Thermal Engineering最新文献_第6页

Numerical Investigation of a Developed Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Channel with Single-Sided Internal Ribs 带单侧内肋的矩形水道中已形成湍流和传热的数值研究

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524020083

V. V. Ris, S. A. Galaev, A. M. Levchenya, I. B. Pisarevskii

Abstract

The problem of a fully developed turbulent flow and developed heat transfer was solved numerically at a Reynolds number ranging from 5 × 10⁴ to 2 × 10⁵ for a spatially periodic model of a one-sided ribbed channel as a prototype of the flow path of an internal convective cooling system for a gas turbine blade. The flow and heat transfer were investigated at the Prandtl number of 0.7. The channel has a rectangular cross-section with an aspect ratio of 1.5. Square ribs with a 10% rib-to-channel height ratio are installed on one of the wide channel walls at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis of the channel. To quantify the effect of ribs on the flow and heat transfer, the integral parameters, such as hydraulic resistance factor and Nusselt number determined from the grid-converged solutions, are compared with the integral parameters for a fully developed flow and heat transfer in a smooth channel predicted by the same numerical method. The results of numerical simulation for the ribbed channel are also compared with published experimental data obtained under partly similar conditions. The predicted hydraulic resistance factor agrees well with the experiment. The predicted heat transfer agrees with the experiment within 11%, but the trends in heat transfer with increasing Reynolds number obtained using numerical and physical simulation are different. This difference may be caused by the fact that fully developed heat transfer could not be attained in the short experimental channel. Analytical power-law dependences on the Reynolds number are obtained for the hydraulic resistance factor and the Nusselt number pertaining to all channel walls and only to the ribbed wall. It is pointed out that the hydraulic resistance factor depends weakly on the Reynolds number, which is typical for local resistances, and the dependences for Nusselt numbers corrected for the specifics of the problem are close to the dependences for near-wall layers and flows in smooth channels.

摘要以燃气轮机叶片内部对流冷却系统的流道为原型，在雷诺数为 5 × 104 到 2 × 105 的范围内，对单侧棱形通道的空间周期模型进行了全展开湍流和展开传热的数值求解。在普朗特数为 0.7 时对流动和传热进行了研究。通道的横截面为矩形，长宽比为 1.5。在其中一个宽通道壁上安装了与通道纵轴成 45° 角的方形肋条，肋条与通道的高度比为 10%。为了量化肋条对流动和传热的影响，将网格合并求解得出的积分参数，如水力阻力系数和努塞尔特数，与相同数值方法预测的光滑渠道中充分发展的流动和传热的积分参数进行了比较。此外，还将带肋水道的数值模拟结果与在部分类似条件下获得的公开实验数据进行了比较。预测的水力阻力系数与实验结果非常吻合。预测的传热量与实验的吻合度在 11% 以内，但数值模拟和物理模拟得出的传热量随雷诺数增加的趋势不同。造成这种差异的原因可能是在短实验通道中无法实现充分发展的传热。通过分析雷诺数与水力阻力系数和努塞尔特数之间的幂律关系，得到了与所有通道壁相关的水力阻力系数和努塞尔特数，而仅与肋壁相关。结果表明，水力阻力系数对雷诺数的依赖性很弱，这是局部阻力的典型表现，而根据问题的具体情况修正后的努塞尔特数的依赖性接近于近壁层和光滑水道中流动的依赖性。

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of a Developed Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Channel with Single-Sided Internal Ribs","authors":"V. V. Ris, S. A. Galaev, A. M. Levchenya, I. B. Pisarevskii","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524020083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524020083","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The problem of a fully developed turbulent flow and developed heat transfer was solved numerically at a Reynolds number ranging from 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2 × 10<sup>5</sup> for a spatially periodic model of a one-sided ribbed channel as a prototype of the flow path of an internal convective cooling system for a gas turbine blade. The flow and heat transfer were investigated at the Prandtl number of 0.7. The channel has a rectangular cross-section with an aspect ratio of 1.5. Square ribs with a 10% rib-to-channel height ratio are installed on one of the wide channel walls at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis of the channel. To quantify the effect of ribs on the flow and heat transfer, the integral parameters, such as hydraulic resistance factor and Nusselt number determined from the grid-converged solutions, are compared with the integral parameters for a fully developed flow and heat transfer in a smooth channel predicted by the same numerical method. The results of numerical simulation for the ribbed channel are also compared with published experimental data obtained under partly similar conditions. The predicted hydraulic resistance factor agrees well with the experiment. The predicted heat transfer agrees with the experiment within 11%, but the trends in heat transfer with increasing Reynolds number obtained using numerical and physical simulation are different. This difference may be caused by the fact that fully developed heat transfer could not be attained in the short experimental channel. Analytical power-law dependences on the Reynolds number are obtained for the hydraulic resistance factor and the Nusselt number pertaining to all channel walls and only to the ribbed wall. It is pointed out that the hydraulic resistance factor depends weakly on the Reynolds number, which is typical for local resistances, and the dependences for Nusselt numbers corrected for the specifics of the problem are close to the dependences for near-wall layers and flows in smooth channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Substantiation by Calculation of a System for Hydrogen Production from Biomass Using Chemical Looping Gasification 通过计算证实利用化学循环气化从生物质制氢的系统

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524020058

D. S. Litun, G. A. Ryabov

Abstract

Modern requirements for the production of hydrogen with a minimum carbon footprint, the possibility of using polygenerating systems for production of electricity, heat, or useful products, and chemical-looping technologies for producing hydrogen combined with capture of carbon dioxide are considered. A new system has been developed that integrates the use of biomass as a fuel, chemical looping, and syngas production in a polygenerating system of interconnected reactors, which is very promising in maximizing the effectiveness of hydrogen production without a carbon footprint (or with a negative carbon footprint). A procedure and results of calculations of the composition and consumption of generator gas, material balance of a chemical looping system, heat values of chemical reactions in a system of interconnected reactors, heat balance and temperatures in individual reactors, and heat and material balances in exhaust gas heat recovery units are presented. The effect of the main operating conditions of a chemical looping system on temperatures in the reactors was determined on the basis of the calculated and material balances. The calculated efficiency in terms of hydrogen production (75.93%) is given. This value fits well into the broad outline of the results obtained in simulation of similar systems for chemical looping hydrogen production from metal oxides and can be considered as a guideline when developing engineering solutions within the scope of the proposed process flow diagram. Potential directions of further studies are set.

摘要考虑了以最小碳足迹生产氢气的现代要求，使用多联产系统生产电力、热能或有用产品的可能性，以及结合二氧化碳捕获生产氢气的化学循环技术。目前已开发出一种新系统，将生物质作为燃料、化学循环和合成气生产整合到一个由相互连接的反应器组成的多联产系统中，这对于在不产生碳足迹（或负碳足迹）的情况下最大限度地提高氢气生产效率非常有前途。本文介绍了发电机气体成分和消耗、化学循环系统的物料平衡、互联反应器系统中化学反应的热值、单个反应器的热平衡和温度以及废气热回收装置的热平衡和物料平衡的计算过程和结果。根据计算结果和物料平衡，确定了化学循环系统的主要运行条件对反应器温度的影响。计算得出的制氢效率为 75.93%。这一数值与模拟类似的金属氧化物化学循环制氢系统所获得的结果大体一致，可作为在拟议工艺流程图范围内制定工程解决方案时的指导原则。此外，还提出了进一步研究的潜在方向。

{"title":"Substantiation by Calculation of a System for Hydrogen Production from Biomass Using Chemical Looping Gasification","authors":"D. S. Litun, G. A. Ryabov","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524020058","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Modern requirements for the production of hydrogen with a minimum carbon footprint, the possibility of using polygenerating systems for production of electricity, heat, or useful products, and chemical-looping technologies for producing hydrogen combined with capture of carbon dioxide are considered. A new system has been developed that integrates the use of biomass as a fuel, chemical looping, and syngas production in a polygenerating system of interconnected reactors, which is very promising in maximizing the effectiveness of hydrogen production without a carbon footprint (or with a negative carbon footprint). A procedure and results of calculations of the composition and consumption of generator gas, material balance of a chemical looping system, heat values of chemical reactions in a system of interconnected reactors, heat balance and temperatures in individual reactors, and heat and material balances in exhaust gas heat recovery units are presented. The effect of the main operating conditions of a chemical looping system on temperatures in the reactors was determined on the basis of the calculated and material balances. The calculated efficiency in terms of hydrogen production (75.93%) is given. This value fits well into the broad outline of the results obtained in simulation of similar systems for chemical looping hydrogen production from metal oxides and can be considered as a guideline when developing engineering solutions within the scope of the proposed process flow diagram. Potential directions of further studies are set.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determining the Optimum Pressure Differential Across the Control Valve of a Hydroturbine Driven Pump 确定水轮机驱动泵控制阀上的最佳压差

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524020071

A. V. Popov, E. N. Kulakov, P. A. Kruglikov, F. A. Svyatkin, P. G. Pavlov, R. S. Tarasenko, I. B. Denisova, A. V. Proukhin

Abstract

When using lead as a primary circuit coolant, certain difficulties arise not only from the side of the reactor plant (structural materials, fuel, etc.) but also from the side of the steam turbine cycle. A feature of the second circuit of a lead-cooled NPP is noted, such as the need to maintain a high temperature of the feedwater in front of the steam generator, caused by its melting/freezing temperature. For the pilot demonstration power unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor plant, it was decided to use a mixing feedwater heater, which entailed the appearance of a second rise in the feed pump circuit. Due to the lack of electric drive pumps for such high parameters, it was proposed to use a hydraulic turbine driven pump as a feed pump behind the mixing feedwater heater. These pumps have a significant impact on efficiency due to the multistage energy conversion, and there is no recommendation for selecting resistance on the control valve of these pumps. A computational study was carried out to determine the optimal pressure drop on the control valve of the hydraulic turbine drive of the feed pump of the power unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor plant. Optimal is understood as the ultimate minimum differential at which the valve is able to carry out regulation with specified quality criteria and ensure the lowest energy consumption for its own needs. Recommendations are given for choosing the optimal pressure drop on the control valve of the hydraulic turbine drive of the feed pump of a turbine unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor. A methodology has been developed for solving problems of optimizing pressure drop in units of complex hydraulic systems.

摘要当使用铅作为一回路冷却剂时，不仅会在反应堆厂房（结构材料、燃料等）方面产生一些困难，而且还会在蒸汽轮机循环方面产生一些困难。我们注意到铅冷核电站二回路的一个特点，如蒸汽发生器前的给水需要保持较高的温度，这是由其熔化/冻结温度引起的。在 BREST-OD-300 反应堆厂房的试验示范动力装置中，决定使用混合给水加热器，这就需要在给水泵回路中再增加一个加热器。由于缺乏适用于如此高参数的电力驱动泵，因此建议在混合给水加热器后面使用水轮机驱动泵作为给水泵。由于多级能量转换，这些泵对效率有很大影响，而且没有关于选择这些泵控制阀阻力的建议。我们进行了一项计算研究，以确定 BREST-OD-300 反应堆发电装置给水泵水轮机驱动控制阀的最佳压降。最佳压差被理解为阀门能够按照规定的质量标准进行调节并确保自身需要的最低能耗的最终最小压差。建议如何选择 BREST-OD-300 反应堆汽轮机组进料泵水轮机驱动控制阀的最佳压降。为解决复杂液压系统机组压降优化问题开发了一种方法。

{"title":"Determining the Optimum Pressure Differential Across the Control Valve of a Hydroturbine Driven Pump","authors":"A. V. Popov, E. N. Kulakov, P. A. Kruglikov, F. A. Svyatkin, P. G. Pavlov, R. S. Tarasenko, I. B. Denisova, A. V. Proukhin","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524020071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524020071","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>When using lead as a primary circuit coolant, certain difficulties arise not only from the side of the reactor plant (structural materials, fuel, etc.) but also from the side of the steam turbine cycle. A feature of the second circuit of a lead-cooled NPP is noted, such as the need to maintain a high temperature of the feedwater in front of the steam generator, caused by its melting/freezing temperature. For the pilot demonstration power unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor plant, it was decided to use a mixing feedwater heater, which entailed the appearance of a second rise in the feed pump circuit. Due to the lack of electric drive pumps for such high parameters, it was proposed to use a hydraulic turbine driven pump as a feed pump behind the mixing feedwater heater. These pumps have a significant impact on efficiency due to the multistage energy conversion, and there is no recommendation for selecting resistance on the control valve of these pumps. A computational study was carried out to determine the optimal pressure drop on the control valve of the hydraulic turbine drive of the feed pump of the power unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor plant. Optimal is understood as the ultimate minimum differential at which the valve is able to carry out regulation with specified quality criteria and ensure the lowest energy consumption for its own needs. Recommendations are given for choosing the optimal pressure drop on the control valve of the hydraulic turbine drive of the feed pump of a turbine unit with the BREST-OD-300 reactor. A methodology has been developed for solving problems of optimizing pressure drop in units of complex hydraulic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the Effectiveness of NPP Participation in Covering Peak Electrical Loads Based on Hydrogen Technology 评估基于氢能技术的核电厂参与应对峰值电力负荷的效果

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524020010

R. Z. Aminov, A. N. Egorov, A. N. Bayramov

Abstract

One of the goals of the Russian Energy Strategy until 2035 is the development of hydrogen energy, namely, achieving global leadership in the export of hydrogen obtained from the use of energy from renewable sources and nuclear power plants. Further development of nuclear energy involves its production at existing nuclear power plants. One of the real examples is the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant. Currently, active research is being conducted in the field of hydrogen energy, and effective technologies for water electrolysis and reversible fuel cells (RFC) are being developed, which are used, among other things, in decentralized energy supply systems. The achieved overall efficiency of 37.18 and 49.80% with specific capital investments in the ranges of 1595–2050 and 1828–2396 $/kW in RFCs with solid polymer and solid oxide electrolytes, respectively, allows us to consider them as a means of storage during hours of reduced generation (off-peak) electricity from nuclear power plants. A universal (generalized) scheme for the use of hydrogen technologies at nuclear power plants has been developed based on combining systems of “hot” combustion of hydrogen in an oxygen environment to produce high-parameter water vapor (temperatures up to 3600 K at a pressure of 6 MPa) and “cold” combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells, including reversible ones. A comparative assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of peak electricity production based on the proposed options for hydrogen technologies used at nuclear power plants was carried out. Capital investments in RFC have been determined, which ensure equal technical and economic efficiency of peak electricity production when implementing the considered options. Nomograms have been developed to determine the cost of production during peak hours depending on tariffs and volumes of consumption during the off-peak period as well as capital investments in RFC. As calculations have shown, the cost of its production is 1.52–2.93 rubles/(kW h). Taking into account the useful service life of RFC leads to a significant increase in cost: it varies from 3.74 to 6.53 rubles/(kW h).

摘要 2035 年前俄罗斯能源战略的目标之一是发展氢能，即在利用可再生能源和核电厂获得的氢的出口方面取得全球领先地位。核能的进一步发展涉及在现有核电站生产核能。其中一个真实的例子就是科拉核电站通过电解水生产氢气。目前，氢能领域正在积极开展研究，并正在开发水电解和可逆燃料电池（RFC）的有效技术，这些技术主要用于分散式能源供应系统。采用固体聚合物电解质和固体氧化物电解质的可逆燃料电池的总效率分别为 37.18% 和 49.80%，具体投资分别为 1595-2050 美元/千瓦和 1828-2396 美元/千瓦。在将氢气在氧气环境中 "热 "燃烧以产生高参数水蒸气（温度高达 3600 K，压力为 6 MPa）和氢气在燃料电池（包括可逆式燃料电池）中 "冷 "燃烧的系统相结合的基础上，制定了在核电站使用氢气技术的通用（广义）方案。根据核电厂使用氢技术的拟议方案，对峰值发电的技术和经济效益进行了比较评估。确定了对可逆式燃料电池的资本投资，以确保在实施所考虑的方案时，峰值发电的技术和经济效率相同。根据非高峰期的电价和用电量以及 RFC 的资本投资，制定了确定高峰期生产成本的名义图。计算显示，其生产成本为 1.52-2.93 卢布/（千瓦时）。考虑到 RFC 的使用寿命，成本将大幅增加：从 3.74 卢布/（千瓦时）到 6.53 卢布/（千瓦时）不等。

{"title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of NPP Participation in Covering Peak Electrical Loads Based on Hydrogen Technology","authors":"R. Z. Aminov, A. N. Egorov, A. N. Bayramov","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524020010","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>One of the goals of the Russian Energy Strategy until 2035 is the development of hydrogen energy, namely, achieving global leadership in the export of hydrogen obtained from the use of energy from renewable sources and nuclear power plants. Further development of nuclear energy involves its production at existing nuclear power plants. One of the real examples is the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant. Currently, active research is being conducted in the field of hydrogen energy, and effective technologies for water electrolysis and reversible fuel cells (RFC) are being developed, which are used, among other things, in decentralized energy supply systems. The achieved overall efficiency of 37.18 and 49.80% with specific capital investments in the ranges of 1595–2050 and 1828–2396 $/kW in RFCs with solid polymer and solid oxide electrolytes, respectively, allows us to consider them as a means of storage during hours of reduced generation (off-peak) electricity from nuclear power plants. A universal (generalized) scheme for the use of hydrogen technologies at nuclear power plants has been developed based on combining systems of “hot” combustion of hydrogen in an oxygen environment to produce high-parameter water vapor (temperatures up to 3600 K at a pressure of 6 MPa) and “cold” combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells, including reversible ones. A comparative assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of peak electricity production based on the proposed options for hydrogen technologies used at nuclear power plants was carried out. Capital investments in RFC have been determined, which ensure equal technical and economic efficiency of peak electricity production when implementing the considered options. Nomograms have been developed to determine the cost of production during peak hours depending on tariffs and volumes of consumption during the off-peak period as well as capital investments in RFC. As calculations have shown, the cost of its production is 1.52–2.93 rubles/(kW h). Taking into account the useful service life of RFC leads to a significant increase in cost: it varies from 3.74 to 6.53 rubles/(kW h).</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards Climate Neutrality: Will Russian Forest Stand Against Energy? 实现气候中和：俄罗斯森林能否抵御能源？

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524010051

V. V. Klimenko, A. V. Klimenko, A. G. Tereshin

Abstract

The prospects for reducing the carbon intensity of the Russian economy and the possibility of achieving climate neutrality of the country’s national economy by 2060 are examined. Based on a historical-extrapolation approach to the study of the development of various socio-technical systems and by comparing the dynamics of carbon indicators of the economies of Russia and the leading countries of the world, it is shown that full compensation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions when absorbed by the biosphere (primarily forests) is today rather only theoretically possible. The condition for this is the implementation of extremely ambitious large-scale reform programs in all sectors of the Russian economy, from energy to forestry. Thus, in an optimistic scenario, the decline rate of specific indicators of greenhouse gas emissions per capita should have the maximum values achieved in the world over the last 50 years, i.e. 1%/year. Forest management must include full compensation for increasing deforestation and a 50% reduction in forest losses from fires, which are currently the second (after energy) source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The most likely scenario is one in which the decline rate of specific greenhouse gas emissions per capita is 0.5%/year and a moderate increase in the absorption capacity of forests is ensured, mainly due to the implementation of forest climate projects and a reduction in wildfire emissions. If the latter scenario is implemented, net greenhouse gas emissions could amount to approximately 700 Mt CO₂ (equiv.) by 2060, which will require the nation’s carbon capture and storage industry on an unprecedented scale to achieve climate neutrality.

摘要研究了降低俄罗斯经济碳强度的前景以及到 2060 年实现俄罗斯国民经济气候中和的可能性。根据历史外推法研究各种社会技术系统的发展，并通过比较俄罗斯和世界主要国家经济的碳指标动态，表明在被生物圈（主要是森林）吸收的情况下，人为温室气体排放的完全补偿如今仅在理论上是可能的。实现这一目标的条件是在俄罗斯从能源到林业的所有经济部门实施雄心勃勃的大规模改革计划。因此，在乐观的情况下，人均温室气体排放量具体指标的下降率应达到过去 50 年中全世界的最高值，即每年 1%。森林管理必须包括对不断增加的森林砍伐进行充分补偿，并将火灾造成的森林损失减少 50%，火灾目前是向大气排放温室气体的第二大来源（仅次于能源）。最有可能出现的情况是，人均具体温室气体排放量的下降率为 0.5%/年，并确保森林吸收能力的适度提高，这主要归功于森林气候项目的实施和野火排放量的减少。如果采用后一种方案，到 2060 年，温室气体净排放量可能达到约 7 亿吨二氧化碳（当量），这将需要国家以前所未有的规模发展碳捕获与封存产业，以实现气候中和。

{"title":"Towards Climate Neutrality: Will Russian Forest Stand Against Energy?","authors":"V. V. Klimenko, A. V. Klimenko, A. G. Tereshin","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524010051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524010051","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The prospects for reducing the carbon intensity of the Russian economy and the possibility of achieving climate neutrality of the country’s national economy by 2060 are examined. Based on a historical-extrapolation approach to the study of the development of various socio-technical systems and by comparing the dynamics of carbon indicators of the economies of Russia and the leading countries of the world, it is shown that full compensation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions when absorbed by the biosphere (primarily forests) is today rather only theoretically possible. The condition for this is the implementation of extremely ambitious large-scale reform programs in all sectors of the Russian economy, from energy to forestry. Thus, in an optimistic scenario, the decline rate of specific indicators of greenhouse gas emissions per capita should have the maximum values achieved in the world over the last 50 years, i.e. 1%/year. Forest management must include full compensation for increasing deforestation and a 50% reduction in forest losses from fires, which are currently the second (after energy) source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The most likely scenario is one in which the decline rate of specific greenhouse gas emissions per capita is 0.5%/year and a moderate increase in the absorption capacity of forests is ensured, mainly due to the implementation of forest climate projects and a reduction in wildfire emissions. If the latter scenario is implemented, net greenhouse gas emissions could amount to approximately 700 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> (equiv.) by 2060, which will require the nation’s carbon capture and storage industry on an unprecedented scale to achieve climate neutrality.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-Emission Combustion Chambers of GTU: Modern Trends, Diagnostics, and Optimization (Review) GTU 的低排放燃烧室：现代趋势、诊断和优化（综述）

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524010014

L. M. Chikishev, D. M. Markovich

Abstract

A brief overview of the designs of low-emission gas turbine-type combustion chambers is given using the example of aircraft propulsion systems. The most promising technology that helps reduce emissions of harmful substances is the combustion of a lean premixed fuel-air mixture, but its use is limited by nonstationary phenomena that have a significant impact on flame stabilization and lead to the occurrence of thermoacoustic resonance. Currently, this technology is implemented for high-power engines by only two companies: General Electric and Rolls-Royce. Work on creating a high-thrust engine in Russia is being carried out at AO UEC-Aviadvigatel within the framework of the PD-35 program. The problems of developing low-emission combustion chambers for gas pumping units are successfully solved at AO UEC-Aviadvigatel together with the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development (GTU-16P). One of the key areas of energy development is also the development of high-power gas turbines of the classes GTE-65, GTE-170 (PAO Power Machines), GTD-110M (ODK Saturn), and here it is necessary to solve the same problems as for gas turbine engines. The most pressing problems are predicting the occurrence of thermoacoustic self-oscillations of gas in combustion chambers and controlling them using feedback both in nominal modes and in low-power modes. A review of technologies using low-emission combustion chambers is presented, and the current state of experimental studies of the flow structure and transfer processes in model combustion chambers is considered. Examples of advanced experimental stands that simulate flow and combustion in gas turbine-type combustion chambers are given and the necessary operating parameters and the technical solutions used are indicated that allow efficient measurements using modern optical diagnostic methods.

摘要以飞机推进系统为例，简要介绍了低排放燃气轮机型燃烧室的设计。有助于减少有害物质排放的最有前途的技术是贫油预混合燃料-空气混合物燃烧，但其使用受到非稳态现象的限制，这些非稳态现象对火焰稳定有重大影响，并导致热声共振的发生。目前，只有两家公司在大功率发动机上采用了这种技术：通用电气和劳斯莱斯。俄罗斯的 AO UEC-Aviadvigatel 公司正在 PD-35 计划框架内开展制造大推力发动机的工作。AO UEC-Aviadvigatel 公司与巴拉诺夫中央航空发动机研制研究所（GTU-16P）一起成功解决了为气体泵组研制低排放燃烧室的问题。能源开发的关键领域之一也是开发 GTE-65、GTE-170（PAO Power Machines）、GTD-110M（ODK Saturn）等级的大功率燃气轮机，在这方面需要解决与燃气涡轮发动机相同的问题。最紧迫的问题是预测燃烧室中气体热声自振荡的发生，并在额定模式和低功率模式下使用反馈控制它们。本文回顾了使用低排放燃烧室的技术，并介绍了模型燃烧室中流动结构和传递过程的实验研究现状。还举例说明了模拟燃气轮机型燃烧室中流动和燃烧的先进实验台，并指出了必要的运行参数和所使用的技术解决方案，以便使用现代光学诊断方法进行有效测量。

{"title":"Low-Emission Combustion Chambers of GTU: Modern Trends, Diagnostics, and Optimization (Review)","authors":"L. M. Chikishev, D. M. Markovich","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524010014","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>A brief overview of the designs of low-emission gas turbine-type combustion chambers is given using the example of aircraft propulsion systems. The most promising technology that helps reduce emissions of harmful substances is the combustion of a lean premixed fuel-air mixture, but its use is limited by nonstationary phenomena that have a significant impact on flame stabilization and lead to the occurrence of thermoacoustic resonance. Currently, this technology is implemented for high-power engines by only two companies: General Electric and Rolls-Royce. Work on creating a high-thrust engine in Russia is being carried out at AO UEC-Aviadvigatel within the framework of the PD-35 program. The problems of developing low-emission combustion chambers for gas pumping units are successfully solved at AO UEC-Aviadvigatel together with the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development (GTU-16P). One of the key areas of energy development is also the development of high-power gas turbines of the classes GTE-65, GTE-170 (PAO Power Machines), GTD-110M (ODK Saturn), and here it is necessary to solve the same problems as for gas turbine engines. The most pressing problems are predicting the occurrence of thermoacoustic self-oscillations of gas in combustion chambers and controlling them using feedback both in nominal modes and in low-power modes. A review of technologies using low-emission combustion chambers is presented, and the current state of experimental studies of the flow structure and transfer processes in model combustion chambers is considered. Examples of advanced experimental stands that simulate flow and combustion in gas turbine-type combustion chambers are given and the necessary operating parameters and the technical solutions used are indicated that allow efficient measurements using modern optical diagnostic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heat Price Field Calculation Based on the Extreme Problem of Searching the Optimal Load Flow in Heat-Supply Systems 基于搜索供热系统最佳负荷流极端问题的热价场计算

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524010075

V. A. Stennikov, O. V. Khamisov, A. V. Pen’kovskii, A. A. Kravets

Abstract—

The article proposes a method for calculating differentiated prices for heat at the nodes of a heat-supply system (HSS) based on the extreme economic formulation of the problem of searching for the optimal load flow in heat networks containing several heat sources. The problem boils down to finding the minimal total costs associated with heat generation and transportation, maintaining of material balances at heat network nodes (Kirchhoff’s first law), and constraints imposed on the heat source capacities. The problem is solved on the basis of Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. An analysis of the initial optimization problem duality has shown that the dual variables (Lagrange’s multipliers) in balance constraints are nothing but nodal prices for heat, and the optimal load flow in a heat network obtained in the calculation process makes it possible to form the price field for the system as a whole. It is also shown that the prices for heat from the heat sources to end consumers increase in the direction of the steady-state optimal load flow in the heat network. With such an approach to solving the problem, it is also possible to determine the optimal action zones and levels of loading the heat sources taking into account their cost characteristics and the specified heat network’s physical, technical, and economic indicators. The nodal prices obtained from the calculations are in their economic essence marginal ones, i.e., prices based on calculating the limit low and limit high costs for generation and transportation of an additional unit of heat.

摘要--文章提出了一种计算供热系统（HSS）节点热量差别价格的方法，该方法基于在包含多个热源的热网中寻找最佳负荷流问题的极端经济表述。该问题可归结为寻找与热量生产和运输相关的最低总成本，维持热网节点的物料平衡（基尔霍夫第一定律），以及对热源能力的限制。该问题根据拉格朗日未定乘数法求解。对初始优化问题二元性的分析表明，平衡约束条件中的二元变量（拉格朗日乘数）只不过是热量的节点价格，而计算过程中获得的热网最佳负荷流可以形成整个系统的价格域。计算结果还表明，从热源到终端用户的热量价格会沿着热网稳态最优负荷流的方向增长。采用这种方法来解决问题，还可以根据热源的成本特性以及特定热网的物理、技术和经济指标，确定热源的最佳作用区和负荷水平。计算得出的节点价格在其经济本质上是边际价格，即根据计算额外单位热量的生产和运输的极限低成本和极限高成本得出的价格。

{"title":"Heat Price Field Calculation Based on the Extreme Problem of Searching the Optimal Load Flow in Heat-Supply Systems","authors":"V. A. Stennikov, O. V. Khamisov, A. V. Pen’kovskii, A. A. Kravets","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524010075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524010075","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract—</h3><p>The article proposes a method for calculating differentiated prices for heat at the nodes of a heat-supply system (HSS) based on the extreme economic formulation of the problem of searching for the optimal load flow in heat networks containing several heat sources. The problem boils down to finding the minimal total costs associated with heat generation and transportation, maintaining of material balances at heat network nodes (Kirchhoff’s first law), and constraints imposed on the heat source capacities. The problem is solved on the basis of Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. An analysis of the initial optimization problem duality has shown that the dual variables (Lagrange’s multipliers) in balance constraints are nothing but nodal prices for heat, and the optimal load flow in a heat network obtained in the calculation process makes it possible to form the price field for the system as a whole. It is also shown that the prices for heat from the heat sources to end consumers increase in the direction of the steady-state optimal load flow in the heat network. With such an approach to solving the problem, it is also possible to determine the optimal action zones and levels of loading the heat sources taking into account their cost characteristics and the specified heat network’s physical, technical, and economic indicators. The nodal prices obtained from the calculations are in their economic essence marginal ones, i.e., prices based on calculating the limit low and limit high costs for generation and transportation of an additional unit of heat.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Intensity and Scale of Flow Turbulence Influence on Losses in a Vane Cascade 叶片级联中湍流强度和规模对损耗影响的计算和实验研究

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s004060152401004x

A. V. Granovskiy, B. I. Kurmanov

Abstract

Despite the development of experimental and numerical methods for studying the effect of turbulence on the flow structure and gas-dynamic efficiency of turbine cascades, many questions arise when designing and improving the blade rows of high-temperature gas turbines. It is quite difficult to conduct reliable flow measurements or numerical studies for real-life turbomachinery operating conditions, where the range of changes in the intensity and scale of turbulence in the flow is difficult to predict. Therefore, to get closer to understanding how to more adequately take into account the influence of such parameters as the intensity and scale of turbulence when designing turbine rows, a computational study of the gas turbine vane cascade was carried out, which was based on a number of experimental results obtained at the Central Institute of Aviation Motors. To assess the influence of the noted turbulence characteristics on the structure of the flow in the cascade, parametric studies were performed with different intensity values and scales of turbulence specified. In this work, based on experimental data obtained both with and without the use of various turbulators, the influence of the intensity and scale of turbulence on changes in the flow structure and profile losses in the vane cascade is analyzed in the range of values of the reduced (adiabatic) velocity at the exit from the cascade λ_2ad = 0.55–0.95. Computational studies were carried out using the 2D NS software package for the intensity of turbulence at the inlet to the vane cascade Tu = 0.2–10% and at different scales of turbulence.

摘要尽管研究湍流对涡轮级联流动结构和气体动力效率影响的实验和数值方法不断发展，但在设计和改进高温燃气轮机叶片排时仍会出现许多问题。在实际的透平机械运行条件下，很难进行可靠的流动测量或数值研究，因为流动中湍流强度和规模的变化范围很难预测。因此，为了更深入地了解如何在设计涡轮排时更充分地考虑湍流强度和规模等参数的影响，在中央航空发动机研究所获得的大量实验结果的基础上，对燃气涡轮叶片级联进行了计算研究。为了评估所注意到的湍流特性对级联中气流结构的影响，对不同强度值和湍流尺度进行了参数研究。在这项工作中，根据使用和不使用各种湍流器获得的实验数据，分析了湍流强度和规模对叶片级联中流动结构和剖面损失变化的影响，其范围为级联出口处的减速度（绝热）λ2ad = 0.55-0.95。使用 2D NS 软件包对叶片级联入口处的湍流强度 Tu = 0.2-10% 和不同湍流尺度进行了计算研究。

{"title":"Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Intensity and Scale of Flow Turbulence Influence on Losses in a Vane Cascade","authors":"A. V. Granovskiy, B. I. Kurmanov","doi":"10.1134/s004060152401004x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s004060152401004x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Despite the development of experimental and numerical methods for studying the effect of turbulence on the flow structure and gas-dynamic efficiency of turbine cascades, many questions arise when designing and improving the blade rows of high-temperature gas turbines. It is quite difficult to conduct reliable flow measurements or numerical studies for real-life turbomachinery operating conditions, where the range of changes in the intensity and scale of turbulence in the flow is difficult to predict. Therefore, to get closer to understanding how to more adequately take into account the influence of such parameters as the intensity and scale of turbulence when designing turbine rows, a computational study of the gas turbine vane cascade was carried out, which was based on a number of experimental results obtained at the Central Institute of Aviation Motors. To assess the influence of the noted turbulence characteristics on the structure of the flow in the cascade, parametric studies were performed with different intensity values and scales of turbulence specified. In this work, based on experimental data obtained both with and without the use of various turbulators, the influence of the intensity and scale of turbulence on changes in the flow structure and profile losses in the vane cascade is analyzed in the range of values of the reduced (adiabatic) velocity at the exit from the cascade λ<sub>2ad</sub> = 0.55–0.95. Computational studies were carried out using the 2D NS software package for the intensity of turbulence at the inlet to the vane cascade <i>Tu</i> = 0.2–10% and at different scales of turbulence.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical-and-Experimental Substantiation of Deep Unloading of an E-420-13.8-560GM Boiler E-420-13.8-560GM 锅炉深度卸荷的数值与实验验证

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524010087

A. N. Tugov, V. M. Supranov, E. V. Somova, V. A. Vereshchetin

Abstract

One of the main characteristics of the maneuverability of power equipment is whether the load may be reduced to the minimum allowable level. The ability of power equipment to operate in a variable regime (with unloading during night time) enables it to participate in the control of frequency and power in the power system. It is important to note that low-load operation of the equipment should not make its performance poorer. In particular, for drum boilers, the required steam conditions and reliable circulation of the working fluid in the evaporation waterwalls should be maintained in the entire operating load range. The numerical-and-experimental studies have substantiated the possibility to reduce the minimum allowable steam load of a typical E-420-13.8-560GM boiler from 210 to 150 t/h. According to the results of thermal design calculations by the Boiler-Designer code, the required steam superheat temperature (560°С) cannot be attained at lower loads. Field tests of an operating boiler have revealed that difficulties with fuel flow control and failures of the furnace’s combustion process arise at loads below 150 t/h. Calculations and experimental measurements performed using flow measuring tubes installed in the furnace waterwalls have demonstrated that the fluid circulation of a fluid in the evaporation water walls remains even on a load decrease to 110 t/h. It is pointed out that more than 100 E-420-13.8-560GM boilers, whose design was modified during long-term operation (for more than 40 years), are operating now. Therefore, the minimum steam load should be finalized only after additional studies for each boiler of this type.

摘要电力设备可操作性的主要特征之一是能否将负荷降至允许的最低水平。电力设备在可变状态下运行（夜间卸载）的能力使其能够参与电力系统的频率和功率控制。值得注意的是，设备的低负荷运行不应降低其性能。特别是对于汽包锅炉，在整个运行负荷范围内都应保持所需的蒸汽条件和工作流体在蒸发水墙中的可靠循环。数值和实验研究证明，可以将典型 E-420-13.8-560GM 锅炉的最小允许蒸汽负荷从 210 吨/小时降至 150 吨/小时。根据锅炉设计代码的热设计计算结果，在较低负荷下无法达到所需的蒸汽过热温度（560°С）。对一台运行中的锅炉进行的现场测试表明，当负荷低于 150 吨/小时时，燃料流量控制会出现困难，炉子的燃烧过程也会出现故障。利用安装在炉膛水壁的流量测量管进行的计算和实验测量表明，即使负荷降至 110 t/h，蒸发水壁中的流体循环也会保持不变。据指出，目前有 100 多台 E-420-13.8-560GM 型锅炉在长期运行（超过 40 年）期间对其设计进行了修改。因此，只有在对每台此类锅炉进行额外研究后，才能最终确定最低蒸汽负荷。

{"title":"Numerical-and-Experimental Substantiation of Deep Unloading of an E-420-13.8-560GM Boiler","authors":"A. N. Tugov, V. M. Supranov, E. V. Somova, V. A. Vereshchetin","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524010087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524010087","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>One of the main characteristics of the maneuverability of power equipment is whether the load may be reduced to the minimum allowable level. The ability of power equipment to operate in a variable regime (with unloading during night time) enables it to participate in the control of frequency and power in the power system. It is important to note that low-load operation of the equipment should not make its performance poorer. In particular, for drum boilers, the required steam conditions and reliable circulation of the working fluid in the evaporation waterwalls should be maintained in the entire operating load range. The numerical-and-experimental studies have substantiated the possibility to reduce the minimum allowable steam load of a typical E-420-13.8-560GM boiler from 210 to 150 t/h. According to the results of thermal design calculations by the Boiler-Designer code, the required steam superheat temperature (560°С) cannot be attained at lower loads. Field tests of an operating boiler have revealed that difficulties with fuel flow control and failures of the furnace’s combustion process arise at loads below 150 t/h. Calculations and experimental measurements performed using flow measuring tubes installed in the furnace waterwalls have demonstrated that the fluid circulation of a fluid in the evaporation water walls remains even on a load decrease to 110 t/h. It is pointed out that more than 100 E-420-13.8-560GM boilers, whose design was modified during long-term operation (for more than 40 years), are operating now. Therefore, the minimum steam load should be finalized only after additional studies for each boiler of this type.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transition to a Carbon Neutral Economy: Opportunities and Limitations, Current Challenges 向碳中和经济过渡：机遇与局限，当前的挑战

IF 0.5 Q3 Energy

Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1134/s0040601524010038

S. P. Filippov

Abstract

Climate policy is gradually becoming dominant in the world and is beginning to decisively determine the long-term prospects for the development of the global economy and energy. The problem of curbing the rise in global temperature is global; therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions as a result of anthropogenic activities must be carried out in the most acceptable way for the global economy and energy sector. The optimal paths for countries around the world to transition to a carbon-neutral economy will vary significantly since they have different economic structures and endowments of energy resources. The article discusses the following technological directions of decarbonization of the economy: intensification of energy conservation, including production, transformation, transportation, and consumption of energy; changing the fuel structure in favor of low-carbon fuels by replacing coal with natural gas; replacing fossil fuels with carbon-neutral biomass; CO₂ capture in energy and industrial installations with its subsequent transportation and disposal; expanding the use of nuclear energy; and transition to the use of carbon-free renewable energy resources. For each of these areas, the potential for their contribution to achieving carbon neutrality in the economy and the existing restrictions on their implementation are identified. The research was carried out in relation to the economy and energy sector of Russia, which is one of the largest consumers and exporters of fossil organic fuels in the world. It is shown that the transition to a carbon-neutral economy must be complex and carried out through a combination of various technological solutions. The implementation of the “electric world” concept in the country, in which all basic energy needs will be met by using electricity produced on a carbon-free basis, until 2060 is hardly possible for technological and economic reasons, so the use of fossil organic fuels during this period will remain inevitable. At the same time, the issue of organizing the capture and disposal of CO₂ must be resolved.

摘要气候政策正逐渐成为世界的主导，并开始决定全球经济和能源的长期发展前景。遏制全球气温上升的问题是全球性的，因此，必须以全球经济和能源部门最能接受的方式减少人为活动产生的温室气体排放。世界各国的经济结构和能源资源禀赋各不相同，因此向碳中和经济过渡的最佳途径也大相径庭。文章讨论了经济去碳化的以下技术方向：加强能源保护，包括能源的生产、转化、运输和消费；改变燃料结构，用天然气取代煤炭，使其向低碳燃料倾斜；用碳中性生物质取代化石燃料；在能源和工业设施中捕获二氧化碳，并进行后续运输和处置；扩大核能的使用；向使用无碳可再生能源过渡。针对每一个领域，都确定了它们对实现经济碳中和的潜在贡献，以及在实施过程中的现有限制。研究是针对俄罗斯的经济和能源部门进行的，俄罗斯是世界上最大的化石有机燃料消费国和出口国之一。研究表明，向碳中性经济的过渡必须是复杂的，必须通过各种技术解决方案的组合来实现。由于技术和经济方面的原因，在 2060 年之前在该国实施 "电力世界 "概念（即使用在无碳基础上生产的电力来满足所有基本能源需求）几乎是不可能的，因此在此期间使用化石有机燃料仍将不可避免。与此同时，还必须解决二氧化碳捕获和处理的组织问题。

{"title":"Transition to a Carbon Neutral Economy: Opportunities and Limitations, Current Challenges","authors":"S. P. Filippov","doi":"10.1134/s0040601524010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524010038","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Climate policy is gradually becoming dominant in the world and is beginning to decisively determine the long-term prospects for the development of the global economy and energy. The problem of curbing the rise in global temperature is global; therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions as a result of anthropogenic activities must be carried out in the most acceptable way for the global economy and energy sector. The optimal paths for countries around the world to transition to a carbon-neutral economy will vary significantly since they have different economic structures and endowments of energy resources. The article discusses the following technological directions of decarbonization of the economy: intensification of energy conservation, including production, transformation, transportation, and consumption of energy; changing the fuel structure in favor of low-carbon fuels by replacing coal with natural gas; replacing fossil fuels with carbon-neutral biomass; CO<sub>2</sub> capture in energy and industrial installations with its subsequent transportation and disposal; expanding the use of nuclear energy; and transition to the use of carbon-free renewable energy resources. For each of these areas, the potential for their contribution to achieving carbon neutrality in the economy and the existing restrictions on their implementation are identified. The research was carried out in relation to the economy and energy sector of Russia, which is one of the largest consumers and exporters of fossil organic fuels in the world. It is shown that the transition to a carbon-neutral economy must be complex and carried out through a combination of various technological solutions. The implementation of the “electric world” concept in the country, in which all basic energy needs will be met by using electricity produced on a carbon-free basis, until 2060 is hardly possible for technological and economic reasons, so the use of fossil organic fuels during this period will remain inevitable. At the same time, the issue of organizing the capture and disposal of CO<sub>2</sub> must be resolved.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0