Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.2174/0122113525284634231222071749
Ami Febriza, H. Idrus, V. Kasim
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Salmonella typhi will attach with Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and trigger an inflammatory response to fight the pathogen. Due to infection, the HMGB1 is produced by immune cells or secreted passively from dead cells. Fur-thermore, the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin was secreted to neutralize and eliminate these path-ogens. This study aims to examine the interaction of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), TLR-4, and HMGB-1 on inhibiting bacterial growth in Salmonella infection. This study is an experiment that uses a pre-post-test design. Mice balb/c were separated into three groups; group A received levofloxacin for five days, group B received a placebo, and group C was the control. Both groups, A and B, received an injection of S. Typhi strain thy1. Blood samples were taken from three groups on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 mRNA gene expression levels. To determine bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid was taken three times on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate bacterial colony. This study aim to examine the interaction of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), TLR-4, and HMGB-1 on inhibiting bacterial growth in Salmonella infection. Our finding observed that the expression of mRNA CAMP was inversely related to bacte-rial colony count, which means that higher CAMP mRNA expression was associated with reduced bacterial colony count in groups A and B. The expression of HMGB-1 mRNA was found to be positively correlated with bacterial growth in group A. Meanwhile, TLR-4 mRNA expression did not significantly correlate with bacterial colony count in any groups. This study is an experiment that uses a pre-post-test design. Mice balb/c were separated into three groups; group A received levofloxacin for five days, group B received a placebo, and group C was the control. Both groups, A and B, received an injection of S. Typhi strain thy1. Blood samples were taken from three groups on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 mRNA gene expression levels. To determine bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid was taken three times on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate bacterial colony. CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 affect bacterial infections. Higher expression CAMP mRNA levels lower colony counts. Meanwhile, decreasing TLR-4 and HMGB-1 mRNA expression were found during the study, due to reducing growth bacteria. The expression of mRNA CAMP and bacterial colony count correlated negatively. The expression of HMGB-1 mRNA correlated with bacterial growth. Higher CAMP mRNA expression was found to relate to reduced bacterial colony count in groups A and B using linear regression.
{"title":"Exploring the Role of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide, Toll-Like Receptor 4, and HMGB-1 in Bacterial Infection","authors":"Ami Febriza, H. Idrus, V. Kasim","doi":"10.2174/0122113525284634231222071749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525284634231222071749","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Salmonella typhi will attach with Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and trigger an inflammatory response to fight the pathogen. Due to infection, the HMGB1 is produced by immune cells or secreted passively from dead cells. Fur-thermore, the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin was secreted to neutralize and eliminate these path-ogens. This study aims to examine the interaction of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), TLR-4, and HMGB-1 on inhibiting bacterial growth in Salmonella infection.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study is an experiment that uses a pre-post-test design. Mice balb/c were separated into three groups; group A received levofloxacin for five days, group B received a placebo, and group C was the control. Both groups, A and B, received an injection of S. Typhi strain thy1. Blood samples were taken from three groups on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 mRNA gene expression levels. To determine bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid was taken three times on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate bacterial colony.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aim to examine the interaction of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), TLR-4, and HMGB-1 on inhibiting bacterial growth in Salmonella infection.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our finding observed that the expression of mRNA CAMP was inversely related to bacte-rial colony count, which means that higher CAMP mRNA expression was associated with reduced bacterial colony count in groups A and B. The expression of HMGB-1 mRNA was found to be positively correlated with bacterial growth in group A. Meanwhile, TLR-4 mRNA expression did not significantly correlate with bacterial colony count in any groups.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study is an experiment that uses a pre-post-test design. Mice balb/c were separated into three groups; group A received levofloxacin for five days, group B received a placebo, and group C was the control. Both groups, A and B, received an injection of S. Typhi strain thy1. Blood samples were taken from three groups on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 mRNA gene expression levels. To determine bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid was taken three times on the 4th, 10th, and 30th day to calculate bacterial colony.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CAMP, TLR-4, and HMGB-1 affect bacterial infections. Higher expression CAMP mRNA levels lower colony counts. Meanwhile, decreasing TLR-4 and HMGB-1 mRNA expression were found during the study, due to reducing growth bacteria.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The expression of mRNA CAMP and bacterial colony count correlated negatively. The expression of HMGB-1 mRNA correlated with bacterial growth. Higher CAMP mRNA expression was found to relate to reduced bacterial colony count in groups A and B using linear regression.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"43 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139533381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.2174/0122113525272349231210055403
Rashmi Saini, Mohammad I. Ali, Maya Pant, Ashish Warghane
Natural substances have been the principal source of medications since antiquity. Natural goods are gaining popularity as a source of novel medications. This article investigates a variety of variables like plant, marine, and microbial sources that contribute to the growing interest in natural goods as a source of novel medications. Viruses have remained resistant to treatment and prevention for a longer period than other forms of life. Viral diseases can currently only be treated with a limited number of drugs. Significant research initiatives have been committed to identifying novel antiviral natural compounds to fight viruses that harm people, plants, insects, animals, fungi, and microbes. A recent study of the prevalence and sources of antiviral medications licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has focused on natural products. Out of the estimated 250,000 higher plant species, only 5 to 15 percent have been thoroughly evaluated for the existence of bioactive substances in them, and the ability of the other species has hardly been investigated. This review aims to offer an overview of the crucial role played by natural products in the discovery and development of novel antiviral drugs with potent antiviral activity, including phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, chromones, alkaloids, lignans, phenols, tannins, proteins, peptides, antiviral plant extracts, other marine, and microbial sources.
{"title":"Current Status of Potential Antiviral Drugs Derived from Plant, Marine,\u0000and Microbial Sources","authors":"Rashmi Saini, Mohammad I. Ali, Maya Pant, Ashish Warghane","doi":"10.2174/0122113525272349231210055403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525272349231210055403","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Natural substances have been the principal source of medications since antiquity.\u0000Natural goods are gaining popularity as a source of novel medications. This article investigates a variety of variables like plant, marine, and microbial sources that contribute to the\u0000growing interest in natural goods as a source of novel medications. Viruses have remained\u0000resistant to treatment and prevention for a longer period than other forms of life. Viral diseases can currently only be treated with a limited number of drugs. Significant research initiatives have been committed to identifying novel antiviral natural compounds to fight viruses\u0000that harm people, plants, insects, animals, fungi, and microbes. A recent study of the prevalence and sources of antiviral medications licensed by the Food and Drug Administration\u0000(FDA) has focused on natural products. Out of the estimated 250,000 higher plant species,\u0000only 5 to 15 percent have been thoroughly evaluated for the existence of bioactive substances\u0000in them, and the ability of the other species has hardly been investigated. This review aims to\u0000offer an overview of the crucial role played by natural products in the discovery and development of novel antiviral drugs with potent antiviral activity, including phytochemicals such\u0000as carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, chromones, alkaloids, lignans, phenols, tannins,\u0000proteins, peptides, antiviral plant extracts, other marine, and microbial sources.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139628514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.2174/0122113525274800231120065500
Md. Rokonuzzaman, Atiqur Rahman, Abu Reza, Nilufar Yasmin Liz, S. Okay, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Ibrahim Demirtas
The species of the genus Ocimum has been used since ancient times in the Indian subcontinent to cure various illnesses. Essential oil from Ocimum species has antimicrobial activity. The main objective of this study was to extract essential oils from different parts of two Ocimum species and test their antimicrobial activity Hydrodistillation was used to extract essential oils from various parts of two basil species, CG_MS was used to identify the chemical compounds, and disk diffusion method was used to assess their antimicrobial activity. A total of sixty-seven chemical compounds from Ocimum sanctum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. were identified using GC-MS. Among them, eugenol (1.00-27.66%), methyl eugenol (0.78-28.52%), β-elemene (5.10-20.98%), caryophyllene (0.94-43.18%), caryophyllene oxide (1.1-10.81%), palmitic acid methyl ester (3.20-21.38%), oleic acid methyl ester (2.91-40.7%) and linoleic acid methyl ester (1.55-74.71%) comprised the majority of the makeup of essential oils, due to diverse plant species and body sections, the percentage differed significantly. The essential oils contained monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aldehydes/ketonic derivatives in the flower and leaf parts of O. sanctum and the leaf part of O. gratissimum. The essential oils of these Ocimum species showed good antibacterial activities against the bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis with inhibition zones ranging from 10-36 mm. These two species of Ocimum showed significant variation in chemical composition and antibacterial activity.
自古以来，印度次大陆的人们就一直使用欧加木属植物来治疗各种疾病。欧加木属植物的精油具有抗菌活性。 本研究的主要目的是从两种欧加木属植物的不同部位提取精油，并测试其抗菌活性。研究人员采用水蒸馏法从两种罗勒属植物的不同部位提取精油，用 CG_MS 方法鉴定化合物，并用盘式扩散法评估其抗菌活性。 采用气相色谱-质谱法从 Ocimum sanctum L. 和 Ocimum gratissimum L. 中鉴定出了 67 种化合物。其中，丁香酚（1.00-27.66%）、甲基丁香酚（0.78-28.52%）、β-榄香烯（5.10-20.98%）、茶叶烯（0.94-43.18%）、氧化茶叶烯（1.1-10.81%）、棕榈酸甲酯（3.20-21.38%）、油酸甲酯（2.由于植物种类和身体部位的不同，所占比例也有很大差异。在圣女果（O. sanctum）的花和叶部分以及欧加桑（O. gratissimum）的叶部分中，精油含有单萜、倍半萜和醛/酮衍生物。这些欧加木物种的精油对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌等细菌具有良好的抗菌活性，抑菌区范围为 10-36 毫米。 这两种欧加木在化学成分和抗菌活性方面存在显著差异。
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oils from Two Ocimum Species","authors":"Md. Rokonuzzaman, Atiqur Rahman, Abu Reza, Nilufar Yasmin Liz, S. Okay, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Ibrahim Demirtas","doi":"10.2174/0122113525274800231120065500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525274800231120065500","url":null,"abstract":"The species of the genus Ocimum has been used since ancient times in the Indian subcontinent to cure various illnesses. Essential oil from Ocimum species has antimicrobial activity. The main objective of this study was to extract essential oils from different parts of two Ocimum species and test their antimicrobial activity Hydrodistillation was used to extract essential oils from various parts of two basil species, CG_MS was used to identify the chemical compounds, and disk diffusion method was used to assess their antimicrobial activity. A total of sixty-seven chemical compounds from Ocimum sanctum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. were identified using GC-MS. Among them, eugenol (1.00-27.66%), methyl eugenol (0.78-28.52%), β-elemene (5.10-20.98%), caryophyllene (0.94-43.18%), caryophyllene oxide (1.1-10.81%), palmitic acid methyl ester (3.20-21.38%), oleic acid methyl ester (2.91-40.7%) and linoleic acid methyl ester (1.55-74.71%) comprised the majority of the makeup of essential oils, due to diverse plant species and body sections, the percentage differed significantly. The essential oils contained monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aldehydes/ketonic derivatives in the flower and leaf parts of O. sanctum and the leaf part of O. gratissimum. The essential oils of these Ocimum species showed good antibacterial activities against the bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis with inhibition zones ranging from 10-36 mm. These two species of Ocimum showed significant variation in chemical composition and antibacterial activity.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"28 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.2174/0122113525276208231116121402
A. A. El-Rashedy, Asmaa A. Magd El-Din, Nabil M. Yousif, Mahmoud N. M. Yousif
Preparation of benzimidazole derivatives have become the interest of many chemists because of the versatile therapeutic activity of benzimidazoles as antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-viral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anthelmintic drugs. This review will de-scribe the most recent research on benzimidazole synthesis.
{"title":"Recent Trends on Synthesis of Benzimidazoles","authors":"A. A. El-Rashedy, Asmaa A. Magd El-Din, Nabil M. Yousif, Mahmoud N. M. Yousif","doi":"10.2174/0122113525276208231116121402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525276208231116121402","url":null,"abstract":"Preparation of benzimidazole derivatives have become the interest of many chemists because of the versatile therapeutic activity of benzimidazoles as antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-viral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anthelmintic drugs. This review will de-scribe the most recent research on benzimidazole synthesis.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.2174/0122113525259607231020063637
Zahra Tolou Ghamari
Health care associated with multiresistant pathogens is rising globally. As nosocomial infections (NIs) could increase hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and disability, therefore the aim of this preliminary study was to define antibiotics and pathogens associated with NIs in a main tertiary hospital in Isfahan, Iran. The data were extracted from the official database of hospital NIs records. For each patient, the reported infections were abbreviated as: UTI-SUTI, VAE-PVAP, BSI-LCBI, SSI-DIP and so on. For continuous variables, mean ± standard deviation, and for categorical varia-bles, frequency was used. To define and rank nosocomial infections in a tertiary hospital The study population was 5542 patients, comprised of males (n=3282) and females (n=2260). With a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 99, the mean age in 5313 patients was 58.5 ± 19.1 years old. The highest reported NIs (n= 77%) were associated with the ages between 30-80 years old. Sites of NIs in 93% were as: VAE-PVAP- VAE-IVAC; 31%, UTI-SUTI; 30%, SSI-DIP; 19%, BSI-LCBI; 13%, and other individual infection (7%) with the main pathogens associated with Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida and Staphylococcus spp. Antibiotic susceptibilty testing showed the most sensitivity of isolates against Vancomycin (62%), Gentamicin (59%), Ampicillin (44%), Amikacin (35%) and Co-trimoxazol (32%). The data were extracted from the official database of hospital nosocomial infections records that were included 9152 vertical row. For each patient the reported infections were coded by number as: UTI-SUTI; Code 55, VAE-PVAP; Code 56, BSI-LCBI Code 19, SSI-DIP; Code 14 and so on. For continuous variables mean ± standard deviation and for categorical variables frequency were used. As most NIs are avoidable, for commissioning an efficient surveillance system, further study of pathogens in relation to evidence-based antibiotic-therapy and advanced infection control program is suggested to be valuable. The study population were 5542 patients, comprised of males (n=3282) and females (n=2260). With a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 99, the mean age in 5313 patients was 58.5 ± 19.1 years old. The highest reported nosocomial infections (n= 77%) were associated with the ages between 30-80 years old. Sites of nosocomial infections in 87% were as: VAE-PVAP; 27.3%, VAE-IVAC; 7.7, UTI-SUTI; 29.5%, BSI-LCBI; 12.9%, SSI-DIP; 9.5% and other individual infection (13%) with the main pathogens associated with klebsiella, acinetobacter baumannii and staphylococcus. Antibiotics reported to R and S were ranked as; Co-trimoxazol (R; 2244, S; 1019), Amikacin (R; 1878, S; 1011), Ceftazidim (R; 2332, S; 546), Meropenem (R; 1920, S; 951) and Cefipime (R; 2243, S; 588).
{"title":"Preliminary Study of Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing and Pathogens Associated with Nosocomial Infections in a Tertiary Hospital","authors":"Zahra Tolou Ghamari","doi":"10.2174/0122113525259607231020063637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525259607231020063637","url":null,"abstract":"Health care associated with multiresistant pathogens is rising globally. As nosocomial infections (NIs) could increase hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and disability, therefore the aim of this preliminary study was to define antibiotics and pathogens associated with NIs in a main tertiary hospital in Isfahan, Iran. The data were extracted from the official database of hospital NIs records. For each patient, the reported infections were abbreviated as: UTI-SUTI, VAE-PVAP, BSI-LCBI, SSI-DIP and so on. For continuous variables, mean ± standard deviation, and for categorical varia-bles, frequency was used. To define and rank nosocomial infections in a tertiary hospital The study population was 5542 patients, comprised of males (n=3282) and females (n=2260). With a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 99, the mean age in 5313 patients was 58.5 ± 19.1 years old. The highest reported NIs (n= 77%) were associated with the ages between 30-80 years old. Sites of NIs in 93% were as: VAE-PVAP- VAE-IVAC; 31%, UTI-SUTI; 30%, SSI-DIP; 19%, BSI-LCBI; 13%, and other individual infection (7%) with the main pathogens associated with Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida and Staphylococcus spp. Antibiotic susceptibilty testing showed the most sensitivity of isolates against Vancomycin (62%), Gentamicin (59%), Ampicillin (44%), Amikacin (35%) and Co-trimoxazol (32%). The data were extracted from the official database of hospital nosocomial infections records that were included 9152 vertical row. For each patient the reported infections were coded by number as: UTI-SUTI; Code 55, VAE-PVAP; Code 56, BSI-LCBI Code 19, SSI-DIP; Code 14 and so on. For continuous variables mean ± standard deviation and for categorical variables frequency were used. As most NIs are avoidable, for commissioning an efficient surveillance system, further study of pathogens in relation to evidence-based antibiotic-therapy and advanced infection control program is suggested to be valuable. The study population were 5542 patients, comprised of males (n=3282) and females (n=2260). With a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 99, the mean age in 5313 patients was 58.5 ± 19.1 years old. The highest reported nosocomial infections (n= 77%) were associated with the ages between 30-80 years old. Sites of nosocomial infections in 87% were as: VAE-PVAP; 27.3%, VAE-IVAC; 7.7, UTI-SUTI; 29.5%, BSI-LCBI; 12.9%, SSI-DIP; 9.5% and other individual infection (13%) with the main pathogens associated with klebsiella, acinetobacter baumannii and staphylococcus. Antibiotics reported to R and S were ranked as; Co-trimoxazol (R; 2244, S; 1019), Amikacin (R; 1878, S; 1011), Ceftazidim (R; 2332, S; 546), Meropenem (R; 1920, S; 951) and Cefipime (R; 2243, S; 588).","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.2174/0122113525258170231016081424
Zahra Tolou-Ghamari
Nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTIs) are the most frequently acquired infection worldwide. This retrospective study aimed to determine the type of pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility testing in hospital-acquired UTIs. Information from the recorded official database of the Alzahra, Isfahan/Iran tertiary specialist hospital was obtained. Urine was collected based on two methods: 1) central stream and 2) with a urinary catheter in place. The incidence of acquired infections (NUTIs-SUTI; Code 55) was described as a percentage. The statistical calculations were conducted using the statistical software. There were 2210 recorded NUTIs comprised of 1115 males and 1095 females. Among the total recorded data with NUTIs, 251 records were associated with deaths. The distribution of hospital stays in 57% was between 2-30 days. Available data showed that Candida (23%), Escherichia coli (22%), Klebsiella pneumonia (17%), and Enterococcus (faeciumfecalis; 12%) were the most ranked microorganisms in patients with NUTIs. Sensitivity tests for Escherichia coli associated with different antibiotics were ranked as; 1) Meropenem (n= 160; S= 66%), 2) Vancomycin (n= 53; S= 64%), 3) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 144; S= 58%), 4) Amikacin (n= 146; S= 44%), 5) Co-trimoxazole (n= 153; S=42%), 6) Penicillin (n=79; S=41%), 7) Cefepime (n=143; S=31%), 8) Ceftazidime (n=142; S=31%), 9) Ciprofloxacin (n=204; S=25%). Sensitivity tests for Klebsiella pneumonia associated with different antibiotics were ranked as; 1) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 110; S= 55%), 2) Amikacin (n= 125; S= 55%), and 3) Ciprofloxacin (n=177; S=23%). Sensitivity tests for Enterococcus (faecium-fecalis) associated with different antibiotics were ranked as; 1) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 79; S= 62%), 2) Amikacin (n= 83; S= 64%) and 3) Ciprofloxacin (n=120; S=30%). Within the population studied, while Ciprofloxacin showed less than 30% sensitivity, Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Amikacin exhibited a sensitivity of more than 50% regarding Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus (faecium-fecalis) need further evidence-based investigations
{"title":"Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections in a Tertiary Hospital; Preliminary Study of Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing and Pathogen Types","authors":"Zahra Tolou-Ghamari","doi":"10.2174/0122113525258170231016081424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525258170231016081424","url":null,"abstract":"Nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTIs) are the most frequently\u0000acquired infection worldwide. This retrospective study aimed to determine the type of pathogens\u0000and antibiotic susceptibility testing in hospital-acquired UTIs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Information from the recorded official database of the Alzahra, Isfahan/Iran tertiary\u0000specialist hospital was obtained. Urine was collected based on two methods: 1) central stream\u0000and 2) with a urinary catheter in place. The incidence of acquired infections (NUTIs-SUTI; Code\u000055) was described as a percentage. The statistical calculations were conducted using the statistical software. There were 2210 recorded NUTIs comprised of 1115 males and 1095 females.\u0000Among the total recorded data with NUTIs, 251 records were associated with deaths. The distribution of hospital stays in 57% was between 2-30 days. Available data showed that Candida\u0000(23%), Escherichia coli (22%), Klebsiella pneumonia (17%), and Enterococcus (faeciumfecalis; 12%) were the most ranked microorganisms in patients with NUTIs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Sensitivity tests for Escherichia coli associated with different antibiotics were ranked\u0000as; 1) Meropenem (n= 160; S= 66%), 2) Vancomycin (n= 53; S= 64%), 3) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 144; S= 58%), 4) Amikacin (n= 146; S= 44%), 5) Co-trimoxazole (n= 153; S=42%),\u00006) Penicillin (n=79; S=41%), 7) Cefepime (n=143; S=31%), 8) Ceftazidime (n=142; S=31%),\u00009) Ciprofloxacin (n=204; S=25%). Sensitivity tests for Klebsiella pneumonia associated with\u0000different antibiotics were ranked as; 1) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 110; S= 55%), 2) Amikacin\u0000(n= 125; S= 55%), and 3) Ciprofloxacin (n=177; S=23%). Sensitivity tests for Enterococcus\u0000(faecium-fecalis) associated with different antibiotics were ranked as; 1) Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n= 79; S= 62%), 2) Amikacin (n= 83; S= 64%) and 3) Ciprofloxacin (n=120; S=30%).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Within the population studied, while Ciprofloxacin showed less than 30% sensitivity, Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Amikacin exhibited a sensitivity of more than 50% regarding\u0000Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus (faecium-fecalis) need further evidence-based investigations","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135169335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.2174/0122113525258072230920074245
Abin V. Geevarghese
Abstract: The monkeypox virus, which was historically common in West and Central Africa, is the source of the zoonotic disease known as monkeypox. Instances, however, have recently been confirmed in a few non-endemic nations outside of Africa. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO labeled the current monkeypox epidemic a public health emergency of global concern on July 23, 2022. The international society may be in jeopardy due to the rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases. Current epidemiological statistics indicate that the high frequency of transmission from person to person might result in additional epidemics, especially among guys who have sex with males. Despite certain therapeutic benefits of already prescribed pharmaceuticals, there is an urgent need for the creation of antiviral therapies and vaccinations to ward off the monkeypox virus. We offer pertinent information to help people understand the monkeypox virus and help medical professionals in stopping the spread of the monkeypox virus.
{"title":"Monkey Pox: Virology, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Approaches","authors":"Abin V. Geevarghese","doi":"10.2174/0122113525258072230920074245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525258072230920074245","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The monkeypox virus, which was historically common in West and Central Africa, is the source of the zoonotic disease known as monkeypox. Instances, however, have recently been confirmed in a few non-endemic nations outside of Africa. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO labeled the current monkeypox epidemic a public health emergency of global concern on July 23, 2022. The international society may be in jeopardy due to the rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases. Current epidemiological statistics indicate that the high frequency of transmission from person to person might result in additional epidemics, especially among guys who have sex with males. Despite certain therapeutic benefits of already prescribed pharmaceuticals, there is an urgent need for the creation of antiviral therapies and vaccinations to ward off the monkeypox virus. We offer pertinent information to help people understand the monkeypox virus and help medical professionals in stopping the spread of the monkeypox virus.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136015146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.2174/0122113525268198230921071016
Vedavathi R, Umesh Laddi
Abstract: The present review aims to summarize the antitubercular profile of 1,2,4-triazole, one of the emerging entitled and most sought scaffold with a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. A systematic review of literature on ‘Heterocycles’, establishes the fact that 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives exhibit diverse activities. The 1,2,4-triazole core is found in therapeutically significant drugs and many new ones are in the pipeline. ‘Triazole pharmacophore’ has replaced the widely used ‘imidazole’ as ‘systemically integral azole’ by connecting synchronicity with serendipity. Triazoles are penetratingly studied as ‘diverse therapeutic agents’, due to the improved efficacy and reduced side effects. The extensive anthology of work carried out in the last two decades on 1,2,4-triazole moiety will provide imminent scope for the development of novel potential drugs having better efficacy selectivity and reduced toxicity.
{"title":"A Review on Emerging Impact of Antitubercular Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives","authors":"Vedavathi R, Umesh Laddi","doi":"10.2174/0122113525268198230921071016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525268198230921071016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The present review aims to summarize the antitubercular profile of 1,2,4-triazole, one of the emerging entitled and most sought scaffold with a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. A systematic review of literature on ‘Heterocycles’, establishes the fact that 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives exhibit diverse activities. The 1,2,4-triazole core is found in therapeutically significant drugs and many new ones are in the pipeline. ‘Triazole pharmacophore’ has replaced the widely used ‘imidazole’ as ‘systemically integral azole’ by connecting synchronicity with serendipity. Triazoles are penetratingly studied as ‘diverse therapeutic agents’, due to the improved efficacy and reduced side effects. The extensive anthology of work carried out in the last two decades on 1,2,4-triazole moiety will provide imminent scope for the development of novel potential drugs having better efficacy selectivity and reduced toxicity.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136254094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Psoriasis is a persistent skin condition for which only symptom management is currently available. Topical and systemic medicines, physical therapy, and other methods are all part of the standard treatment strategy. New medication delivery methods for psoriasis are urgently needed because of the present methods' shortcomings. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive description of microneedles as well as their development in the treatment of psoriasis and the clinical challenges associated with them. Discussion: The microneedle (MNs) technology is better than other transdermal delivery methods because it has so many benefits, including low invasiveness, painlessness, simplicity, and enhanced patient compliance. Coated microneedles, hollow microneedles, dissolving microneedles, and solid microneedles are the four basic categories into which researchers have so far sorted the fast-expanding area of microneedles. Each of these kinds of microneedles offers its own unique advantages due to their unique properties and layout. Conclusion: MNs may significantly improve transdermal medication penetration by mechanically opening skin micropores. Meanwhile, this method demonstrates distinct benefits over injection and oral delivery, such as painless application, the least amount of intrusion, the simplicity of self-administration, and avoiding the first-pass impact.
{"title":"Advances in Microneedle-Based Approaches for Skin Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives","authors":"Suraj Kumar, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Rishabha Malviya, Md. Aftab Alam, Sakshi Sagar","doi":"10.2174/2211352521666230911155555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352521666230911155555","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Psoriasis is a persistent skin condition for which only symptom management is currently available. Topical and systemic medicines, physical therapy, and other methods are all part of the standard treatment strategy. New medication delivery methods for psoriasis are urgently needed because of the present methods' shortcomings. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive description of microneedles as well as their development in the treatment of psoriasis and the clinical challenges associated with them. Discussion: The microneedle (MNs) technology is better than other transdermal delivery methods because it has so many benefits, including low invasiveness, painlessness, simplicity, and enhanced patient compliance. Coated microneedles, hollow microneedles, dissolving microneedles, and solid microneedles are the four basic categories into which researchers have so far sorted the fast-expanding area of microneedles. Each of these kinds of microneedles offers its own unique advantages due to their unique properties and layout. Conclusion: MNs may significantly improve transdermal medication penetration by mechanically opening skin micropores. Meanwhile, this method demonstrates distinct benefits over injection and oral delivery, such as painless application, the least amount of intrusion, the simplicity of self-administration, and avoiding the first-pass impact.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136023840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficacious penetration of antimicrobials at infectious sites and the reduction of microbial resistance development are critical in controlling the effective treatment of post-operative wound infection. To create the enhanced antimicrobial topical films, a solvent casting method for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CiproHCl) loaded eucalyptus oil (EO) containing low molecular weight chitosan films was used. Nine batches of CiproHCl with varying chitosan and glycerol concentrations were prepared and tested. Additionally, optimised CiproHCl films with EO were created and tested. The antimicrobial activity of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films against S. Aureus, E. Coli, and B. Subtilus was tested. The FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC analysis revealed no interaction between the drug and any of the other excipients, and the drug remained amorphous in chitosan film. The SEM analysis revealed that the prepared CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films had smooth surfaces and large agglomerates. In vitro drug release testing revealed that the EO-loaded films have a sustained release profile of up to 16 hours with a cumulative drug release of 96.83%. In an ex vivo drug permeation study, CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films demonstrated 2.44 times more permeation flux than CiproHCl-alone films. After six months, the stability study revealed that the CiproHCl-loaded EO-loaded EO-containing film showed no significant change in drug release profile or folding endurance. This present study highlights the possible usage of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films in enhanced post-operative wound treatment.
{"title":"Fabrication of Eucalyptus Oil-loaded Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Topical Films for Enhanced Treatment of Post-operative Wound Infection","authors":"Rakeshkumar Parmar, Nimisha Kalal, Janki Patel, Payal Chauhan","doi":"10.2174/2211352521666230905140633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352521666230905140633","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The efficacious penetration of antimicrobials at infectious sites and the reduction of microbial resistance development are critical in controlling the effective treatment of post-operative wound infection.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To create the enhanced antimicrobial topical films, a solvent casting method for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CiproHCl) loaded eucalyptus oil (EO) containing low molecular weight chitosan films was used. Nine batches of CiproHCl with varying chitosan and glycerol concentrations were prepared and tested. Additionally, optimised CiproHCl films with EO were created and tested. The antimicrobial activity of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films against S. Aureus, E. Coli, and B. Subtilus was tested.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC analysis revealed no interaction between the drug and any of the other excipients, and the drug remained amorphous in chitosan film. The SEM analysis revealed that the prepared CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films had smooth surfaces and large agglomerates. In vitro drug release testing revealed that the EO-loaded films have a sustained release profile of up to 16 hours with a cumulative drug release of 96.83%. In an ex vivo drug permeation study, CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films demonstrated 2.44 times more permeation flux than CiproHCl-alone films. After six months, the stability study revealed that the CiproHCl-loaded EO-loaded EO-containing film showed no significant change in drug release profile or folding endurance.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This present study highlights the possible usage of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films in enhanced post-operative wound treatment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45946924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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