Cryogenic treatment and its variables have been described. Results of eight engineering tests carried out on cryotreated parts have been presented. Cryogenic treatment of metal parts enhances useful properties which in turn, improves various strengths. Our tests viz. Abrasion, Torsion, Fatigue, Tensile, Shear, Hardness and Impact on Mild steel, Cast Iron, Brass and Copper show that the cryogenic treatment improved useful properties of mild steel parts appreciably but did not show promise with brass and copper parts.
{"title":"Cryogenic Treatment of Metal Parts","authors":"Rahul J. Chillar, S. Agrawal","doi":"10.1063/1.2192336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192336","url":null,"abstract":"Cryogenic treatment and its variables have been described. Results of eight engineering tests carried out on cryotreated parts have been presented. Cryogenic treatment of metal parts enhances useful properties which in turn, improves various strengths. Our tests viz. Abrasion, Torsion, Fatigue, Tensile, Shear, Hardness and Impact on Mild steel, Cast Iron, Brass and Copper show that the cryogenic treatment improved useful properties of mild steel parts appreciably but did not show promise with brass and copper parts.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59395715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ke Han, R. Walsh, V. Toplosky, R. Goddard, M. Bird
This paper reports a study to relate microstructure to cryogenic mechanical properties of a 316L plate and its weldments. Both the tensile and fracture toughness test values at 4 K are governed by microstructure that is influenced by the thermo‐mechanical treatment of the materials. The mechanical properties are better when the loading direction is parallel to the rolling directions. 77 K Charpy impact values show much stronger dependence on the orientations than 4 K fracture toughness and tensile test values. This indicates that the anisotropy in microstructure results in much higher anisotropy in fracture mechanisms in dynamic mode than in static mode. Therefore, care has to be taken when one relates the 77 K Charpy impact strength to 4 K fracture toughness. Stress relieve in weldment enhances the fracture toughness and yield strength, but reduces the strain‐hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength.
{"title":"Microstructure and Cryogenic Mechanical Properties of a 316L Plate and Its Weldments","authors":"Ke Han, R. Walsh, V. Toplosky, R. Goddard, M. Bird","doi":"10.1063/1.2192339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192339","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a study to relate microstructure to cryogenic mechanical properties of a 316L plate and its weldments. Both the tensile and fracture toughness test values at 4 K are governed by microstructure that is influenced by the thermo‐mechanical treatment of the materials. The mechanical properties are better when the loading direction is parallel to the rolling directions. 77 K Charpy impact values show much stronger dependence on the orientations than 4 K fracture toughness and tensile test values. This indicates that the anisotropy in microstructure results in much higher anisotropy in fracture mechanisms in dynamic mode than in static mode. Therefore, care has to be taken when one relates the 77 K Charpy impact strength to 4 K fracture toughness. Stress relieve in weldment enhances the fracture toughness and yield strength, but reduces the strain‐hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59395867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tensile property and fracture characteristic of Al‐Mg‐Sc‐Zr alloy have been investigated at 77 K, 123 K, 173 K, 223 K and 300 K respectively. Both the strength and elongation improved with decreasing temperature from 300 K to 77 K, particularly between 123 K and 77 K. However, the reduction of area exhibited a maximum at around 173 K. The fractographs of tensile specimens show a completely dimple‐type ductile mode of fracture at 77 K and mixed type of fracture at 300 K, and the primary Al3(Sc,Zr) and Al6(Mn,Fe) phases are responsible for void and crack initiation at their interface with the matrix at cryogenic temperature.
{"title":"Tensile Property of Al-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy at Cryogenic Temperature","authors":"W. Zhao, D. Yan, Xiutao Li, L. Rong, Yuntao Li","doi":"10.1063/1.2192348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192348","url":null,"abstract":"The tensile property and fracture characteristic of Al‐Mg‐Sc‐Zr alloy have been investigated at 77 K, 123 K, 173 K, 223 K and 300 K respectively. Both the strength and elongation improved with decreasing temperature from 300 K to 77 K, particularly between 123 K and 77 K. However, the reduction of area exhibited a maximum at around 173 K. The fractographs of tensile specimens show a completely dimple‐type ductile mode of fracture at 77 K and mixed type of fracture at 300 K, and the primary Al3(Sc,Zr) and Al6(Mn,Fe) phases are responsible for void and crack initiation at their interface with the matrix at cryogenic temperature.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59396491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Shindo, F. Narita, K. Horiguchi, Satoru Takano, T. Takeda, K. Sanada
This paper examines the tensile properties and damage behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenic tensile tests were conducted on three types of woven‐fabric laminate specimens, and information about the damage initiation and progression was provided by acoustic emission (AE) technique. A finite element model was also developed for progressive failure analyses of the three tensile test specimens, and applied to simulate the damage behavior in each specimen. A comparison was made between simulation and experiment.
{"title":"Tensile Behavior and Damage/Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Woven Glass Fiber Reinforced/Epoxy Composite Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures","authors":"Y. Shindo, F. Narita, K. Horiguchi, Satoru Takano, T. Takeda, K. Sanada","doi":"10.1063/1.2192358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192358","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the tensile properties and damage behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenic tensile tests were conducted on three types of woven‐fabric laminate specimens, and information about the damage initiation and progression was provided by acoustic emission (AE) technique. A finite element model was also developed for progressive failure analyses of the three tensile test specimens, and applied to simulate the damage behavior in each specimen. A comparison was made between simulation and experiment.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59396977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ghigo, D. Botta, R. Gerbaldo, L. Gozzelino, F. Laviano, B. Minetti, D. Andreone, E. Monticone, E. Mezzetti
The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of superconducting magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin films, prepared by the in‐situ method, as broadband radiation detectors based on the microwave measurement of the complex impedance. The characterization of the films at microwave frequencies has been obtained by a coplanar resonator technique. The data analysis results in the determination of penetration depth, surface impedance and energy gap. In view of their microwave properties, particularly of the gap structure, the possible use of such MgB2 films as photon detectors is discussed in detail.
{"title":"MgB2 THIN FILMS FOR RADIATION DETECTORS OPERATING AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES","authors":"G. Ghigo, D. Botta, R. Gerbaldo, L. Gozzelino, F. Laviano, B. Minetti, D. Andreone, E. Monticone, E. Mezzetti","doi":"10.1063/1.2192383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192383","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of superconducting magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin films, prepared by the in‐situ method, as broadband radiation detectors based on the microwave measurement of the complex impedance. The characterization of the films at microwave frequencies has been obtained by a coplanar resonator technique. The data analysis results in the determination of penetration depth, surface impedance and energy gap. In view of their microwave properties, particularly of the gap structure, the possible use of such MgB2 films as photon detectors is discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59398520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Dou, E. Collings, O. Shcherbakova, A. Shcherbakov
Use of aluminum as stabilizer and iron as reaction barrier for fabrication of MgB2 superconductor wires was studied. The MgB2/Fe/Al or SiC doped MgB2/Fe/Al composite wires were made using Mg+ 2 B powder or SiC doped Mg+2 B powder in Fe/Al tube technique. The composites were processed at 600°C to 650°C for 30 minutes to 3 hours to study the interaction between Fe and Al sheath and the formation of MgB2. No reaction between Fe and Al was found until annealing temperature at 620°C for 30 minutes. A thin layer of alloy, FeAl3 is formed for samples annealed at 620°C for 90 minutes and the reaction layer increases with increasing annealing temperature. Annealing at 650°C resulted in cracks in the Al sheath. Our results show that the Fe/Al sheathed wires achieved the same performance in magnetic and electrical properties as those using an all‐Fe sheath. Comparing with the standard NbTi/Cu conductors, the MgB2/Fe/Al conductor having low structural mass, greater thermal conductivity and high efficient stabilizatio...
{"title":"Aluminum‐Stabilized Magnesium Diboride Superconductors","authors":"S. Dou, E. Collings, O. Shcherbakova, A. Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1063/1.2192405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192405","url":null,"abstract":"Use of aluminum as stabilizer and iron as reaction barrier for fabrication of MgB2 superconductor wires was studied. The MgB2/Fe/Al or SiC doped MgB2/Fe/Al composite wires were made using Mg+ 2 B powder or SiC doped Mg+2 B powder in Fe/Al tube technique. The composites were processed at 600°C to 650°C for 30 minutes to 3 hours to study the interaction between Fe and Al sheath and the formation of MgB2. No reaction between Fe and Al was found until annealing temperature at 620°C for 30 minutes. A thin layer of alloy, FeAl3 is formed for samples annealed at 620°C for 90 minutes and the reaction layer increases with increasing annealing temperature. Annealing at 650°C resulted in cracks in the Al sheath. Our results show that the Fe/Al sheathed wires achieved the same performance in magnetic and electrical properties as those using an all‐Fe sheath. Comparing with the standard NbTi/Cu conductors, the MgB2/Fe/Al conductor having low structural mass, greater thermal conductivity and high efficient stabilizatio...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59398751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Yoshizawa, S. Hirano, Y. Oya-Seimiya, Y. Hishinuma, A. Nishimura
Bi‐2223 sintered bulk samples with addition of AgMg wires or Ag‐plated Ni wires have been prepared to improve both the superconducting and the mechanical properties, simultaneously. When 24 AgMg wires of 0.4 mm in diameter were added into Bi‐2223 bulk composite sample, the critical current density (Jc) at 77 K increased from 2 A/mm2 to 7 A/mm2. The mechanical properties have been estimated by a three‐point bending test. The maximum bending stress of 70 – 90 MPa at the rupture was obtained for Bi‐2223/metal wires composite bulk, regardless of the number of the wires. After the maximum bending stress, Bi‐2223 bulk without metal wires fractured separately, while the composite did not fracture but fine cracks were induced only. The Jc values of the composites just after the fracture were about half of the Jc value in the composites without bending. It has been observed that the superconducting current flows even after cracking, in Bi‐2223 bulk with metal wires. This is due to the fact that metal wires suppres...
{"title":"Superconducting and Mechanical Properties of Bi‐2223/Metal Alloy Wires Composite Bulk","authors":"S. Yoshizawa, S. Hirano, Y. Oya-Seimiya, Y. Hishinuma, A. Nishimura","doi":"10.1063/1.2192431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192431","url":null,"abstract":"Bi‐2223 sintered bulk samples with addition of AgMg wires or Ag‐plated Ni wires have been prepared to improve both the superconducting and the mechanical properties, simultaneously. When 24 AgMg wires of 0.4 mm in diameter were added into Bi‐2223 bulk composite sample, the critical current density (Jc) at 77 K increased from 2 A/mm2 to 7 A/mm2. The mechanical properties have been estimated by a three‐point bending test. The maximum bending stress of 70 – 90 MPa at the rupture was obtained for Bi‐2223/metal wires composite bulk, regardless of the number of the wires. After the maximum bending stress, Bi‐2223 bulk without metal wires fractured separately, while the composite did not fracture but fine cracks were induced only. The Jc values of the composites just after the fracture were about half of the Jc value in the composites without bending. It has been observed that the superconducting current flows even after cracking, in Bi‐2223 bulk with metal wires. This is due to the fact that metal wires suppres...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59399613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mechanical low temperature investigations were carried out to determine the cryogenic mechanical properties of newly developed Fe‐Cr‐Mn alloys with contents of chromium between 5 % and 10 % and manganese between 30 % and 40 % under the Project G‐811, Russia. The final products were forged, rolled, and solution heat treated to obtain appropriate plate sizes necessary for the mechanical measurements. The tensile properties of these alloys determined between 4 K and 7 K show for certain alloy combination high elongation values at fracture of greater than 50 % with considerable high yield strengths around 900 MPa. The measured fracture toughness values with small scale compact tension specimens using elastic plastic J‐tests show KIC data between 100 MPa√m and 220 MPa√m according to the alloy combination. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) measurements of these alloys result also in some alloy combination case, high resistance against crack propagation with measured Paris coefficients of m ∼ 5 and C ∼ 8.5 E‐13 m...
{"title":"Tensile, Fracture, and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Behavior of High Manganese Steels","authors":"A. Nyilas, K. Weiss, G. Grikurov, N. Zoidze","doi":"10.1063/1.2192343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192343","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical low temperature investigations were carried out to determine the cryogenic mechanical properties of newly developed Fe‐Cr‐Mn alloys with contents of chromium between 5 % and 10 % and manganese between 30 % and 40 % under the Project G‐811, Russia. The final products were forged, rolled, and solution heat treated to obtain appropriate plate sizes necessary for the mechanical measurements. The tensile properties of these alloys determined between 4 K and 7 K show for certain alloy combination high elongation values at fracture of greater than 50 % with considerable high yield strengths around 900 MPa. The measured fracture toughness values with small scale compact tension specimens using elastic plastic J‐tests show KIC data between 100 MPa√m and 220 MPa√m according to the alloy combination. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) measurements of these alloys result also in some alloy combination case, high resistance against crack propagation with measured Paris coefficients of m ∼ 5 and C ∼ 8.5 E‐13 m...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59396097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nishimura, Y. Hishinuma, K. Seo, Teruya Tanaka, T. Muroga, S. Nishijima, K. Katagiri, T. Takeuchi, Y. Shindo, K. Ochiai, T. Nishitani, K. Okuno
As a large‐scale plasma experimental device is planned and designed, the importance of investigations on irradiation effect of 14 MeV neutron increases and an experimental database is desired to be piled up. Recently, intense streaming of fast neutron from ports are reported and degradation of superconducting magnet performance is anticipated. To investigate the pure neutron effect on superconducting magnet materials, a cryogenic target system was newly developed and installed at Fusion Neutronics Source in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Although production rate of 14 MeV neutron is not large, only 14 MeV neutron can be supplied to irradiation test without gamma ray. Copper wires, superconducting wires, glass fiber reinforced composites are irradiated and the irradiation effects are characterized. At the same time, sensors for measuring temperature and magnetic field are irradiated and their performance was investigated after irradiation. This paper presents outline of the cryogenic target system and some irradiation test results.
{"title":"14 MeV Neutron Irradiation Effect on Superconducting Magnet Materials for Fusion Device","authors":"A. Nishimura, Y. Hishinuma, K. Seo, Teruya Tanaka, T. Muroga, S. Nishijima, K. Katagiri, T. Takeuchi, Y. Shindo, K. Ochiai, T. Nishitani, K. Okuno","doi":"10.1063/1.2192353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192353","url":null,"abstract":"As a large‐scale plasma experimental device is planned and designed, the importance of investigations on irradiation effect of 14 MeV neutron increases and an experimental database is desired to be piled up. Recently, intense streaming of fast neutron from ports are reported and degradation of superconducting magnet performance is anticipated. To investigate the pure neutron effect on superconducting magnet materials, a cryogenic target system was newly developed and installed at Fusion Neutronics Source in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Although production rate of 14 MeV neutron is not large, only 14 MeV neutron can be supplied to irradiation test without gamma ray. Copper wires, superconducting wires, glass fiber reinforced composites are irradiated and the irradiation effects are characterized. At the same time, sensors for measuring temperature and magnetic field are irradiated and their performance was investigated after irradiation. This paper presents outline of the cryogenic target system and some irradiation test results.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59396573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High field magnet coils made from brittle A15 superconductors need to be rigidly contained by their support structure but yet be electrically insulated from it. Current insulators (end shoes, pole pieces, spacers, mandrels, etc.) are often made from coated metallic shapes that satisfy the mechanical and thermal requirements but are electrically unreliable. The insulating coating on the metal core too often chips or flakes, causing electrical shorts. Any replacement insulator materials must manage the thermal expansion mismatch to control the stress within the coil enabling the achievement of ultimate magnet performance.A novel ceramic insulator has been developed that eliminates the potential for shorting while maintaining high structural integrity and thermal performance. The insulator composition can be engineered to provide a thermal expansion that matches the coil expansion, minimizing detrimental stress on the superconductor. These ceramic insulators are capable of surviving high temperature heat tre...
{"title":"Engineered Ceramic Insulators for High Field Magnets","authors":"J. Rice","doi":"10.1063/1.2192363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192363","url":null,"abstract":"High field magnet coils made from brittle A15 superconductors need to be rigidly contained by their support structure but yet be electrically insulated from it. Current insulators (end shoes, pole pieces, spacers, mandrels, etc.) are often made from coated metallic shapes that satisfy the mechanical and thermal requirements but are electrically unreliable. The insulating coating on the metal core too often chips or flakes, causing electrical shorts. Any replacement insulator materials must manage the thermal expansion mismatch to control the stress within the coil enabling the achievement of ultimate magnet performance.A novel ceramic insulator has been developed that eliminates the potential for shorting while maintaining high structural integrity and thermal performance. The insulator composition can be engineered to provide a thermal expansion that matches the coil expansion, minimizing detrimental stress on the superconductor. These ceramic insulators are capable of surviving high temperature heat tre...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2192363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59397070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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