Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10077
D. Sagar, Isaiyamudhini Thillainayagam, M. C. Keerthi, G. Sujatha, S. Chander
An artificial diet and a rearing procedure for the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, were developed to facilitate its culturing under laboratory conditions [27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h] throughout the year. The efficiency of the diet was assessed through a comparative study with the natural host of the pest, maize. The biological, reproductive and population parameters of the pest on artificial diet were superior, especially the enhanced mean fecundity of 1796 per female which was more than that of the insect reared on its natural host. The meridic diet gave a higher mean pupal weight (0.217 g/pupa) than the natural diet (0.188 g/pupa). About 81.8% of neonates completed their developmental cycle on artificial diet and emerged as healthy adults, compared to only 57.5% normal adult emergence on the natural diet. On observation, there were 3678 and 3551 eupyrene sperm bundles in the adults emerged from larvae reared on artificial diet and natural diet, respectively. The net reproductive rate () for adults reared on artificial diet was 945.26, it being 703.7 for adults reared on a natural diet. With a sex ratio of 0.55, the biotic potential of S. frugiperda reared on artificial diet was 5.104 × 1028, which is more than that of natural diet (5.740 × 1026). The fertility life table constructed in the present study can play a significant role in predicting population dynamics, which will further help in developing an effective integrated pest management and the developed meridic diet with rearing procedure will be helpful in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes for this folivorous pest.
{"title":"Influence of larval nutrition on biological attributes and reproductive performance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory condition","authors":"D. Sagar, Isaiyamudhini Thillainayagam, M. C. Keerthi, G. Sujatha, S. Chander","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000An artificial diet and a rearing procedure for the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, were developed to facilitate its culturing under laboratory conditions [27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h] throughout the year. The efficiency of the diet was assessed through a comparative study with the natural host of the pest, maize. The biological, reproductive and population parameters of the pest on artificial diet were superior, especially the enhanced mean fecundity of 1796 per female which was more than that of the insect reared on its natural host. The meridic diet gave a higher mean pupal weight (0.217 g/pupa) than the natural diet (0.188 g/pupa). About 81.8% of neonates completed their developmental cycle on artificial diet and emerged as healthy adults, compared to only 57.5% normal adult emergence on the natural diet. On observation, there were 3678 and 3551 eupyrene sperm bundles in the adults emerged from larvae reared on artificial diet and natural diet, respectively. The net reproductive rate () for adults reared on artificial diet was 945.26, it being 703.7 for adults reared on a natural diet. With a sex ratio of 0.55, the biotic potential of S. frugiperda reared on artificial diet was 5.104 × 1028, which is more than that of natural diet (5.740 × 1026). The fertility life table constructed in the present study can play a significant role in predicting population dynamics, which will further help in developing an effective integrated pest management and the developed meridic diet with rearing procedure will be helpful in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes for this folivorous pest.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46108869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10078
V. Naik, Gillesugur Sham Supreeth, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad
Cotton is one of the major commercial crops cultivated in India. One constraint limiting the potential yield in cotton is due to the bollworm complex, among which pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is major. To reduce this impact of PBW, farmers have opted for chemical insecticides to manage the pest. Indiscriminate use of these insecticides has led to the problem of resistance. Hence continuous monitoring is a must to keep check on the changing status and trends in the resistance. In order to conduct laboratory studies, a uniform population of sufficient size, producing the insect in high numbers and throughout the year, is required. Hence, a semi-synthetic diet will greatly help in maintaining such populations in the laboratory. The protocol followed for the rearing has resulted in increased larval and pupal weights which depict the suitability of the semi-synthetic diet as well as the efficiency of the rearing technique. This study on the biology of PBW has revealed that the rearing protocol on semi-synthetic diet is ideal, and this has enables us to obtain maximum recovery (less mortality) in a short period of time under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"In vitro rearing protocol for pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) on semi-synthetic diet","authors":"V. Naik, Gillesugur Sham Supreeth, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar, Y. Prasad","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10078","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cotton is one of the major commercial crops cultivated in India. One constraint limiting the potential yield in cotton is due to the bollworm complex, among which pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is major. To reduce this impact of PBW, farmers have opted for chemical insecticides to manage the pest. Indiscriminate use of these insecticides has led to the problem of resistance. Hence continuous monitoring is a must to keep check on the changing status and trends in the resistance. In order to conduct laboratory studies, a uniform population of sufficient size, producing the insect in high numbers and throughout the year, is required. Hence, a semi-synthetic diet will greatly help in maintaining such populations in the laboratory. The protocol followed for the rearing has resulted in increased larval and pupal weights which depict the suitability of the semi-synthetic diet as well as the efficiency of the rearing technique. This study on the biology of PBW has revealed that the rearing protocol on semi-synthetic diet is ideal, and this has enables us to obtain maximum recovery (less mortality) in a short period of time under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44071849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10074
L. Ha, H. H. Nguyen, Thuy Thi Ta, H. X. Nguyen, H. D. Tran
To elucidate the distribution pattern of Periophthalmus modestus, an amphibious fish, at its southernmost habitat, an investigation was conducted monthly at different locations along the Red River Delta area over two years. Spatially, planktonic larvae were caught abundantly at sampling sites along the Ba Lat Estuary and at a single site in the nearby mangroves close to the river’s main tributary. The benthic and amphibious juveniles were caught mainly in the mangroves. This finding suggests that P. modestus larvae may be transported up the river from the spawning ground by the tidal current and may use the main tributary of Ba Lat Estuary as a nursery habitat for the planktonic larval stage and expand their habitat to the mangrove along the estuary during the settling stages. Temporally, planktonic larvae occurred from February to July and peaked in May, suggesting that the main reproductive season of this fish in Vietnam is from February to July, which is earlier than in temperate areas. The abundance of larvae and juveniles of this species over time was positively correlated with water temperature. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) models based on size-class assemblages, months of sampling and samplings sites, together with an overlay of environmental vectors, revealed that water temperature was significantly correlated with fish size. Fish in the smaller size class tended to occur at lower temperatures, and fish in the larger size class tended to occur at higher temperatures. The distribution pattern of this species revealed in this study may partly contribute to its successful adaptation to circumstances in this tropical area.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal occurrence of different early life stages of Periophthalmus modestus in a tropical estuary","authors":"L. Ha, H. H. Nguyen, Thuy Thi Ta, H. X. Nguyen, H. D. Tran","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000To elucidate the distribution pattern of Periophthalmus modestus, an amphibious fish, at its southernmost habitat, an investigation was conducted monthly at different locations along the Red River Delta area over two years. Spatially, planktonic larvae were caught abundantly at sampling sites along the Ba Lat Estuary and at a single site in the nearby mangroves close to the river’s main tributary. The benthic and amphibious juveniles were caught mainly in the mangroves. This finding suggests that P. modestus larvae may be transported up the river from the spawning ground by the tidal current and may use the main tributary of Ba Lat Estuary as a nursery habitat for the planktonic larval stage and expand their habitat to the mangrove along the estuary during the settling stages. Temporally, planktonic larvae occurred from February to July and peaked in May, suggesting that the main reproductive season of this fish in Vietnam is from February to July, which is earlier than in temperate areas. The abundance of larvae and juveniles of this species over time was positively correlated with water temperature. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) models based on size-class assemblages, months of sampling and samplings sites, together with an overlay of environmental vectors, revealed that water temperature was significantly correlated with fish size. Fish in the smaller size class tended to occur at lower temperatures, and fish in the larger size class tended to occur at higher temperatures. The distribution pattern of this species revealed in this study may partly contribute to its successful adaptation to circumstances in this tropical area.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48189894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10075
Barbara de Godoi Champini, André Luis da Cruz, W. Klein
The respiratory system of snakes, composed of a trachea and one or two lungs, shows considerable variation in terms of size and complexity, especially in terms of length and distribution of the respiratory epithelium. The importance of heart position within snakes has previously been investigated concerning gravitational stress. The relationship between respiratory gas exchange epithelium and heart position, however, has not been addressed in detail, which seems necessary, since the heart needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation for effective gas exchange. Herein, we analyze the morphology of the respiratory epithelium in Boa constrictor and Crotalus durissus stereologically regarding the composition of the gas exchange tissue and the distribution of blood vessels within the vascularized parts of the respiratory system. The gas exchange epithelium is composed of blood capillaries, larger vessels, trabeculae, and septa, forming an overall faveolar-type epithelium in both species. Pulmonary capillaries and respiratory surface area showed a tendency to be more concentrated in the anterior and middle portions of each lung’s respiratory epithelium, suggesting a tendency toward greater parenchymal development in these regions. Therefore, there seems to be no conclusive relationship between the position of the heart and pulmonary circulation, since in C. durissus the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are distant from the heart, whereas in B. constrictor the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are close to the heart, facilitating blood transport between the heart and the gas exchange epithelium.
{"title":"Heart position and pulmonary vasculature in snakes with different lung morphologies","authors":"Barbara de Godoi Champini, André Luis da Cruz, W. Klein","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The respiratory system of snakes, composed of a trachea and one or two lungs, shows considerable variation in terms of size and complexity, especially in terms of length and distribution of the respiratory epithelium. The importance of heart position within snakes has previously been investigated concerning gravitational stress. The relationship between respiratory gas exchange epithelium and heart position, however, has not been addressed in detail, which seems necessary, since the heart needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation for effective gas exchange. Herein, we analyze the morphology of the respiratory epithelium in Boa constrictor and Crotalus durissus stereologically regarding the composition of the gas exchange tissue and the distribution of blood vessels within the vascularized parts of the respiratory system. The gas exchange epithelium is composed of blood capillaries, larger vessels, trabeculae, and septa, forming an overall faveolar-type epithelium in both species. Pulmonary capillaries and respiratory surface area showed a tendency to be more concentrated in the anterior and middle portions of each lung’s respiratory epithelium, suggesting a tendency toward greater parenchymal development in these regions. Therefore, there seems to be no conclusive relationship between the position of the heart and pulmonary circulation, since in C. durissus the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are distant from the heart, whereas in B. constrictor the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are close to the heart, facilitating blood transport between the heart and the gas exchange epithelium.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While knowledge on birds’ breeding ecology is essential for understanding avian adaptation and managing conservation, it is poorly studied for many species, even for some common species. The knowledge of the natural history of the red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha), a species widely distributed in China and Southeast Asia, is sketchy. Here we present detailed data of nest site selection and the breeding ecology of red-billed blue magpie in central China, and of the effects of nest predation and brood parasitism on reproductive strategies. Most nests were built on Phyllostachys sulphurea and Quercus acutissima. Breeding season ranged from March to August. The first egg was laid between early April and late July. The incubation period lasted 15 days and the nestling period, 18 days. Average clutch size was 4.6 eggs, and brood size at fledging was 3.3 young. Overall, 43.8% of nesting attempts successfully produced at least one fledged young. Nest predation and brood parasitism were the two main reasons for fledging failure, which mainly occurred after April. Correspondingly, U. erythrorhyncha showed a tendency to build nests higher up and have a smaller clutch size in late stages of the breeding season. This study provides the first reliable and comprehensive information on the reproductive parameters of U. erythrorhyncha, which will lay a foundation for further understanding this species’ biology and opens up an avenue for large-scale comparative studies of the Urocissa genus or higher-level taxa.
{"title":"Nest site selection and breeding ecology of the red-billed blue magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha in central China","authors":"Weibin Guo, Zhiqing Hu, Buge Lin, Yuyang Kuang, Hanqing Cao, Changcao Wang","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000While knowledge on birds’ breeding ecology is essential for understanding avian adaptation and managing conservation, it is poorly studied for many species, even for some common species. The knowledge of the natural history of the red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha), a species widely distributed in China and Southeast Asia, is sketchy. Here we present detailed data of nest site selection and the breeding ecology of red-billed blue magpie in central China, and of the effects of nest predation and brood parasitism on reproductive strategies. Most nests were built on Phyllostachys sulphurea and Quercus acutissima. Breeding season ranged from March to August. The first egg was laid between early April and late July. The incubation period lasted 15 days and the nestling period, 18 days. Average clutch size was 4.6 eggs, and brood size at fledging was 3.3 young. Overall, 43.8% of nesting attempts successfully produced at least one fledged young. Nest predation and brood parasitism were the two main reasons for fledging failure, which mainly occurred after April. Correspondingly, U. erythrorhyncha showed a tendency to build nests higher up and have a smaller clutch size in late stages of the breeding season. This study provides the first reliable and comprehensive information on the reproductive parameters of U. erythrorhyncha, which will lay a foundation for further understanding this species’ biology and opens up an avenue for large-scale comparative studies of the Urocissa genus or higher-level taxa.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44568799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10073
Xianwen Zhou, Hui Luo, D. Zeng, Yazhou Hu, Pei Wang, G. Xiong, Xiao-qing Wang
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important and rare freshwater aquaculture species in China. The male turtles have better economic benefits than females due to their faster growth speed. In order to explore the mechanism of sex differentiation and determination of P. sinensis, transcriptome analysis was carried out using embryo samples from the sex determination, sex differentiation and shelling stages, respectively. The gender types of embryos were identified by genotyping and histological analysis. In all, 277,230 and 273,859 genes were identified from embryos of male and female turtles, respectively. Cluster analysis of gene expression patterns exhibited trends for all differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which can be classified into three subclusters. In the sex determination, sex differentiation, and shelling stages 975, 43, and 300 DEGs, respectively, were identified by comparing the male and female groups. KEGG analysis was used to explore the function of the DEGs. Fgf9, foxl2, mex3b, sox7,tgfβ-3, wnt4, wnt7a, and wt1 were upregulated in ovary development stages and chfr, ampk, aldh2, dao, glt1d1, hvcn1, psmd9, srsf9 and ubc were upregulated in testis development stages, indicating that these genes play important roles in the sex development of P. sinensis. The results of this study provide preliminary insights into the sex determination and differentiation of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.
{"title":"Sex-relevant genes in the embryo stage of Chinese soft-shelled turtles as revealed by RNA-Seq analysis","authors":"Xianwen Zhou, Hui Luo, D. Zeng, Yazhou Hu, Pei Wang, G. Xiong, Xiao-qing Wang","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important and rare freshwater aquaculture species in China. The male turtles have better economic benefits than females due to their faster growth speed. In order to explore the mechanism of sex differentiation and determination of P. sinensis, transcriptome analysis was carried out using embryo samples from the sex determination, sex differentiation and shelling stages, respectively. The gender types of embryos were identified by genotyping and histological analysis. In all, 277,230 and 273,859 genes were identified from embryos of male and female turtles, respectively. Cluster analysis of gene expression patterns exhibited trends for all differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which can be classified into three subclusters. In the sex determination, sex differentiation, and shelling stages 975, 43, and 300 DEGs, respectively, were identified by comparing the male and female groups. KEGG analysis was used to explore the function of the DEGs. Fgf9, foxl2, mex3b, sox7,tgfβ-3, wnt4, wnt7a, and wt1 were upregulated in ovary development stages and chfr, ampk, aldh2, dao, glt1d1, hvcn1, psmd9, srsf9 and ubc were upregulated in testis development stages, indicating that these genes play important roles in the sex development of P. sinensis. The results of this study provide preliminary insights into the sex determination and differentiation of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48335006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-26DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10072
V. P. Cyriac, K. Srinivasa, Lohith Kumar, G. Martin
Predation exerts a strong selective force on prey, and hence prey species have evolved a multitude of ways to escape predation. One strategy by which many mobile species escape predation is by fleeing when approached by predators. However, fleeing too early can have fitness costs. Thus, optimal escape theory suggests that escape behaviour in prey depends on the risk of being eaten and the fleeing costs. Several studies on mammals, birds and lizards lend support to this hypothesis. However, few studies have explored escape behaviour in snakes. Here, using radio telemetry to track snakes in the field, we study the escape behaviour in Russell’s vipers, a highly venomous and cryptic snake, responsible for the highest number of snakebite deaths in India. We show that escape response, i.e., the decision to stay or flee, was influenced by intrinsic factors such as the snake’s behaviour and body temperature. We also show that the flight initiation distance, the distance at which the snake flees, was mostly determined by habitat selection, i.e., the visibility of the snake and the distance to the nearest cover. Overall, we show that different factors could determine the decision to flee and when to flee. We also highlight how understanding escape response in such highly venomous, medically important yet secretive snakes could potentially help reduce human-snake encounters and mitigate the snakebite crisis.
{"title":"Should I stay or should I go: escape behaviour of Russell’s vipers, Daboia russelii (Shaw & Nodder, 1797) in India’s agricultural landscapes","authors":"V. P. Cyriac, K. Srinivasa, Lohith Kumar, G. Martin","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Predation exerts a strong selective force on prey, and hence prey species have evolved a multitude of ways to escape predation. One strategy by which many mobile species escape predation is by fleeing when approached by predators. However, fleeing too early can have fitness costs. Thus, optimal escape theory suggests that escape behaviour in prey depends on the risk of being eaten and the fleeing costs. Several studies on mammals, birds and lizards lend support to this hypothesis. However, few studies have explored escape behaviour in snakes. Here, using radio telemetry to track snakes in the field, we study the escape behaviour in Russell’s vipers, a highly venomous and cryptic snake, responsible for the highest number of snakebite deaths in India. We show that escape response, i.e., the decision to stay or flee, was influenced by intrinsic factors such as the snake’s behaviour and body temperature. We also show that the flight initiation distance, the distance at which the snake flees, was mostly determined by habitat selection, i.e., the visibility of the snake and the distance to the nearest cover. Overall, we show that different factors could determine the decision to flee and when to flee. We also highlight how understanding escape response in such highly venomous, medically important yet secretive snakes could potentially help reduce human-snake encounters and mitigate the snakebite crisis.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48952793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10071
S. Nebapure, Sanjeev Kumar
Plant volatiles, constitutive or induced, are perceived by insect pests to locate the host plant and also by natural enemies to locate the host insect. These plant volatiles can be utilized to develop attractive or repellant lures for pest management. Studies were carried out to identify the plant volatiles which are induced in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth due to the herbivory of blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata. The volatiles from healthy uninfested pigeonpea plants and blister beetle-infested plants were collected using the dynamic headspace collection method with Porapaq Q (80-100 mesh) as adsorbent. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 28 compounds were identified from uninfested pigeonpea plants whereas 16 compounds were identified from infested plants. A qualitative analysis showed that α-pinene and 3-hexen-2-one were exclusively detected in infested plants and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and acetophenone were released in higher quantities from infested plants than from uninfested one. Electrophysiological evaluation of these volatiles along with other plant volatiles showed that blister beetle antennae eliciting higher responses to eucalyptol at a 1-μg dose, to nerol at a 10-μg dose and to benzyl acetate at 100- and 1000-μg doses. Beetle traps with lures of eucalyptol, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, and nerol attracted a very small number of blister beetle adults, suggesting the need for further efforts to standardize lure load and trap design.
{"title":"Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of blister beetle Mylabris pustulata to plant volatiles","authors":"S. Nebapure, Sanjeev Kumar","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Plant volatiles, constitutive or induced, are perceived by insect pests to locate the host plant and also by natural enemies to locate the host insect. These plant volatiles can be utilized to develop attractive or repellant lures for pest management. Studies were carried out to identify the plant volatiles which are induced in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth due to the herbivory of blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata. The volatiles from healthy uninfested pigeonpea plants and blister beetle-infested plants were collected using the dynamic headspace collection method with Porapaq Q (80-100 mesh) as adsorbent. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 28 compounds were identified from uninfested pigeonpea plants whereas 16 compounds were identified from infested plants. A qualitative analysis showed that α-pinene and 3-hexen-2-one were exclusively detected in infested plants and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and acetophenone were released in higher quantities from infested plants than from uninfested one. Electrophysiological evaluation of these volatiles along with other plant volatiles showed that blister beetle antennae eliciting higher responses to eucalyptol at a 1-μg dose, to nerol at a 10-μg dose and to benzyl acetate at 100- and 1000-μg doses. Beetle traps with lures of eucalyptol, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, and nerol attracted a very small number of blister beetle adults, suggesting the need for further efforts to standardize lure load and trap design.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47219234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10070
J. Xiong, Jianping Gou, Guanglu Li, Z. You
Intraspecific variation is a common phenomenon in nature, but to date, research on such variation in hematological traits of urodeles remains scarce. To compare intraspecific variation in hematological traits among populations, and explore whether snout–vent length (SVL) and body mass influence hematological traits, hematological parameters and erythrocyte size in 58 mature Batrachuperus tibetanus specimens belonging to three populations (Xihe, Meixian and Taibai) in northwestern China were analyzed. There were no sexual differences in any hematological trait for all populations. No hematological traits differed significantly between the Meixian and Taibai populations, but significantly lower values of erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), erythrocyte length (L), and erythrocyte area (A), as well as a significantly higher leukocyte count (WBC) were observed in the Xihe population compared with the other two. Linear regression analyses showed that significant relationships were present between SVL and Hb, RBC, Hct, and L; and body mass and Hb, RBC, Hct, and L. However, SVL and WBC were negatively correlated. Only L differed significantly among populations when accounting for the effects of SVL and body mass. Hb, RBC, WBC, and Hct variations among populations possibly contribute to differences in SVL or body mass, and erythrocyte size (L and A) variations are perhaps attributable to differences in lower Hb, RBC, and Hct; these variations are not the result of differences in habitat variables. Our results provide a foundation for understanding physiological intraspecific variation.
{"title":"Intraspecific variation in hematological parameters and erythrocyte size among three populations of Batrachuperus tibetanus (Caudata: Hynobiidae)","authors":"J. Xiong, Jianping Gou, Guanglu Li, Z. You","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Intraspecific variation is a common phenomenon in nature, but to date, research on such variation in hematological traits of urodeles remains scarce. To compare intraspecific variation in hematological traits among populations, and explore whether snout–vent length (SVL) and body mass influence hematological traits, hematological parameters and erythrocyte size in 58 mature Batrachuperus tibetanus specimens belonging to three populations (Xihe, Meixian and Taibai) in northwestern China were analyzed. There were no sexual differences in any hematological trait for all populations. No hematological traits differed significantly between the Meixian and Taibai populations, but significantly lower values of erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), erythrocyte length (L), and erythrocyte area (A), as well as a significantly higher leukocyte count (WBC) were observed in the Xihe population compared with the other two. Linear regression analyses showed that significant relationships were present between SVL and Hb, RBC, Hct, and L; and body mass and Hb, RBC, Hct, and L. However, SVL and WBC were negatively correlated. Only L differed significantly among populations when accounting for the effects of SVL and body mass. Hb, RBC, WBC, and Hct variations among populations possibly contribute to differences in SVL or body mass, and erythrocyte size (L and A) variations are perhaps attributable to differences in lower Hb, RBC, and Hct; these variations are not the result of differences in habitat variables. Our results provide a foundation for understanding physiological intraspecific variation.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10067
Hongjie Song, Yuyang Cheng, Linchao Fan, Hong Sun
Previous studies showed that the kidney has its own molecular circadian clock expression regulation that maintains the homeostasis of physiological processes. However, limited information is available on the molecular mechanisms of the kidney circadian rhythm in subterranean rodents. Here, we report circadian gene expression in the kidney of subterranean Mandarin voles and the related aboveground Brandt’s voles, reared under 12L:12D (LD) or dark (DD) conditions, respectively. The results showed that the rhythmic genes were represented in Brandt’s voles in higher numbers under LD than DD conditions, but the number of rhythmic genes in Mandarin voles was similar between the two treatment conditions. The gene expression levels at different timepoints all showed reduced results under DD conditions compared with those in the LD cycle in Brandt’s voles, whereas the expression levels of the tested genes at certain Zeitgeber timepoints showed higher results than in the LD cycle in Mandarin voles. The gene expression peak showed chaotic resetting under DD conditions in both voles. We thus suggest that Mandarin and Brandt’s voles have different molecular circadian clock expression adjustment patterns in the kidney as an adaptation to different living environments. Mandarin voles seem to be more adapted to the dark environment, while Brandt’s voles are more dependent on external light conditions.
{"title":"Expression patterns of clock genes in the kidney of two Lasiopodomys species","authors":"Hongjie Song, Yuyang Cheng, Linchao Fan, Hong Sun","doi":"10.1163/15707563-bja10067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Previous studies showed that the kidney has its own molecular circadian clock expression regulation that maintains the homeostasis of physiological processes. However, limited information is available on the molecular mechanisms of the kidney circadian rhythm in subterranean rodents. Here, we report circadian gene expression in the kidney of subterranean Mandarin voles and the related aboveground Brandt’s voles, reared under 12L:12D (LD) or dark (DD) conditions, respectively. The results showed that the rhythmic genes were represented in Brandt’s voles in higher numbers under LD than DD conditions, but the number of rhythmic genes in Mandarin voles was similar between the two treatment conditions. The gene expression levels at different timepoints all showed reduced results under DD conditions compared with those in the LD cycle in Brandt’s voles, whereas the expression levels of the tested genes at certain Zeitgeber timepoints showed higher results than in the LD cycle in Mandarin voles. The gene expression peak showed chaotic resetting under DD conditions in both voles. We thus suggest that Mandarin and Brandt’s voles have different molecular circadian clock expression adjustment patterns in the kidney as an adaptation to different living environments. Mandarin voles seem to be more adapted to the dark environment, while Brandt’s voles are more dependent on external light conditions.","PeriodicalId":7876,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45542708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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