Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10082
C. S. Nogueira, J. A. Pantaleão, R. C. Costa
Many animal groups can develop weapons that originate from specialized modifications in different body regions. Decapods are a classic example of organisms that develop these weapons. In this group, we can find specific appendages modified to claws that are used during agonistic conflicts, as is the case between dominant and submissive male morphotypes in freshwater prawns. Our study aimed to analyze the shape, size, and morphological integration of claw components (propodus and dactyl) in male morphotypes of two freshwater prawn congeners (Macrobrachium amazonicum and M. brasiliense). Claws of the prawns were photographed and marked with landmarks and semilandmarks for the acquisition of shape variables. The shape of the propodus and dactyl was statistically different between almost all morphotypes of the two species. The size of structures differed statistically between all morphotypes. The claws of almost all morphotypes showed a high degree of morphological integration; however, statistical differences were observed only between the morphotypes of M. brasiliense. The variation in the shape and degree of morphological integration of the claws between the morphotypes of M. amazonicum was less evident when compared to the morphotypes of M. brasiliense, which may be related to distinct patterns in the development of chelipeds of each species, that is, homochely and heterochely, respectively. Thus, the exaggerated development of a cheliped (heterochely) can cause greater variation in the shape of this structure, also influencing the degree of morphological integration between its components, as evidenced in this study.
{"title":"Weapon shape variation of male morphotypes in two freshwater prawn species genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)","authors":"C. S. Nogueira, J. A. Pantaleão, R. C. Costa","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Many animal groups can develop weapons that originate from specialized modifications in different body regions. Decapods are a classic example of organisms that develop these weapons. In this group, we can find specific appendages modified to claws that are used during agonistic conflicts, as is the case between dominant and submissive male morphotypes in freshwater prawns. Our study aimed to analyze the shape, size, and morphological integration of claw components (propodus and dactyl) in male morphotypes of two freshwater prawn congeners (Macrobrachium amazonicum and M. brasiliense). Claws of the prawns were photographed and marked with landmarks and semilandmarks for the acquisition of shape variables. The shape of the propodus and dactyl was statistically different between almost all morphotypes of the two species. The size of structures differed statistically between all morphotypes. The claws of almost all morphotypes showed a high degree of morphological integration; however, statistical differences were observed only between the morphotypes of M. brasiliense. The variation in the shape and degree of morphological integration of the claws between the morphotypes of M. amazonicum was less evident when compared to the morphotypes of M. brasiliense, which may be related to distinct patterns in the development of chelipeds of each species, that is, homochely and heterochely, respectively. Thus, the exaggerated development of a cheliped (heterochely) can cause greater variation in the shape of this structure, also influencing the degree of morphological integration between its components, as evidenced in this study.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47188867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10083
Yulin Gao, H. Xiao, Hong Zhou, Zejun Zhang
The breeding of most high-altitude birds remains poorly known. We studied the breeding ecology of Kessler’s thrush (Turdus kessleri) and documented reproductive information throughout the nestling periods in the western Sichuan plateau. The data included natural nest sites, nest components, nest size, egg-laying dates, egg morphology, egg size, clutch size, egg incubation, nestling brooding and feeding, nestling morphology and growth, and reproductive outcome. The study found that T. kessleri used the old nest to breed. As the nestling grew, the female’s nestling brooding time decreased, and the feeding frequency of parent birds increased at first and then decreased. The frequency of clearing feces was positively correlated with the feeding frequency. The difference in the feeding frequency of both parents may be attributed to their division of labor, with a distinct difference between their investments. The parent birds’ cost of reproduction per nestling varies from one breeding period to the next. Predation by natural enemies is the main factor leading to reproductive failure in T. kessleri. This suite of life-history and behavioral strategies enables fledgling T. kessleri to cope with the harsh environments of mountains at higher altitudes.
{"title":"Breeding ecology of Kessler’s thrush (Turdus kessleri) in the western Sichuan plateau","authors":"Yulin Gao, H. Xiao, Hong Zhou, Zejun Zhang","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The breeding of most high-altitude birds remains poorly known. We studied the breeding ecology of Kessler’s thrush (Turdus kessleri) and documented reproductive information throughout the nestling periods in the western Sichuan plateau. The data included natural nest sites, nest components, nest size, egg-laying dates, egg morphology, egg size, clutch size, egg incubation, nestling brooding and feeding, nestling morphology and growth, and reproductive outcome. The study found that T. kessleri used the old nest to breed. As the nestling grew, the female’s nestling brooding time decreased, and the feeding frequency of parent birds increased at first and then decreased. The frequency of clearing feces was positively correlated with the feeding frequency. The difference in the feeding frequency of both parents may be attributed to their division of labor, with a distinct difference between their investments. The parent birds’ cost of reproduction per nestling varies from one breeding period to the next. Predation by natural enemies is the main factor leading to reproductive failure in T. kessleri. This suite of life-history and behavioral strategies enables fledgling T. kessleri to cope with the harsh environments of mountains at higher altitudes.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46224627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10086
M. A. Manhães, Wesley O. de Lima, Fábio B. Palácio
Frugivory and seed dispersal are fundamental ecological processes for the maintenance and conservation of tropical forest areas and ecosystem resilience. Here we investigated factors that could affect the relationship between frugivorous birds and fruit consumption, such as body mass, niche relationships, and species taxonomic groups, and the effects of such factors on the robustness of mutualistic bird-plant interaction networks. More specifically, we used Horn-Morisita niche overlap, the body mass coefficient of variation, and the variation in taxonomic distinctness index (varTD) as explanatory variables, and we applied multiple linear regression to test the that increased robustness in bird-plant frugivory networks occurs where birds have larger trophic niche overlaps and lower body mass variations and decreased robustness where they are more taxonomically diverse, in response to less functional redundancy. The analysis was based on literature data and fecal samples of birds collected after mist netting procedures. Bird body mass and niche overlap did not explain the variation in robustness in seed dispersal networks. However, different from expected, the results showed an effect of variations in taxonomic distinctness, suggesting that the larger the taxonomic distinctness of birds in a frugivore assemblage, the larger the robustness of the networks. Some hypotheses were suggested to explain this effect. Regardless of the factors that lead varTD to favor the robustness of mutualistic bird-plant networks, the results demonstrated that conserving diversity above the species level, and not just species limited to a few taxonomic groups, can be an important strategy for ecosystem conservation over time.
{"title":"Variation in bird taxonomic distinctness, but not body mass or niche overlap, explains the robustness of Neotropical seed dispersal networks","authors":"M. A. Manhães, Wesley O. de Lima, Fábio B. Palácio","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Frugivory and seed dispersal are fundamental ecological processes for the maintenance and conservation of tropical forest areas and ecosystem resilience. Here we investigated factors that could affect the relationship between frugivorous birds and fruit consumption, such as body mass, niche relationships, and species taxonomic groups, and the effects of such factors on the robustness of mutualistic bird-plant interaction networks. More specifically, we used Horn-Morisita niche overlap, the body mass coefficient of variation, and the variation in taxonomic distinctness index (varTD) as explanatory variables, and we applied multiple linear regression to test the that increased robustness in bird-plant frugivory networks occurs where birds have larger trophic niche overlaps and lower body mass variations and decreased robustness where they are more taxonomically diverse, in response to less functional redundancy. The analysis was based on literature data and fecal samples of birds collected after mist netting procedures. Bird body mass and niche overlap did not explain the variation in robustness in seed dispersal networks. However, different from expected, the results showed an effect of variations in taxonomic distinctness, suggesting that the larger the taxonomic distinctness of birds in a frugivore assemblage, the larger the robustness of the networks. Some hypotheses were suggested to explain this effect. Regardless of the factors that lead varTD to favor the robustness of mutualistic bird-plant networks, the results demonstrated that conserving diversity above the species level, and not just species limited to a few taxonomic groups, can be an important strategy for ecosystem conservation over time.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45878768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10081
Qiulin Guo, Jinhe Wang, Yaping Yang, Guojun Zhang, W. Liu, Hongxing Niu, YanZhen Bu
Hipposideros pomona is a typical cave-dwelling bat (IUCN endangered), and its roost selection mechanism has not been studied. From January 2018 to December 2020, 135 potential roosts were investigated in mainland China. To understand the impact of cave microclimate, structure, surrounding and human disturbance on roost selection of H. pomona, 16 variables related to microclimate and roost characteristics were measured. The differences in environmental conditions in the roost of this species in different seasons were studied. The roost preferences of H. pomona were evaluated using independent-samples t-tests and chi-squared tests. The major environmental factors affecting the selection of roosts were determined by principal components analysis (PCA). The results were as follows: (1) H. pomona preferred free-hanging with a cluster spatial arrangement in small rooms deep in the caves. (2) H. pomona and other species of bats all tended to live in natural caves. However, compared to other bats, H. pomona preferred to roost in caves with relatively lower cave ceilings, more entrances, and farther from residential areas. Roosts of H. pomona were warmer and wetter with significantly lower levels of disturbance than those without H. pomona. (3) H. pomona preferred to hibernate in natural caves with little human disturbance and higher temperature and relative humidity. (4) Compared with nonbreeding roosts, breeding roosts of H. pomona had more areas covered by water and had a higher temperature and relative humidity. (5) The PCA analysis showed that microclimate factors, structure factors, and geographical factors were significant environmental factors for H. pomona roost selection.
{"title":"Roost selection and ecology of Hipposideros pomona in China","authors":"Qiulin Guo, Jinhe Wang, Yaping Yang, Guojun Zhang, W. Liu, Hongxing Niu, YanZhen Bu","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10081","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Hipposideros pomona is a typical cave-dwelling bat (IUCN endangered), and its roost selection mechanism has not been studied. From January 2018 to December 2020, 135 potential roosts were investigated in mainland China. To understand the impact of cave microclimate, structure, surrounding and human disturbance on roost selection of H. pomona, 16 variables related to microclimate and roost characteristics were measured. The differences in environmental conditions in the roost of this species in different seasons were studied. The roost preferences of H. pomona were evaluated using independent-samples t-tests and chi-squared tests. The major environmental factors affecting the selection of roosts were determined by principal components analysis (PCA). The results were as follows: (1) H. pomona preferred free-hanging with a cluster spatial arrangement in small rooms deep in the caves. (2) H. pomona and other species of bats all tended to live in natural caves. However, compared to other bats, H. pomona preferred to roost in caves with relatively lower cave ceilings, more entrances, and farther from residential areas. Roosts of H. pomona were warmer and wetter with significantly lower levels of disturbance than those without H. pomona. (3) H. pomona preferred to hibernate in natural caves with little human disturbance and higher temperature and relative humidity. (4) Compared with nonbreeding roosts, breeding roosts of H. pomona had more areas covered by water and had a higher temperature and relative humidity. (5) The PCA analysis showed that microclimate factors, structure factors, and geographical factors were significant environmental factors for H. pomona roost selection.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42725809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10085
J. Xiong, Yinlong Bai, Guanglu Li, Z. You
Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom, especially in lizards. The mountain dragon (Diploderma micangshanensis) is a Chinese endemic that is widely distributed in montane regions of northern Sichuan, western Hubei Province, southern Gansu, Henan, and Shanxi Provinces. However, little is known about its morphology, ecology, behavior, physiology, and natural history. In this study, SD in size and shape in a population of D. micangshanensis from Henan Province, Central China was examined based on a sample of 35 males and 23 females. Sexual dimorphism was observed in a few body shape variables (e.g., head and trunk length) but not in body size (snout-vent length). Males had longer and wider heads and shorter trunks. Sexual dimorphism in these traits can be explained by the sexual selection, ecological divergence, and fecundity advantage hypotheses. Additional studies of the ecology, reproductive biology, natural history, and behavior of D. micangshanensis are needed to evaluate the relative contributions of these mechanisms to determining the patterns of SD observed in this population.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in the mountain dragon, Diploderma micangshanensis (Squamata: Lacertilia: Agamidae) from central China","authors":"J. Xiong, Yinlong Bai, Guanglu Li, Z. You","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom, especially in lizards. The mountain dragon (Diploderma micangshanensis) is a Chinese endemic that is widely distributed in montane regions of northern Sichuan, western Hubei Province, southern Gansu, Henan, and Shanxi Provinces. However, little is known about its morphology, ecology, behavior, physiology, and natural history. In this study, SD in size and shape in a population of D. micangshanensis from Henan Province, Central China was examined based on a sample of 35 males and 23 females. Sexual dimorphism was observed in a few body shape variables (e.g., head and trunk length) but not in body size (snout-vent length). Males had longer and wider heads and shorter trunks. Sexual dimorphism in these traits can be explained by the sexual selection, ecological divergence, and fecundity advantage hypotheses. Additional studies of the ecology, reproductive biology, natural history, and behavior of D. micangshanensis are needed to evaluate the relative contributions of these mechanisms to determining the patterns of SD observed in this population.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43313582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10080
T. Yu, H. Y. Li, Bo-Jian Chen, Pengli Chen, Xiangwen Liu, Yu Wang
Life-history theory suggests that male anurans living in harsh and unpredictable environmental conditions (e.g., low temperature and/or high seasonality) should decrease reproductive investment because of short periods of activity and poor productivity. Although geographic variations in female life-history traits have been investigated intensively across a wide range of taxa, similar studies in males have been scarce. Here, we examined geographic variation in male testis mass of the brown frog (Rana kukunoris) across seven different altitudes on the eastern Tibetan plateau, and tested the hypothesis that relative size of testis mass should increase with increasing temperature and/or decreasing seasonality. In this study, we found male body condition, age and testis mass did not increase with temperature and temperature seasonality, which do not conform to our previous hypothesis, revealing that differences in temperature and temperature seasonality across populations could not drive the evolution of testis size. However, we found a positive correlation between testis mass and body condition or age when controlling for population and the effect of temperature and temperature seasonality, indicative of a condition-dependent expression of testis size. In addition, a correlation between testis mass and operational sex ratio was not significant, suggesting that male–male competition did not lead to increasing levels of sperm competition.
{"title":"Geographic variation in reproductive investment of seven populations of male Brown frog (Rana kukunoris), endemic to the eastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"T. Yu, H. Y. Li, Bo-Jian Chen, Pengli Chen, Xiangwen Liu, Yu Wang","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Life-history theory suggests that male anurans living in harsh and unpredictable environmental conditions (e.g., low temperature and/or high seasonality) should decrease reproductive investment because of short periods of activity and poor productivity. Although geographic variations in female life-history traits have been investigated intensively across a wide range of taxa, similar studies in males have been scarce. Here, we examined geographic variation in male testis mass of the brown frog (Rana kukunoris) across seven different altitudes on the eastern Tibetan plateau, and tested the hypothesis that relative size of testis mass should increase with increasing temperature and/or decreasing seasonality. In this study, we found male body condition, age and testis mass did not increase with temperature and temperature seasonality, which do not conform to our previous hypothesis, revealing that differences in temperature and temperature seasonality across populations could not drive the evolution of testis size. However, we found a positive correlation between testis mass and body condition or age when controlling for population and the effect of temperature and temperature seasonality, indicative of a condition-dependent expression of testis size. In addition, a correlation between testis mass and operational sex ratio was not significant, suggesting that male–male competition did not lead to increasing levels of sperm competition.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41596916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10077
D. Sagar, Isaiyamudhini Thillainayagam, M. C. Keerthi, G. Sujatha, S. Chander
An artificial diet and a rearing procedure for the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, were developed to facilitate its culturing under laboratory conditions [27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h] throughout the year. The efficiency of the diet was assessed through a comparative study with the natural host of the pest, maize. The biological, reproductive and population parameters of the pest on artificial diet were superior, especially the enhanced mean fecundity of 1796 per female which was more than that of the insect reared on its natural host. The meridic diet gave a higher mean pupal weight (0.217 g/pupa) than the natural diet (0.188 g/pupa). About 81.8% of neonates completed their developmental cycle on artificial diet and emerged as healthy adults, compared to only 57.5% normal adult emergence on the natural diet. On observation, there were 3678 and 3551 eupyrene sperm bundles in the adults emerged from larvae reared on artificial diet and natural diet, respectively. The net reproductive rate () for adults reared on artificial diet was 945.26, it being 703.7 for adults reared on a natural diet. With a sex ratio of 0.55, the biotic potential of S. frugiperda reared on artificial diet was 5.104 × 1028, which is more than that of natural diet (5.740 × 1026). The fertility life table constructed in the present study can play a significant role in predicting population dynamics, which will further help in developing an effective integrated pest management and the developed meridic diet with rearing procedure will be helpful in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes for this folivorous pest.
{"title":"Influence of larval nutrition on biological attributes and reproductive performance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory condition","authors":"D. Sagar, Isaiyamudhini Thillainayagam, M. C. Keerthi, G. Sujatha, S. Chander","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000An artificial diet and a rearing procedure for the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, were developed to facilitate its culturing under laboratory conditions [27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h] throughout the year. The efficiency of the diet was assessed through a comparative study with the natural host of the pest, maize. The biological, reproductive and population parameters of the pest on artificial diet were superior, especially the enhanced mean fecundity of 1796 per female which was more than that of the insect reared on its natural host. The meridic diet gave a higher mean pupal weight (0.217 g/pupa) than the natural diet (0.188 g/pupa). About 81.8% of neonates completed their developmental cycle on artificial diet and emerged as healthy adults, compared to only 57.5% normal adult emergence on the natural diet. On observation, there were 3678 and 3551 eupyrene sperm bundles in the adults emerged from larvae reared on artificial diet and natural diet, respectively. The net reproductive rate () for adults reared on artificial diet was 945.26, it being 703.7 for adults reared on a natural diet. With a sex ratio of 0.55, the biotic potential of S. frugiperda reared on artificial diet was 5.104 × 1028, which is more than that of natural diet (5.740 × 1026). The fertility life table constructed in the present study can play a significant role in predicting population dynamics, which will further help in developing an effective integrated pest management and the developed meridic diet with rearing procedure will be helpful in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes for this folivorous pest.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46108869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10078
V. Naik, Gillesugur Sham Supreeth, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad
Cotton is one of the major commercial crops cultivated in India. One constraint limiting the potential yield in cotton is due to the bollworm complex, among which pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is major. To reduce this impact of PBW, farmers have opted for chemical insecticides to manage the pest. Indiscriminate use of these insecticides has led to the problem of resistance. Hence continuous monitoring is a must to keep check on the changing status and trends in the resistance. In order to conduct laboratory studies, a uniform population of sufficient size, producing the insect in high numbers and throughout the year, is required. Hence, a semi-synthetic diet will greatly help in maintaining such populations in the laboratory. The protocol followed for the rearing has resulted in increased larval and pupal weights which depict the suitability of the semi-synthetic diet as well as the efficiency of the rearing technique. This study on the biology of PBW has revealed that the rearing protocol on semi-synthetic diet is ideal, and this has enables us to obtain maximum recovery (less mortality) in a short period of time under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"In vitro rearing protocol for pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) on semi-synthetic diet","authors":"V. Naik, Gillesugur Sham Supreeth, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10078","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cotton is one of the major commercial crops cultivated in India. One constraint limiting the potential yield in cotton is due to the bollworm complex, among which pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is major. To reduce this impact of PBW, farmers have opted for chemical insecticides to manage the pest. Indiscriminate use of these insecticides has led to the problem of resistance. Hence continuous monitoring is a must to keep check on the changing status and trends in the resistance. In order to conduct laboratory studies, a uniform population of sufficient size, producing the insect in high numbers and throughout the year, is required. Hence, a semi-synthetic diet will greatly help in maintaining such populations in the laboratory. The protocol followed for the rearing has resulted in increased larval and pupal weights which depict the suitability of the semi-synthetic diet as well as the efficiency of the rearing technique. This study on the biology of PBW has revealed that the rearing protocol on semi-synthetic diet is ideal, and this has enables us to obtain maximum recovery (less mortality) in a short period of time under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44071849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10074
L. Ha, H. H. Nguyen, Thuy Thi Ta, H. X. Nguyen, H. D. Tran
To elucidate the distribution pattern of Periophthalmus modestus, an amphibious fish, at its southernmost habitat, an investigation was conducted monthly at different locations along the Red River Delta area over two years. Spatially, planktonic larvae were caught abundantly at sampling sites along the Ba Lat Estuary and at a single site in the nearby mangroves close to the river’s main tributary. The benthic and amphibious juveniles were caught mainly in the mangroves. This finding suggests that P. modestus larvae may be transported up the river from the spawning ground by the tidal current and may use the main tributary of Ba Lat Estuary as a nursery habitat for the planktonic larval stage and expand their habitat to the mangrove along the estuary during the settling stages. Temporally, planktonic larvae occurred from February to July and peaked in May, suggesting that the main reproductive season of this fish in Vietnam is from February to July, which is earlier than in temperate areas. The abundance of larvae and juveniles of this species over time was positively correlated with water temperature. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) models based on size-class assemblages, months of sampling and samplings sites, together with an overlay of environmental vectors, revealed that water temperature was significantly correlated with fish size. Fish in the smaller size class tended to occur at lower temperatures, and fish in the larger size class tended to occur at higher temperatures. The distribution pattern of this species revealed in this study may partly contribute to its successful adaptation to circumstances in this tropical area.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal occurrence of different early life stages of Periophthalmus modestus in a tropical estuary","authors":"L. Ha, H. H. Nguyen, Thuy Thi Ta, H. X. Nguyen, H. D. Tran","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000To elucidate the distribution pattern of Periophthalmus modestus, an amphibious fish, at its southernmost habitat, an investigation was conducted monthly at different locations along the Red River Delta area over two years. Spatially, planktonic larvae were caught abundantly at sampling sites along the Ba Lat Estuary and at a single site in the nearby mangroves close to the river’s main tributary. The benthic and amphibious juveniles were caught mainly in the mangroves. This finding suggests that P. modestus larvae may be transported up the river from the spawning ground by the tidal current and may use the main tributary of Ba Lat Estuary as a nursery habitat for the planktonic larval stage and expand their habitat to the mangrove along the estuary during the settling stages. Temporally, planktonic larvae occurred from February to July and peaked in May, suggesting that the main reproductive season of this fish in Vietnam is from February to July, which is earlier than in temperate areas. The abundance of larvae and juveniles of this species over time was positively correlated with water temperature. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) models based on size-class assemblages, months of sampling and samplings sites, together with an overlay of environmental vectors, revealed that water temperature was significantly correlated with fish size. Fish in the smaller size class tended to occur at lower temperatures, and fish in the larger size class tended to occur at higher temperatures. The distribution pattern of this species revealed in this study may partly contribute to its successful adaptation to circumstances in this tropical area.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48189894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10075
Barbara de Godoi Champini, André Luis da Cruz, W. Klein
The respiratory system of snakes, composed of a trachea and one or two lungs, shows considerable variation in terms of size and complexity, especially in terms of length and distribution of the respiratory epithelium. The importance of heart position within snakes has previously been investigated concerning gravitational stress. The relationship between respiratory gas exchange epithelium and heart position, however, has not been addressed in detail, which seems necessary, since the heart needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation for effective gas exchange. Herein, we analyze the morphology of the respiratory epithelium in Boa constrictor and Crotalus durissus stereologically regarding the composition of the gas exchange tissue and the distribution of blood vessels within the vascularized parts of the respiratory system. The gas exchange epithelium is composed of blood capillaries, larger vessels, trabeculae, and septa, forming an overall faveolar-type epithelium in both species. Pulmonary capillaries and respiratory surface area showed a tendency to be more concentrated in the anterior and middle portions of each lung’s respiratory epithelium, suggesting a tendency toward greater parenchymal development in these regions. Therefore, there seems to be no conclusive relationship between the position of the heart and pulmonary circulation, since in C. durissus the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are distant from the heart, whereas in B. constrictor the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are close to the heart, facilitating blood transport between the heart and the gas exchange epithelium.
{"title":"Heart position and pulmonary vasculature in snakes with different lung morphologies","authors":"Barbara de Godoi Champini, André Luis da Cruz, W. Klein","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The respiratory system of snakes, composed of a trachea and one or two lungs, shows considerable variation in terms of size and complexity, especially in terms of length and distribution of the respiratory epithelium. The importance of heart position within snakes has previously been investigated concerning gravitational stress. The relationship between respiratory gas exchange epithelium and heart position, however, has not been addressed in detail, which seems necessary, since the heart needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation for effective gas exchange. Herein, we analyze the morphology of the respiratory epithelium in Boa constrictor and Crotalus durissus stereologically regarding the composition of the gas exchange tissue and the distribution of blood vessels within the vascularized parts of the respiratory system. The gas exchange epithelium is composed of blood capillaries, larger vessels, trabeculae, and septa, forming an overall faveolar-type epithelium in both species. Pulmonary capillaries and respiratory surface area showed a tendency to be more concentrated in the anterior and middle portions of each lung’s respiratory epithelium, suggesting a tendency toward greater parenchymal development in these regions. Therefore, there seems to be no conclusive relationship between the position of the heart and pulmonary circulation, since in C. durissus the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are distant from the heart, whereas in B. constrictor the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are close to the heart, facilitating blood transport between the heart and the gas exchange epithelium.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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