G. Dastgeer, A. ur Rehman, Muhammad Jam e Kausar Ali Asghar
This research article presents a comparative analysis of three major methods of mediation analysis i.e., Baron and Kenny, Sobel, Hayes indirect effect with bootstrap using PROCESS macro and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). It discusses common issues associated with mediation analysis and common mistakes committed in the selection and application of method and in the interpretation of results. In this article we have developed and tested a variety of models including simple mediation, parallel mediation, and serial/sequential mediation models. We have used a research model drawn from management field which includes two independent variables (i.e., organization justice and corporate social responsibility), two dependent variables (i.e., employee wellbeing and organization performance) and two mediating variables (i.e., organization trust and organization culture). The article illustrates that bootstrapping has an advantage over Baron and Kenny method or with Sobel test. Besides, it has high statistical power and better control on type-I error. It produces better results even when data lacks the property of normal distribution. The article has many practical implications. More particularly for management researchers, it provides an in-depth understanding of how to correctly conduct mediation analysis.
{"title":"Selection and use of Mediation Testing Methods; Application in Management Sciences","authors":"G. Dastgeer, A. ur Rehman, Muhammad Jam e Kausar Ali Asghar","doi":"10.22547/ber/12.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"This research article presents a comparative analysis of three major methods of mediation analysis i.e., Baron and Kenny, Sobel, Hayes indirect effect with bootstrap using PROCESS macro and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). It discusses common issues associated with mediation analysis and common mistakes committed in the selection and application of method and in the interpretation of results. In this article we have developed and tested a variety of models including simple mediation, parallel mediation, and serial/sequential mediation models. We have used a research model drawn from management field which includes two independent variables (i.e., organization justice and corporate social responsibility), two dependent variables (i.e., employee wellbeing and organization performance) and two mediating variables (i.e., organization trust and organization culture). The article illustrates that bootstrapping has an advantage over Baron and Kenny method or with Sobel test. Besides, it has high statistical power and better control on type-I error. It produces better results even when data lacks the property of normal distribution. The article has many practical implications. More particularly for management researchers, it provides an in-depth understanding of how to correctly conduct mediation analysis.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87839758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In pursuit of improved flexibility and control over performance of dual roles in work and personal lives, an increasing number of women are shifting from paid employment to entrepreneurship. Yet, women entrepreneurs continue to experience dynamics of work-life conflict, particularly when gender interplays with culture, religion and class in unconventional, patriarchal Muslim societies. The purpose of this paper is to address the strategies adopted by Pakistani women entrepreneurs to combat work-life conflict. Border theory and role theory form the theoretical framework. This qualitative study draws upon interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) to examine lived experiences of coping with work-life conflict. In-depth interviews with 35 women entrepreneurs of fashion industry were conducted in mixed Urdu and English languages, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs experience varying degrees of work-life imbalance, and adopt active strategies to resist it. Due to poor institutional support, they largely tend to sacrifice their self-comfort for the sake of their family and business obligations. Strategic planning, authority delegating and seeking support from social capital are their most effective growth oriented strategies. Moreover, some women also practice growth constraining strategies in their subjective structures, thus contributing to reproduction of inequalities. This study contributes to expansion of border theory by highlighting the dynamics of work-life management when family and work are overlapping spheres for entrepreneurs. It adds to the growing body of literature on resistance and agency of marginalized women in emerging economies.
{"title":"Fighting Work-Life Conflict: Strategies of Women Entrepreneurs of Fashion Industry of Pakistan","authors":"Aamna Mukhtar, Rafia Faiz","doi":"10.22547/ber/12.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"In pursuit of improved flexibility and control over performance of dual roles in work and personal lives, an increasing number of women are shifting from paid employment to entrepreneurship. Yet, women entrepreneurs continue to experience dynamics of work-life conflict, particularly when gender interplays with culture, religion and class in unconventional, patriarchal Muslim societies. The purpose of this paper is to address the strategies adopted by Pakistani women entrepreneurs to combat work-life conflict. Border theory and role theory form the theoretical framework. This qualitative study draws upon interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) to examine lived experiences of coping with work-life conflict. In-depth interviews with 35 women entrepreneurs of fashion industry were conducted in mixed Urdu and English languages, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs experience varying degrees of work-life imbalance, and adopt active strategies to resist it. Due to poor institutional support, they largely tend to sacrifice their self-comfort for the sake of their family and business obligations. Strategic planning, authority delegating and seeking support from social capital are their most effective growth oriented strategies. Moreover, some women also practice growth constraining strategies in their subjective structures, thus contributing to reproduction of inequalities. This study contributes to expansion of border theory by highlighting the dynamics of work-life management when family and work are overlapping spheres for entrepreneurs. It adds to the growing body of literature on resistance and agency of marginalized women in emerging economies.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85742420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smoking has been the topic of research for long time. Scholars have written on this issue from different dimensions like revenue generation, employment creation, environmental and health hazards. However, it exposes a person to more than 400 carcinogenic chemicals, causing many detrimental diseases like lung cancer, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke which kill more than 7 million people annually. Due to high smoking attributable mortality and morbidity; the World Health Organization (hereafter WHO) passed Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (hereafter FCTC). WHO-FCTC stipulates certain obligatory rules for the control of smoking prevalence and tobacco hazards to its member states. This paper aimed to examine the compliance of tobacco control laws with the FCTC guidelines and their effects on smoking prevalence in South Asian countries. The work hypothesized that higher compliance of tobacco control laws with the WHO-FCTC rules reduces smoking prevalence. The study employed positivist approach using descriptive statistics to determine the role of compliance with tobacco control laws in controlling of smoking prevalence rates. The study used data from different sources like the official Gazette books, reports of the World Health Organization (WHO), website (tobacco control laws) of the campaign for Tobacco-free Kids, Our World in Data (OWID), population pyramid.net and The World Bank. We compared and contrasted the national laws governing tobacco control in South Asia with the WHO-FCTC guidelines to test our hypothesis. We constructed an overall compliance index for the countries. We found non-compliance with the FCTC proposed tax share and heterogeneities in tax rates among the countries to reduce the smoking prevalence rates. Bangladesh has attained the highest index score of 0.748 followed by Sri Lanka with 0.650 index score whereas, Nepal and India have the least scores on compliance. The least scores of India and Nepal go against our hypothesis
{"title":"Tobacco Control Laws of South Asian Countries: A Quantitative-Comparative Analysis of Compliance with FCTC and their Effects on Smoking Prevalence","authors":"M. Shahzad, Anwar Shah, F. Chaloupka","doi":"10.22547/BER/12.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/BER/12.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Smoking has been the topic of research for long time. Scholars have written on this issue from different dimensions like revenue generation, employment creation, environmental and health hazards. However, it exposes a person to more than 400 carcinogenic chemicals, causing many detrimental diseases like lung cancer, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke which kill more than 7 million people annually. Due to high smoking attributable mortality and morbidity; the World Health Organization (hereafter WHO) passed Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (hereafter FCTC). WHO-FCTC stipulates certain obligatory rules for the control of smoking prevalence and tobacco hazards to its member states. This paper aimed to examine the compliance of tobacco control laws with the FCTC guidelines and their effects on smoking prevalence in South Asian countries. The work hypothesized that higher compliance of tobacco control laws with the WHO-FCTC rules reduces smoking prevalence. The study employed positivist approach using descriptive statistics to determine the role of compliance with tobacco control laws in controlling of smoking prevalence rates. The study used data from different sources like the official Gazette books, reports of the World Health Organization (WHO), website (tobacco control laws) of the campaign for Tobacco-free Kids, Our World in Data (OWID), population pyramid.net and The World Bank. We compared and contrasted the national laws governing tobacco control in South Asia with the WHO-FCTC guidelines to test our hypothesis. We constructed an overall compliance index for the countries. We found non-compliance with the FCTC proposed tax share and heterogeneities in tax rates among the countries to reduce the smoking prevalence rates. Bangladesh has attained the highest index score of 0.748 followed by Sri Lanka with 0.650 index score whereas, Nepal and India have the least scores on compliance. The least scores of India and Nepal go against our hypothesis","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88565453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.
{"title":"https://imsciences.edu.pk/files/journals/vol12_2/New%201%20MA.864.pdf","authors":"Muhammad Siddique, Shandana Shoaib, Zahoor Jan","doi":"10.22547/ber/12.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79653451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bankruptcy prediction has long been an important concern for various stakeholders in an increasingly intricated business environment. Using a sample of 3,806 company-year observations of listed non-financial companies of Pakistan during 2005-2015, the paper compares models and identifies an optimal approach in terms of forecasting accuracy for predicting financial distress and bankruptcy. The purpose is to develop a model with relatively high predictability and figure out determinants of bankruptcy. By employing financial ratios, equity market variables and macroeconomic indicators; the hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) validates superior performance as opposed to dynamic panel probit and Merton-KMV models individually. Among financial ratios; quick ratio, cash ratio, current to total asset, quick to total asset, cash flow to short-term debt, gross profit margin, asset turnover, interest to debt, net working capital to net sales, and cash to net sales are crucial in examining firm’s financial status. Additionally, money supply, forex reserves, exchange rate, balance of trade, and real GDP growth rate are found statistically meaningful in predicting bankruptcy.
{"title":"The Riskiness of Risk Models: Assessment of Bankruptcy Risk of Non-Financial Sector of Pakistan","authors":"U. Khan, J. Iqbal, S. Iftikhar","doi":"10.22547/ber/12.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Bankruptcy prediction has long been an important concern for various stakeholders in an increasingly intricated business environment. Using a sample of 3,806 company-year observations of listed non-financial companies of Pakistan during 2005-2015, the paper compares models and identifies an optimal approach in terms of forecasting accuracy for predicting financial distress and bankruptcy. The purpose is to develop a model with relatively high predictability and figure out determinants of bankruptcy. By employing financial ratios, equity market variables and macroeconomic indicators; the hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) validates superior performance as opposed to dynamic panel probit and Merton-KMV models individually. Among financial ratios; quick ratio, cash ratio, current to total asset, quick to total asset, cash flow to short-term debt, gross profit margin, asset turnover, interest to debt, net working capital to net sales, and cash to net sales are crucial in examining firm’s financial status. Additionally, money supply, forex reserves, exchange rate, balance of trade, and real GDP growth rate are found statistically meaningful in predicting bankruptcy.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"23 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72472765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study has been conducted to examine the influence of the type of psychological contract on employee engagement by taking job-stress as a mediator. For this purpose, data were collected from three hundred and seventeen managers and officers working in seventeen private-sector commercial banks in Peshawar through a highly structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used for data analysis. In the first phase, descriptive statistics were used to find out the type of psychological contract of the respondents, their engagement level and the level of occupational stress. In the second phase, correlation and simple linear regression were used to study the impact of psychological contract on employee engagement. Similarly Process Macro was used for the mediation analysis. Findings indicate that the employees formed a strong psychological contract with their employer, and were actively engaged while experiencing a moderate level of job-stress. Furthermore, it was confirmed that a strong psychological contract has a significant positive influence on employee engagement. The study, however, did not find any evidence in support of the mediating role of job-stress for the given sample.
本研究以工作压力为中介，考察心理契约类型对员工敬业度的影响。为此目的，通过高度结构化的问卷调查，从白沙瓦17家私营商业银行的317名经理和高级职员中收集了数据。使用Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16进行数据分析。第一阶段采用描述性统计的方法，了解被调查者的心理契约类型、敬业程度和职业压力水平。第二阶段，运用相关和简单线性回归研究心理契约对员工敬业度的影响。同样，Process Macro也用于中介分析。研究结果表明，员工与雇主形成了较强的心理契约，并在适度的工作压力下积极投入。此外，强心理契约对员工敬业度有显著的正向影响。然而，这项研究并没有发现任何证据支持工作压力在给定样本中的中介作用。
{"title":"Psychological Contract and Employee Engagement; The Mediating role of Job-Stress, evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Maria Ishtiaq, M. Zeb","doi":"10.22547/ber/12.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study has been conducted to examine the influence of the type of psychological contract on employee engagement by taking job-stress as a mediator. For this purpose, data were collected from three hundred and seventeen managers and officers working in seventeen private-sector commercial banks in Peshawar through a highly structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used for data analysis. In the first phase, descriptive statistics were used to find out the type of psychological contract of the respondents, their engagement level and the level of occupational stress. In the second phase, correlation and simple linear regression were used to study the impact of psychological contract on employee engagement. Similarly Process Macro was used for the mediation analysis. Findings indicate that the employees formed a strong psychological contract with their employer, and were actively engaged while experiencing a moderate level of job-stress. Furthermore, it was confirmed that a strong psychological contract has a significant positive influence on employee engagement. The study, however, did not find any evidence in support of the mediating role of job-stress for the given sample.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90291241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Riaz Khan, Waseef Jamal, Khwaja Fawad Latif
Workplace life hinges on the key aspects of work-family conflict, employee performance and intrinsic motivation. This study explores the boundaries of work-family conflict associated with perceived job performance and the moderating effect of intrinsic motivation on this association amongst the frontline officers of Islamic banks in Pakistan. The exponential rise of Islamic banking over the past decade demands that the exigencies associated with this industry be studied and scrutinized. This study aims to rectify this dearth of literature on this contemporary issue. The results consistently conclude that work-family conflict is negatively associated with perceived job performance. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation as moderator, weaken this negative association. The study calls upon the need to properly deploy intrinsic motivation arousing tools to overcome the negative consequences of work-family conflict. It is further suggested that if religious inclinations and obligations are instilled in the organizational ethos, then working in Islamic banks may stimulate the source of intrinsic motivation. The study could provide an overview of the practical implications of work-family conflict to scholars and policy-makers. However, methodological limitations of the study may offer unique opportunities for future research in the field and are amply discussed.
{"title":"Moderating Role of Intrinsic Motivation on the Relationship of Work Family Conflict and Job Performance in Frontline Officers of Islamic Banks","authors":"Muhammad Riaz Khan, Waseef Jamal, Khwaja Fawad Latif","doi":"10.22547/ber/11.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/11.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Workplace life hinges on the key aspects of work-family conflict, employee performance and intrinsic motivation. This study explores the boundaries of work-family conflict associated with perceived job performance and the moderating effect of intrinsic motivation on this association amongst the frontline officers of Islamic banks in Pakistan. The exponential rise of Islamic banking over the past decade demands that the exigencies associated with this industry be studied and scrutinized. This study aims to rectify this dearth of literature on this contemporary issue. The results consistently conclude that work-family conflict is negatively associated with perceived job performance. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation as moderator, weaken this negative association. The study calls upon the need to properly deploy intrinsic motivation arousing tools to overcome the negative consequences of work-family conflict. It is further suggested that if religious inclinations and obligations are instilled in the organizational ethos, then working in Islamic banks may stimulate the source of intrinsic motivation. The study could provide an overview of the practical implications of work-family conflict to scholars and policy-makers. However, methodological limitations of the study may offer unique opportunities for future research in the field and are amply discussed.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79159449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social media has deeply penetrated into lives of millions of people around the world which has also attracted the attention of marketers. However, despite the popularity of social media marketing, companies still lack clarity about consumers’ attitudes towards social media marketing. There is lack of understanding about underlying consumers’ motives that affect their attitudes and online purchase intentions in the context of social media marketing. The aim of this research is to identify the impact of consumers’ motives on the online purchase intentions in the context of social media marketing in the fashion industry of Pakistan. In addition, it examines the mediating role of consumers’ attitude in affecting the relationship between motives and online purchase intentions. Data were collected from 574 consumers through convenience sampling from the metropolitan cities of Pakistan and hypotheses were tested through SEM using AMOS 21 statistical package. The results revealed that utilitarian, hedonic and content personalization motivation have significant influence on consumers’ attitudes towards social media marketing. However, only utilitarian motivation has a direct influence on the online purchase intentions of consumers. Attitude towards social media marketing partially mediates the relationship between utilitarian motivation and online purchase intentions and fully mediates the relationship between hedonic motivation, content personalization motivation and online purchase intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. The paper concludes with limitations and future research directions.
{"title":"Impact of Consumers’ Online Motivations on the Online Purchase Intentions: Mediating Role of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Social Media Marketing","authors":"Madeeha Irshad, Md. Ahmad","doi":"10.22547/ber/11.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/11.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Social media has deeply penetrated into lives of millions of people around the world which has also attracted the attention of marketers. However, despite the popularity of social media marketing, companies still lack clarity about consumers’ attitudes towards social media marketing. There is lack of understanding about underlying consumers’ motives that affect their attitudes and online purchase intentions in the context of social media marketing. The aim of this research is to identify the impact of consumers’ motives on the online purchase intentions in the context of social media marketing in the fashion industry of Pakistan. In addition, it examines the mediating role of consumers’ attitude in affecting the relationship between motives and online purchase intentions. Data were collected from 574 consumers through convenience sampling from the metropolitan cities of Pakistan and hypotheses were tested through SEM using AMOS 21 statistical package. The results revealed that utilitarian, hedonic and content personalization motivation have significant influence on consumers’ attitudes towards social media marketing. However, only utilitarian motivation has a direct influence on the online purchase intentions of consumers. Attitude towards social media marketing partially mediates the relationship between utilitarian motivation and online purchase intentions and fully mediates the relationship between hedonic motivation, content personalization motivation and online purchase intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. The paper concludes with limitations and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75461662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the short-run pricing performance of 238 IPOs listed on the Alternative Investment Market (hereafter referred as AIM) during the period from 2007 to 2016. This study measures the short-run pricing behavior of IPOs over the period of first-thirty trading days and finds that IPOs are underpriced by 12.58% on the first trading day which dilutes to 7.57% on the thirtieth trading day. We also report that the level of short-run pricing performance of newly listed IPOs is higher than cross-listed IPOs as these issues may have more uncertainty which results to generate higher abnormal returns. The results also confirm the evidence of investors’ sentiment, underwriters’ prestige, and signaling hypothesis. In addition, most of the proxies related to ex-ante uncertainty are not robust predictors of short-run performance of cross-listed IPOs.
{"title":"Pricing Performance of Cross-listed and Local IPOs: Evidence from Alternative Investment Market","authors":"Abdul Wahid, S. Khan, Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz","doi":"10.22547/ber/11.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/11.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the short-run pricing performance of 238 IPOs listed on the Alternative Investment Market (hereafter referred as AIM) during the period from 2007 to 2016. This study measures the short-run pricing behavior of IPOs over the period of first-thirty trading days and finds that IPOs are underpriced by 12.58% on the first trading day which dilutes to 7.57% on the thirtieth trading day. We also report that the level of short-run pricing performance of newly listed IPOs is higher than cross-listed IPOs as these issues may have more uncertainty which results to generate higher abnormal returns. The results also confirm the evidence of investors’ sentiment, underwriters’ prestige, and signaling hypothesis. In addition, most of the proxies related to ex-ante uncertainty are not robust predictors of short-run performance of cross-listed IPOs.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79492507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driven mainly by NPM (New Public Management) ideology, there has been increased agencification in Pakistan since the mid-1980s. The avowed objective of creating autonomous agencies is to free public managers from the direct control of political executives in financial and human resource management as a recipe for bureau-pathologies. This study examines the effect of structural characteristics of public organizations on their autonomy in the province of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (Pakistan). The study is interesting in that it focuses on agencies within a common political-administrative context which makes the causal analysis of different agencies more meaningful. Based on the ideas from structural-instrumental perspective, this study tests a model of public agencies governance, developed by Koen Verhoest, by drawing on data collected from key respondents through standardized survey. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques have been used to make sense of the data and test various hypotheses. The results show that some structural factors do matter in determining the autonomy of public agencies.
{"title":"The Effect of Structural Factors on Managerial Autonomy of Public Organizations: A Study of Agencification in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Zeb Khan, Muhammad Siddique, Z. Ullah","doi":"10.22547/ber/11.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/11.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Driven mainly by NPM (New Public Management) ideology, there has been increased agencification in Pakistan since the mid-1980s. The avowed objective of creating autonomous agencies is to free public managers from the direct control of political executives in financial and human resource management as a recipe for bureau-pathologies. This study examines the effect of structural characteristics of public organizations on their autonomy in the province of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (Pakistan). The study is interesting in that it focuses on agencies within a common political-administrative context which makes the causal analysis of different agencies more meaningful. Based on the ideas from structural-instrumental perspective, this study tests a model of public agencies governance, developed by Koen Verhoest, by drawing on data collected from key respondents through standardized survey. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques have been used to make sense of the data and test various hypotheses. The results show that some structural factors do matter in determining the autonomy of public agencies.","PeriodicalId":80398,"journal":{"name":"Akron business and economic review","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85253279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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