Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia最新文献

The role of polyalternativeness of small mammals' ontogeny development (belongings of individuals to alternative pathways of the ontogeny development) in the estimation of effects of ionizing radiation is considered. It is shown that biological consequences of acute (laboratory experiment) and chronic (inhabiting the Eastern Urals Radioactive Trace zone) ionizing radiation in rodents significantly depend on the belonging of individuals to the pathway of ontogeny. Specificity of the response of the population to acute and chronic irradiation is revealed. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the belonging of individuals to the pathway of ontogeny development in a wide spectrum of investigations at the analysis of any biological parameters in small rodents in the zones of local technogenic contamination.

Low doses of ionizing radiation and chemical toxic agent effects on biological systems on different organization levels have been studied by numerous researchers. But there is a clear lack of experimental data that allow one to reveal molecular and cellular adaptations of plants and animals from natural populations to adverse effects of environmental factors. The present study was aimed to assess genotoxic effects in earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny and Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister sampled from the populations that during numerous generations inhabited the territories with a technogeneously enhanced content of natural origin radionuclides and heavy metals in soil. The levels ofthe DNA damage detected with alkaline and neutral versions of Comet-assay in invertebrates from contaminated territories were established not to differ from the spontaneous level found in the animals from the reference population. At the same time the rate of the DNA damage reparation induced in A. caliginosa sampled from the contaminated sites with additional acute γ-irradiation (4 Gy) was found to be considerably higher as compared with earthworms from the reference population.

Cytogenetic effects in Allium schoenoprasum meristematic root tip cells grown for a year on the territory contaminated with 235U, 238U and 232Th decay series radionuclides, heavy metals and As were studied. The area is characterized with different concentrations of chemical compounds in soil affecting a toxic element migration in biocoenosis. Analysis of the chromosome aberration spectrum showed an ambiguous cell response to soil contamination. Within the weighted absorbed dose range up to 1.2 Gy the higher the dose the aberrant cell frequency increase was shown. But further increase in the dose resulted in a genotoxic effect decrease due to high toxic effects of heavy metals and radionuclides in soil. This was registered as a mitotic index decrease that can provoke a chromosome aberration frequency underestimation and result in erroneous conclusions about genotoxic effects in A. schoenoprasum used as a bioindicator.

The levels of DNA fragmentation (using a neutral version of the "Comet assay" method) in the cells of somatic (brain ganglia) and generative (male gonad) tissues of the inbred individuals of the Drosophila wild-type developing in different conditions of a chronic irradiation were estimated. It was found that the radiobiological effect depends on the genotype and cytotype. Irradiation at low doses (0.42 mGy/h) induces the DNA damage in somatic cells of all the studied lines Drosophila in the same way. With the increase in the intensity of chronic irradiation (3.5mGy/h) a significant level of DNA breaks in neuroblasts was observed only for Harwich and Oregon-R stocks, in the cells of male gonad--for all the studied genotypes.

Comparison of action of chronic γ-irradiation at a dose of 22.6 cGy and the serpisten substance containing phitoecdysteroids at small doses of 5 and 50 mg/kg on biochemical indicators in erythrocytes and tissues of white not purebred mice is given. It is established that in both cases there is an increase of minor fractions of cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidilcholin and a share of phospholipids as part of common lipids. Course administration of serpisten to rats at the total doses of 12 and 30 mg/kg leads to an increase in tissues of thermal shock proteins of family 70 (Hsp70 and Hsc70). Similarity of action of ecdysteroid preparations and the influence of stress factors of physical nature of low intensity (gamma radiation at a small dose) have been detected in mice, which manifest themselves in some chain links of lipid peroxidation processes as well as an increase in biosynthesis of thermal shock proteins of family 70 (Hsp70 and Hsc70) in rats at administration of serpisten.

The impact of certain types of microorganisms on 137Cs transfer from the substrate into the plant was analyzed in the experiment on artificial mediums. It was found that certain types of microorganisms could either reduce or increase the ratio of 137Cs transfer from the substrate to the plant. It is shown that this property is independent of the localization of the microorganism on the surface of the root, for all the analyzed bacteria belonging to the rhizospheric group. Azotobacter chroococcum UKM B-6003 stimulated the radionuclide transfer to plants up to 1.5 times, while the best bacteria for reducing its accumulation is Burkholderia sp IMER-B1 -53 - 1.3 times in comparison with the control. It was shown that the strain Bacillus megaterium UKM B-5724 from the collection of the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of NASU has a high ability to accumulate radionuclides.

The response of the liver and blood erythrocyte lipids to the low intensity chronic γ-irradiation action of mice at the dose of 8 cGy during early ontogenesis immediately and 7 months after irradiation is studied. The maintainance of the changed structural state of the lipid component in liver and especially blood erythrocytes which are characterized by a lower antioxidant status compared with the liver lipids is revealed during a long time after the cessation of irradiation. This confirms the possibility of using blood erythrocyte lipids as a perspective model for the estimation of the effects of the weak impact of unfavorable factors on the organism.

We used cytogenetic analysis in the studies of the biological effects of a radiation factor of natural and artificial origin (under conditions ofthe 30-km exclusion zone ofthe Chernobyl experimental landfills in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia). The studies have been performed on various types of mammals: domestic animals--cows, pigs, horses and rodents--root voles, the Af mouse line, and yellow necked field mouse, bank voles. We found significant changes in the level of MN and chromosomal aberrations in the animals that were exposed to the conditions of chronic low-dose radiation for a long time (bothin the habitat and upon exposure in the Chernobyl zone) regardless of the type of animal and nature of contamination.

The influence of nanomolar concentrations of the uranyl ion on the parameters of some membrane structures of rodent erythrocytes (laboratory mice and tundra voles--classical objects of radioecological monitoring) was investigated in vitro. A high sensitivity of the tundra vole red blood cells to the uranyl influence was shown. This fact may be determined by the cross-species difference in the membrane structures of erythrocytes--the low sphingomyelin content in tundra voles. Investigation into the phospholipid composition of the erythrocytes incubated in vitro with uranyl ions demonstrates the absence of the membrane lipid component reactions "typical" for the cells circulating in blood and also the changes pointing to the initial stages of eryptosis. Latent alterations in the membrane structure of red blood cells of both species induced by a short time contact with uranyl ions were confirmed by the increase in their sensitivity to nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and indicate the changes in orderliness of the membrane lipid phase.

This paper is a short review of literature data and results of our own investigation into the adaptive response (AR). It was aimed at the analysis of the AR induction, its formation, some mechanisms, its expansion, and universality. It is supposed that a lot of mechanisms, a high variability degree, the absence of this phenomenon in some individuals, as well as dependence on many situations make the AR induction not predictable. Perhaps AR induction is not a universal phenomenon in practice, as it was supposed earlier.