Nowadays, most people are suffering from dandruff which when not treated becomes flaky and causes major damage to the scalp of a person. Dandruff is a common scalp illness caused by the yeast Pittosporum. It is not possible to completely eradicate dandruff; it can only be appropriately handled. When used as indicated, a shampoo's surfactant, often referred to as a surface-active agent, in its proper form—liquid, solid, or powder—will safely remove skin fragments, dirt, and surface oil from the scalp and hair shaft. Numerous hair care solutions use a variety of anti-fungal substances to treat dandruff. Many adverse reactions to these products have been reported, includ-ing hair loss, heightened headache, nausea, scaling, itching, and irritation. Thus, an attempt was undertaken to develop a herbal anti-dandruff shampoo form safe and more successful in treating the dandruff problem by using a marketed herbal tincture. The anti-dandruff formulation was prepared by combining natural polyherbal tincture, and these tincture shows the different medicinal effects on hair. A number of parameters, including visual observation, pH, consistency, particle per-centage, filth dispersion, surface phenomena, and foaming content were used to assess the shampoo formulations. Also, the estimation of an anti-microbial activity by using the inoculation method. The greatest zone of inhibition demonstrated a strong antimicrobial effect for the formulation.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Antidandruff Shampoo","authors":"Uditi Handa, Deepika Sharma, Abhilasha Dubey, Kajal Nagpal, Prerna Sharma, Nidhi Rani, Vishnu Mittal","doi":"10.2174/0122113525319397240711053227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525319397240711053227","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nowadays, most people are suffering from dandruff which when not treated becomes flaky and causes major damage to the scalp of a person. Dandruff is a common scalp illness caused by the yeast Pittosporum. It is not possible to completely eradicate dandruff; it can only be appropriately handled.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000When used as indicated, a shampoo's surfactant, often referred to as a surface-active agent, in its proper form—liquid, solid, or powder—will safely remove skin fragments, dirt, and surface oil from the scalp and hair shaft. Numerous hair care solutions use a variety of anti-fungal substances to treat dandruff. Many adverse reactions to these products have been reported, includ-ing hair loss, heightened headache, nausea, scaling, itching, and irritation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Thus, an attempt was undertaken to develop a herbal anti-dandruff shampoo form safe and more successful in treating the dandruff problem by using a marketed herbal tincture. The anti-dandruff formulation was prepared by combining natural polyherbal tincture, and these tincture shows the different medicinal effects on hair.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A number of parameters, including visual observation, pH, consistency, particle per-centage, filth dispersion, surface phenomena, and foaming content were used to assess the shampoo formulations. Also, the estimation of an anti-microbial activity by using the inoculation method. The greatest zone of inhibition demonstrated a strong antimicrobial effect for the formulation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.2174/0122113525306071240613043139
Thomas Jebastin, Jeyaraj John Wilson, Natarajan Sisubalan, Dharmarajan Raja Sudhakar, B. Sivamaruthi, Mohamed Hussain Syed Abuthakir, Subramanian Sevarkodiyone, C. Chaiyasut
Mosquitoes significantly threaten public health, transmitting dangerous diseases to humans and animals. Conventional insecticide spraying, while common, has limitations in effectively controlling vector-borne diseases. Many chemical pesticides harm humans and animals, and some persist in the environment and cause toxic effects. Recently, there has been renewed interest in plant-based products due to concerns about insecticide re-sistance, cross-resistance, potential toxicity associated with synthetic options, and rising costs. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the Plectranthus amboinicus and Hyptis suaveolens phy-tochemicals targeting the odorant binding proteins (OBPs) of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopic-tus. In this study, we conducted molecular docking analyses using specific plant-derived compounds from H. suaveolens and P. amboinicus. We focused on the interaction of these compounds with OBPs from dengue and chikungunya vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). The selected phytochemical com-pounds exhibited strong binding with the OBP of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Tetrahy-drofuran-2-carboxylic acid, Carvacryl acetate, and Brallobarbital showed high binding affinity and significant interaction with Ae. aegypti. Tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid and 3-Methyl-4-isopropylphenol also demonstrated substantial binding affinity and effective interaction with Ae. albopictus OBP. These findings suggest that the identified compounds can potentially disrupt the attraction of mosquitoes to humans, thus reducing human-vector contact. They may offer a promising alternative for developing natural and efficient mosquito repellents, surpassing cur-rently used synthetic options like N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and other conventional repel-lents.
{"title":"In silico Screening of Plectranthus amboinicus and Hyptis suaveolens Phyto-chemicals: Novel Repellents Targeting Odorant Binding Proteins of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","authors":"Thomas Jebastin, Jeyaraj John Wilson, Natarajan Sisubalan, Dharmarajan Raja Sudhakar, B. Sivamaruthi, Mohamed Hussain Syed Abuthakir, Subramanian Sevarkodiyone, C. Chaiyasut","doi":"10.2174/0122113525306071240613043139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525306071240613043139","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Mosquitoes significantly threaten public health, transmitting dangerous diseases to humans and animals. Conventional insecticide spraying, while common, has limitations in effectively controlling vector-borne diseases. Many chemical pesticides harm humans and animals, and some persist in the environment and cause toxic effects. Recently, there has been renewed interest in plant-based products due to concerns about insecticide re-sistance, cross-resistance, potential toxicity associated with synthetic options, and rising costs. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the Plectranthus amboinicus and Hyptis suaveolens phy-tochemicals targeting the odorant binding proteins (OBPs) of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopic-tus.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, we conducted molecular docking analyses using specific plant-derived compounds from H. suaveolens and P. amboinicus.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We focused on the interaction of these compounds with OBPs from dengue and chikungunya vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). The selected phytochemical com-pounds exhibited strong binding with the OBP of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Tetrahy-drofuran-2-carboxylic acid, Carvacryl acetate, and Brallobarbital showed high binding affinity and significant interaction with Ae. aegypti. Tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid and 3-Methyl-4-isopropylphenol also demonstrated substantial binding affinity and effective interaction with Ae. albopictus OBP.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000These findings suggest that the identified compounds can potentially disrupt the attraction of mosquitoes to humans, thus reducing human-vector contact. They may offer a promising alternative for developing natural and efficient mosquito repellents, surpassing cur-rently used synthetic options like N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and other conventional repel-lents.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The active ingredient in medicinal herbs has a considerable therapeutic impact. Historically, medicinal plants have been critical in helping people recover from unfavorable microbial infection-related illnesses. Therefore, we can use these plants as raw materials to make antibiotics. To summarize, several traditional herbs have antibacterial properties, and their use as a therapy option offers a successful treatment approach. A detailed study of literature was started by looking through many data sets from the Herbalist Library and well-known scientific databases like the Cochrane Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature focusing on herbs having antibiotic potential, specifically in the English language, from the years 1980 to 2023 was considered to be included in this review. In this review article, all the natural herbal antibiotics are summarised with their pharmacological effects as well as the active components responsible for their biological role. The current analysis provides thorough information on many medicinal plants examined over the last few decades in order to investigate possible herbal antibiotics for future treatment.
药草中的有效成分具有相当大的治疗作用。从历史上看，药用植物在帮助人们从不利的微生物感染相关疾病中恢复过来方面发挥着至关重要的作用。总之，几种传统草药具有抗菌特性，使用它们作为治疗选择提供了一种成功的治疗方法。我们通过查阅草药图书馆和 Cochrane Library、PubMed、ScienceDirect、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 等知名科学数据库中的许多数据集，开始对文献进行详细研究。本综述文章总结了所有天然草药抗生素的药理作用以及发挥其生物作用的活性成分。本综述文章总结了所有天然草药抗生素的药理作用及其生物作用的有效成分。目前的分析提供了过去几十年来许多药用植物的详尽信息，以便研究未来可能用于治疗的草药抗生素。
{"title":"Herbal Antibiotics: A Review of Traditional Medicinal Plants with\u0000Antibacterial Properties and Their Potential for Future Treatment","authors":"Shirode Prashant Ramesh, Santosh Karajgi, Riya Singh, Pravin Naik, Ujjwal Sahoo, Mukesh Chandra Sharma, Pankaj Nainwal, Ankita Wal","doi":"10.2174/0122113525302796240528080758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525302796240528080758","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The active ingredient in medicinal herbs has a considerable therapeutic\u0000impact. Historically, medicinal plants have been critical in helping people recover from unfavorable microbial infection-related illnesses. Therefore, we can use these plants as raw materials\u0000to make antibiotics.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To summarize, several traditional herbs have antibacterial properties, and their use\u0000as a therapy option offers a successful treatment approach.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A detailed study of literature was started by looking through many data sets from\u0000the Herbalist Library and well-known scientific databases like the Cochrane Library, PubMed,\u0000ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature focusing on herbs having antibiotic potential, specifically in the English language, from the years 1980 to 2023 was considered\u0000to be included in this review.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this review article, all the natural herbal antibiotics are summarised with their pharmacological effects as well as the active components responsible for their biological role. The\u0000current analysis provides thorough information on many medicinal plants examined over the last\u0000few decades in order to investigate possible herbal antibiotics for future treatment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"5 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.2174/0122113525303193240606062041
I. Chikhi, Rachida Kerzabi, Safaa Nor el Houda Ziane, Fatima Benyoucef, M. A. Dib, A. Muselli
The increasing use of synthetic antimicrobials and antioxidants is a concern for human health. The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Salvia argentea and its hydrosol extract while evaluating their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, while the hydrosol extract was obtained by the liquid-liquid extraction method. The volatile compounds of the essential oil and hydrosol extract were analysed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and iron reduction antioxidant power (FRAP), with BHT used as a positive control. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and hydrosol extract was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method. According to the GC/FID and GC/MS analysis, the essential oil of S. argentea consisted mainly of germacrene D-4-ol (26.3%), epi-α-muurolol (19.2%), and epi-α-cadinol (10.2%). In contrast, the hydrosol extract consisted of oxygenated compounds, including (E)- phytol (23.5%), 14-hydroxy-δ-cadine (17.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.5%), piperitone (13.5%), and piperitone oxide (11.5%). The essential oil and hydrosol extract showed positive antioxidant activity with both tests. It should be noted that the hydrosol extract showed the best performance, with an IC50 of 8.3 g/L with the DPPH and an IC50 of 12.3 g/L with the FRAP test compared to the BHT. The essential oil revealed antimicrobial activity with strong inhibition against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis compared to Gentamicin. The results showed that essential oil and hydrosol extract have promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These findings provide encouraging prospects for their potential use in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic sectors.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Hydrosol\u0000Extract and Essential Oil Derived from the Aerial Parts of Salvia argentea","authors":"I. Chikhi, Rachida Kerzabi, Safaa Nor el Houda Ziane, Fatima Benyoucef, M. A. Dib, A. Muselli","doi":"10.2174/0122113525303193240606062041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525303193240606062041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The increasing use of synthetic antimicrobials and antioxidants is a\u0000concern for human health.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential\u0000oil extracted from Salvia argentea and its hydrosol extract while evaluating their antioxidant\u0000and antimicrobial effects in vitro.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, while the hydrosol\u0000extract was obtained by the liquid-liquid extraction method. The volatile compounds of the essential oil and hydrosol extract were analysed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated\u0000using two methods: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and iron reduction antioxidant\u0000power (FRAP), with BHT used as a positive control. The antimicrobial activity of the essential\u0000oil and hydrosol extract was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000According to the GC/FID and GC/MS analysis, the essential oil of S. argentea consisted mainly of germacrene D-4-ol (26.3%), epi-α-muurolol (19.2%), and epi-α-cadinol\u0000(10.2%). In contrast, the hydrosol extract consisted of oxygenated compounds, including (E)-\u0000phytol (23.5%), 14-hydroxy-δ-cadine (17.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.5%), piperitone\u0000(13.5%), and piperitone oxide (11.5%). The essential oil and hydrosol extract showed positive\u0000antioxidant activity with both tests. It should be noted that the hydrosol extract showed the best\u0000performance, with an IC50 of 8.3 g/L with the DPPH and an IC50 of 12.3 g/L with the FRAP test\u0000compared to the BHT. The essential oil revealed antimicrobial activity with strong inhibition\u0000against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis compared to Gentamicin.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results showed that essential oil and hydrosol extract have promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These findings provide encouraging prospects for their potential use in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic sectors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"9 S5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2019, the world's primary focus has been shifted towards the new virus, i.e., coronavirus. So, on a priority basis, the global interest shifts increasingly to fighting a battle against this pandemic, but what about other infectious diseases like malaria? In regions with limited resources (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia), malaria remains a significant health threat, transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Approximately 6,08,000 deaths were associated with malaria in 2022, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The severity of malaria depends upon the various stages of the malarial parasite life cycle (Transmission to humans, Exoerythrocytic Stage, Erythrocytic Stage, and Gametocyte Stage). Symptoms that appear within 7-10 days after a mosquito bite include discomfort, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Today, to make and confirm the diagnosis of malaria, a variety of direct and indirect methods are used, which take us towards the early identification and prevention of disease. Healthy collaborations between pharmacological and non-pharmacological fields are essential to developing malaria therapeutic strategies, with artificial intelligence also playing a supportive role. Meanwhile, WHO launched Global Technical Strategy 2016-2030 for Malaria eradication, which serves as a crucial framework guiding efforts to control and eliminate the disease. This study targets the historical roots of malaria, pathophysiological grounds, advancements in diagnostics and new treatment regimens, and adherence to government guidelines. Additionally, it also focuses on the scenario of India for the upliftment of Malaria Eradication Programme.
{"title":"From Plants to Pills: Malaria Treatment Advancements in India","authors":"Navpreet Kaur, Jhilli Basu, Shanu Raina, Sana Sood, Diksha Chauhan, Priya Jaswal","doi":"10.2174/0122113525319708240606061352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525319708240606061352","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Since 2019, the world's primary focus has been shifted towards the new virus, i.e.,\u0000coronavirus. So, on a priority basis, the global interest shifts increasingly to fighting a battle\u0000against this pandemic, but what about other infectious diseases like malaria? In regions with\u0000limited resources (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia), malaria remains a significant health threat, transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Approximately 6,08,000 deaths were associated with malaria in 2022, according to the World\u0000Health Organization (WHO). The severity of malaria depends upon the various stages of the\u0000malarial parasite life cycle (Transmission to humans, Exoerythrocytic Stage, Erythrocytic\u0000Stage, and Gametocyte Stage). Symptoms that appear within 7-10 days after a mosquito bite\u0000include discomfort, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Today, to make\u0000and confirm the diagnosis of malaria, a variety of direct and indirect methods are used, which\u0000take us towards the early identification and prevention of disease. Healthy collaborations between pharmacological and non-pharmacological fields are essential to developing malaria\u0000therapeutic strategies, with artificial intelligence also playing a supportive role. Meanwhile,\u0000WHO launched Global Technical Strategy 2016-2030 for Malaria eradication, which serves as\u0000a crucial framework guiding efforts to control and eliminate the disease. This study targets the\u0000historical roots of malaria, pathophysiological grounds, advancements in diagnostics and new\u0000treatment regimens, and adherence to government guidelines. Additionally, it also focuses on\u0000the scenario of India for the upliftment of Malaria Eradication Programme.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"80 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.2174/0122113525303969240624071851
Komal, N. Patil, Amandeep Singh
{"title":"Mutations Unveiled: Navigating the Ever-Changing Landscape of SARSCoV-2 in the COVID-19 Saga","authors":"Komal, N. Patil, Amandeep Singh","doi":"10.2174/0122113525303969240624071851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525303969240624071851","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title/>\u0000<jats:p/>\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum is a herbaceous climber species within the Vitaceae family, found in various tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. It has a history of traditional use in Ethiopia for treating various health issues in humans and livestock, includ-ing snake bites, rabies, and eczema. Despite its reported ethnomedicinal uses, there is a lack of sufficient scientific literature regarding the isolation and characterization of its bioactive chem-ical compounds. The objective of this work was to isolate bioactive compounds from the leaves of Cyphostemma cyphopetalum, characterize their chemical structures using FTIR and NMR spec-troscopy, and evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Isolation was done using column chromatographic separation techniques. Spectro-scopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, were used for functional group identification and structural elucidation. Moreover, the paper disc dif-fusion bioassay method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Three fractions were successfully isolated using chloroform with dichloromethane and chloroform with ethyl acetate as eluting solvents and silica gel as a stationary phase. After care-ful interpretation of the experimental results and comparison with the literature, the isolated fractions were constituted mainly by stigmasterol (fraction 1), β-sitosterol (fraction 2), and trans-resveratrol (fraction 3). The antibacterial activities of each isolated fraction were tested against Ralstonia solanacearum, a gram-negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterial pathogen.Comparatively, the highest mean inhibitory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by fraction 2, which was followed by 6.25±0.05 mm inhibition activity recorded for fraction 1 against R. solanacearum, while fraction 3 did not exhibit any bacterial activity against both the strains. We have successfully isolated and characterized three compounds (1-3) from leaves of C. cyphopetalum and evaluated their antibacterial activity. A maximum mean inhibi-tory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by compound 2 against R. solanacearum.
{"title":"Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Study of Bioactive Compounds from Leaves of Cyphostemma cyphopetalum","authors":"Adem Getahun Mohammed, Mesfin Getachew Tadesse, Rakish Kumar Bachheti, Yosef Bayeh, Tesfay G. Ashebr","doi":"10.2174/0122113525306978240520053843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525306978240520053843","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Cyphostemma cyphopetalum is a herbaceous climber species within the Vitaceae family, found in various tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. It has a history of traditional use in Ethiopia for treating various health issues in humans and livestock, includ-ing snake bites, rabies, and eczema. Despite its reported ethnomedicinal uses, there is a lack of sufficient scientific literature regarding the isolation and characterization of its bioactive chem-ical compounds.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of this work was to isolate bioactive compounds from the leaves of Cyphostemma cyphopetalum, characterize their chemical structures using FTIR and NMR spec-troscopy, and evaluate their antimicrobial activities.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Isolation was done using column chromatographic separation techniques. Spectro-scopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, were used for functional group identification and structural elucidation. Moreover, the paper disc dif-fusion bioassay method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the isolated bioactive compounds.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Three fractions were successfully isolated using chloroform with dichloromethane and chloroform with ethyl acetate as eluting solvents and silica gel as a stationary phase. After care-ful interpretation of the experimental results and comparison with the literature, the isolated fractions were constituted mainly by stigmasterol (fraction 1), β-sitosterol (fraction 2), and trans-resveratrol (fraction 3). The antibacterial activities of each isolated fraction were tested against Ralstonia solanacearum, a gram-negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterial pathogen.Comparatively, the highest mean inhibitory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by fraction 2, which was followed by 6.25±0.05 mm inhibition activity recorded for fraction 1 against R. solanacearum, while fraction 3 did not exhibit any bacterial activity against both the strains.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have successfully isolated and characterized three compounds (1-3) from leaves of C. cyphopetalum and evaluated their antibacterial activity. A maximum mean inhibi-tory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by compound 2 against R. solanacearum.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"107 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141389103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.2174/0122113525287587240515044540
Hussan Ibne Shoukani, Khudija tul Kubra, Bashir Ahmad
HIV utilizes a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme to convert the HIVRNA into DNA. Inhibition of the reverse transcription mechanism of HIV-RT may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to impede the proliferation of HIV in those who are infected. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a type of medication that directly and non-competitively bind to the allosteric site of HIV-RT, inhibiting its polymerase activity. This study was aimed at the synthesis of hydrazine derivatives and their evaluation for HIV- reverse transcriptase inhibition using RT-qPCR-based assay. The objective of this study was to determine the HIV- reverse transcriptase inhibition using chemical compounds as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in RT-qPCR. This study involved the synthesis of five distinct hydrazine derivatives, which were subsequently tested for their capacity to inhibit HIV-RNA polymerization by targeting HIVderived reverse transcriptase. For the determination of the study assay, commercially available HIV-RT was subjected to treatment with derivatives and utilized in an RT-qPCR experiment to determine the activity or inhibitory effects of HIV-RT for HIV-RNA polymerization. The in-vitro assay results demonstrated a reduction in viral load due to suppression of reverse transcriptase activity when compared to the pre-quantified values obtained from untreated RT. Among the five compounds, 4-N, N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde hydrazine (C18H22N4) had the highest ability to suppress HIV-RT. This molecule reduced HIV-RNA reverse transcription by more than 90% during RT-qPCR, which is a novel and promising strategy. N, N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde hydrazine (C18H22N4) can suppress the activity of HIV-RT, and this effect becomes more pronounced as the concentration of the compound increases.
艾滋病毒利用逆转录酶（RT）将 HIVRNA 转化为 DNA。非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）是一种直接与 HIV-RT 的异构位点非竞争性结合的药物，可抑制其聚合酶活性。本研究旨在合成肼衍生物，并使用基于 RT-qPCR 的检测方法评估其对 HIV 逆转录酶的抑制作用。本研究的目的是利用化学化合物作为 RT-qPCR 中的非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂，确定其对 HIV 逆转录酶的抑制作用。本研究涉及合成五种不同的肼衍生物，并随后测试它们通过靶向 HIV 衍生的逆转录酶抑制 HIV-RNA 聚合的能力。体外检测结果表明，与未经处理的逆转录酶的预量化值相比，由于逆转录酶活性受到抑制，病毒载量有所下降。在这五种化合物中，4-N，N-二甲基氨基苯甲醛肼（C18H22N4）抑制 HIV-RT 的能力最强。N，N-二甲基氨基苯甲醛肼（C18H22N4）可以抑制 HIV-RT 的活性，而且随着化合物浓度的增加，这种效果会变得更加明显。
{"title":"In-Vitro Study of HIV-derived Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition","authors":"Hussan Ibne Shoukani, Khudija tul Kubra, Bashir Ahmad","doi":"10.2174/0122113525287587240515044540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525287587240515044540","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000HIV utilizes a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme to convert the HIVRNA\u0000into DNA. Inhibition of the reverse transcription mechanism of HIV-RT may serve as a\u0000potential therapeutic approach to impede the proliferation of HIV in those who are infected.\u0000Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a type of medication that directly\u0000and non-competitively bind to the allosteric site of HIV-RT, inhibiting its polymerase activity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study was aimed at the synthesis of hydrazine derivatives and their evaluation for\u0000HIV- reverse transcriptase inhibition using RT-qPCR-based assay.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of this study was to determine the HIV- reverse transcriptase inhibition\u0000using chemical compounds as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in RT-qPCR.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study involved the synthesis of five distinct hydrazine derivatives, which were\u0000subsequently tested for their capacity to inhibit HIV-RNA polymerization by targeting HIVderived\u0000reverse transcriptase. For the determination of the study assay, commercially available\u0000HIV-RT was subjected to treatment with derivatives and utilized in an RT-qPCR experiment to\u0000determine the activity or inhibitory effects of HIV-RT for HIV-RNA polymerization.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The in-vitro assay results demonstrated a reduction in viral load due to suppression of\u0000reverse transcriptase activity when compared to the pre-quantified values obtained from untreated\u0000RT. Among the five compounds, 4-N, N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde hydrazine\u0000(C18H22N4) had the highest ability to suppress HIV-RT. This molecule reduced HIV-RNA reverse\u0000transcription by more than 90% during RT-qPCR, which is a novel and promising strategy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000N, N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde hydrazine (C18H22N4) can suppress the activity\u0000of HIV-RT, and this effect becomes more pronounced as the concentration of the compound\u0000increases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141387953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.2174/0122113525315717240513051550
M. J. Prathyash Ushus, K. Siva Kumar, V. P. Shilpa, Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda, Sirajudheen Mukriyan Kallungal, Bharathi Periyasamy, Koteswari Peddi, Mahesh Kumar M.V.S., Satyanarayana Swamy Cheekatla
Fungi produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties. In search of novel antibacterial compounds recently, many fungi of marine and plant origin have been studied for their antimicrobial properties. This work aimed to study bio-prospect marine and endophytic fungi for their antibacterial properties. To determine the antibacterial properties of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal isolates. Intensive microbiological methods were followed for isolation, differential growth, and qualitative screening of enzyme production. The isolates were characterised and identified based on morpho-taxonomy, 18S rRNA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the tar-get genes. The antimicrobial activity of fungal ethyl acetate extracts against S. aureus, B. sub-tilis, and E. coli was evaluated using a well-diffusion method, and MIC was determined by the microdilution method. Cell lysis was observed through Transmission Electron Microscopy. A BLAST search of 18S rRNA gene sequences of the marine isolates GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 showed 99.3 % sequence similarity with A. glaucus for both isolates and that of endophyte GSBT E3 showed 99.7 % sequence similarity with B. pinkertoniae. Cellulase pro-duction was comparatively higher in GSBT E3 and lipase from GSBT S13 and GSBT S14. Ethyl acetate extracts of GSBT S14 and GSBT E3 showed a clear zone of inhibition by the well-diffusion method, further confirmed by electron microscopy. HR-TEM showed that the ethyl acetate extracts of the isolates appeared to damage the cell membrane, leading to cell shrinkage and death in E. coli and S. aureus. GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 exhibited extracellular amylase, cellulase, and lipase activities. Ethyl acetate extracts of both GSBT S14 and B. pinkertoniae GSBT E3 showed better antibacterial properties against S. aureus.
{"title":"Bioprospecting Antibacterial Properties of Fungi Isolated from Kakinada Sea Coast and Eucalyptus Foliage","authors":"M. J. Prathyash Ushus, K. Siva Kumar, V. P. Shilpa, Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda, Sirajudheen Mukriyan Kallungal, Bharathi Periyasamy, Koteswari Peddi, Mahesh Kumar M.V.S., Satyanarayana Swamy Cheekatla","doi":"10.2174/0122113525315717240513051550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525315717240513051550","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Fungi produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties. In search of novel antibacterial compounds recently, many fungi of marine and plant origin have been studied for their antimicrobial properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This work aimed to study bio-prospect marine and endophytic fungi for their antibacterial properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To determine the antibacterial properties of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal isolates.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Intensive microbiological methods were followed for isolation, differential growth, and qualitative screening of enzyme production. The isolates were characterised and identified based on morpho-taxonomy, 18S rRNA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the tar-get genes. The antimicrobial activity of fungal ethyl acetate extracts against S. aureus, B. sub-tilis, and E. coli was evaluated using a well-diffusion method, and MIC was determined by the microdilution method. Cell lysis was observed through Transmission Electron Microscopy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A BLAST search of 18S rRNA gene sequences of the marine isolates GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 showed 99.3 % sequence similarity with A. glaucus for both isolates and that of endophyte GSBT E3 showed 99.7 % sequence similarity with B. pinkertoniae. Cellulase pro-duction was comparatively higher in GSBT E3 and lipase from GSBT S13 and GSBT S14. Ethyl acetate extracts of GSBT S14 and GSBT E3 showed a clear zone of inhibition by the well-diffusion method, further confirmed by electron microscopy. HR-TEM showed that the ethyl acetate extracts of the isolates appeared to damage the cell membrane, leading to cell shrinkage and death in E. coli and S. aureus.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 exhibited extracellular amylase, cellulase, and lipase activities. Ethyl acetate extracts of both GSBT S14 and B. pinkertoniae GSBT E3 showed better antibacterial properties against S. aureus.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"51 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141109435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.2174/0122113525298269240429130911
Praveena Nanjan, B. V. Bose
One of the top-listed opportunistic pathogens that are frequently found in medical devices such as ventilation systems is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria often cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), blood after surgery, and other parts of the body. Extreme susceptibility to P. aeruginosa infection primarily exists in immunosuppressed individuals, and long-term evolution has led to the development of genetic resistance mechanisms that have high genetic flexibility against damaging antibiotics. Several lines of research evidence point to efflux as the primary reason for the organism's effectiveness against antibiotic treat-ment in infections caused by this bacterium. Drug Efflux pumps play a crucial role in medicine because they expulse a variety of unique and unrelated chemical structures with either antibi-otics or antimicrobials before they reach the concentration necessary to kill bacteria, confer-ring multiple resistance to more than one class of antibiotics. Targeting this mechanism for example by blocking the most active efflux pump MexAB-orpM would probably lead to the discovery of new ways to circumvent the bacterial system of antibiotic resistance and boost treatment effectiveness.
{"title":"Phytochemicals as Adjuvant Therapies in RND Efflux Mediated Multidrug Resisting Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections and Evaluations Techniques of Efflux Inhibitory Activities in Bacteria:","authors":"Praveena Nanjan, B. V. Bose","doi":"10.2174/0122113525298269240429130911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525298269240429130911","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000One of the top-listed opportunistic pathogens that are frequently found in medical devices such as ventilation systems is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria often cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), blood after surgery, and other parts of the body. Extreme susceptibility to P. aeruginosa infection primarily exists in immunosuppressed individuals, and long-term evolution has led to the development of genetic resistance mechanisms that have high genetic flexibility against damaging antibiotics. Several lines of research evidence point to efflux as the primary reason for the organism's effectiveness against antibiotic treat-ment in infections caused by this bacterium. Drug Efflux pumps play a crucial role in medicine because they expulse a variety of unique and unrelated chemical structures with either antibi-otics or antimicrobials before they reach the concentration necessary to kill bacteria, confer-ring multiple resistance to more than one class of antibiotics. Targeting this mechanism for example by blocking the most active efflux pump MexAB-orpM would probably lead to the discovery of new ways to circumvent the bacterial system of antibiotic resistance and boost treatment effectiveness.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"59 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140970243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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