using square extract, artificial blend-treated muslin cloth and cotton twig as substrate for oviposition. All four species of cotton had differences in the volatile blend composition that were reflected in the mean number of eggs laid under no-choice and choice experiments. A substantially higher number of eggs was laid on cotton twig under both no-choice and choice experiments than on square extract and artificial blend treatments. In both no-choice and choice experiments G. herbaceum was found to be the least preferred for egg laying compared to the other three species.
在室内条件下，研究了4种棉花栽培品种对棉铃虫产卵行为和偏好的影响。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对4种棉花(Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. barbadense)中挥发性有机物的共混物进行了鉴定。不同物种间的差异在于鉴定出的化合物，即蒎烯、蒈烯、石竹烯、葎草烯和γ萜烯的相对比例。为评价粉棉铃虫的产卵偏好，以方提取液、人工混纺棉布和棉枝为产卵基质，进行了一系列无选择和选择试验。四种棉花的挥发性混合成分存在差异，这反映在无选择和选择试验的平均产卵数上。无选择试验和选择试验的棉花枝产卵量均显著高于正方形提取液和人工混合处理。在无选择实验和选择实验中发现，与其他三种物种相比，草芽孢杆菌是最不适合产卵的。
{"title":"Oviposition preference of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton","authors":"V. Shah, R. Pande, P. Verma, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10088","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The effect of four cultivated species of cotton on the oviposition behaviour and/or preference of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella was studied under laboratory conditions. Blends of volatile organic compounds from squares of all four species of cotton (Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. barbadense) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Differences were observed across the species with respect to the relative proportion of identified compounds, viz., pinene, carene, caryophyllene, humulene and γ terpinene. In order to evaluate the ovipositional preference of pink bollworm, a series of no-choice and choice experiments were conducted using square extract, artificial blend-treated muslin cloth and cotton twig as substrate for oviposition. All four species of cotton had differences in the volatile blend composition that were reflected in the mean number of eggs laid under no-choice and choice experiments. A substantially higher number of eggs was laid on cotton twig under both no-choice and choice experiments than on square extract and artificial blend treatments. In both no-choice and choice experiments G. herbaceum was found to be the least preferred for egg laying compared to the other three species.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46678824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10084
D. Çetintürk, N. Yigit, R. Castiglia, G. Senczuk, E. Çolak
The East European vole Microtus mystacinus is the most widespread vole species in Anatolia. It is also frequently seen in watery habitats in a large area of Eurasia. In this paper, an attempt was made to ascertain the level of genetic differentiation between Anatolian (Asian part of Turkey) and Turkish Thracian (European part of Turkey) populations together with additional data from other parts of Asia and Europe by analysing two mitochondrial (cytochrome-b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein) gene regions. Acquired Bayesian Inference trees mostly separated the Asian and European populations of M. mystacinus and the fixation index values implied a significant differentiation between these populations for mitochondrial DNA. On the other hand, the median-joining networks did not show diverging populations, significantly, and the mean genetic distance values among populations were found to be low for both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Evolutionary divergence times of Asian and European populations were also calculated and dated back to approximately 0.316–0.111 million years ago, coinciding with the ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch. According to the obtained results, M. mystacinus populations have not diverged enough to form different species; however, there is a separation between Asian and European populations which might result in speciation.
{"title":"Comparative genetic research on Microtus mystacinus (de Filippi, 1865) distributed in Asia and Europe inferred from mitochondrial (CYTB and COXI) and nuclear (IRBP) gene regions","authors":"D. Çetintürk, N. Yigit, R. Castiglia, G. Senczuk, E. Çolak","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The East European vole Microtus mystacinus is the most widespread vole species in Anatolia. It is also frequently seen in watery habitats in a large area of Eurasia. In this paper, an attempt was made to ascertain the level of genetic differentiation between Anatolian (Asian part of Turkey) and Turkish Thracian (European part of Turkey) populations together with additional data from other parts of Asia and Europe by analysing two mitochondrial (cytochrome-b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein) gene regions. Acquired Bayesian Inference trees mostly separated the Asian and European populations of M. mystacinus and the fixation index values implied a significant differentiation between these populations for mitochondrial DNA. On the other hand, the median-joining networks did not show diverging populations, significantly, and the mean genetic distance values among populations were found to be low for both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Evolutionary divergence times of Asian and European populations were also calculated and dated back to approximately 0.316–0.111 million years ago, coinciding with the ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch. According to the obtained results, M. mystacinus populations have not diverged enough to form different species; however, there is a separation between Asian and European populations which might result in speciation.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48730177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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