Requirement specifications for the guidance of researchers in collecting and recording the history of computing have been sought by many persons during our 12 year history as a journal. While there does not exist a definitive outline which covers all aspects of the field, the set of guidelines created for the first History of Programming Languages Conference in 1976 have been used by many researchers, authors, and editors. This set of questions, primarily targeted toward those who were involved in the very history which they are recording and reporting on, has been revised and expanded by the program committee of the proposed second History of Programming Languages Conference, scheduled for 1993.
{"title":"Guidelines for the Documentation of Segments of the History of Computing","authors":"John A. N. Lee","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1991.10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10009","url":null,"abstract":"Requirement specifications for the guidance of researchers in collecting and recording the history of computing have been sought by many persons during our 12 year history as a journal. While there does not exist a definitive outline which covers all aspects of the field, the set of guidelines created for the first History of Programming Languages Conference in 1976 have been used by many researchers, authors, and editors. This set of questions, primarily targeted toward those who were involved in the very history which they are recording and reporting on, has been revised and expanded by the program committee of the proposed second History of Programming Languages Conference, scheduled for 1993.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"13 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the introduction of factory concepts and practices, based on tools and methods from the evolving field of software engineering, at major software producers, in particular those that explicitly adopted the factory label to describe their software facilities or approach to software development: Hitachi, Toshiba, NEC, and Fujitsu in Japan, as well as System Development Corporation in the United States. The other United States firm discussed in detail is International Business Machines, which, without adopting the factory label, introduced numerous measures to organize and control software development, especially basic software. The paper emphasizes that the difficulty of the technology, shortages of skilled engineers, and large-scale projects have encouraged producers to become more systematic or factory-like in managing a series of projects, even though some characteristics of the technology and the industry have made software seem difficult to control and more suitable to a loosely structured project-centered or craft approach to development.
{"title":"Factory Concepts and Practices in Software Development","authors":"M. Cusumano","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1991.10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the introduction of factory concepts and practices, based on tools and methods from the evolving field of software engineering, at major software producers, in particular those that explicitly adopted the factory label to describe their software facilities or approach to software development: Hitachi, Toshiba, NEC, and Fujitsu in Japan, as well as System Development Corporation in the United States. The other United States firm discussed in detail is International Business Machines, which, without adopting the factory label, introduced numerous measures to organize and control software development, especially basic software. The paper emphasizes that the difficulty of the technology, shortages of skilled engineers, and large-scale projects have encouraged producers to become more systematic or factory-like in managing a series of projects, even though some characteristics of the technology and the industry have made software seem difficult to control and more suitable to a loosely structured project-centered or craft approach to development.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"13 1","pages":"3-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution in history of computing printing technology in the United States is covered from the end of World War II to recent times (1946-1987). The wide variety of printer products introduced over the forty-year period is surveyed and their differentiating characteristics described. The relationship of computer technology to printer technology is discussed, as is the relationship of the computer industry to the printer industry.
{"title":"Marks on Paper: Part 2. A Historical Survey of Computer Output Printing","authors":"Irving L. Wieselman, Erwin Tomash","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1991.10012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10012","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution in history of computing printing technology in the United States is covered from the end of World War II to recent times (1946-1987). The wide variety of printer products introduced over the forty-year period is surveyed and their differentiating characteristics described. The relationship of computer technology to printer technology is discussed, as is the relationship of the computer industry to the printer industry.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"13 1","pages":"203-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62442025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John von Neumann, in his 54 years of life, transformed the face and character of many pure/applied mathematical subject areas. And in particular he participated seminally in the creation of the Computer Age. The author (director of the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering at IEEE) has d
{"title":"John von Neumann and the origins of modern computing","authors":"W. Aspray","doi":"10.2307/3105832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3105832","url":null,"abstract":"John von Neumann, in his 54 years of life, transformed the face and character of many pure/applied mathematical subject areas. And in particular he participated seminally in the creation of the Computer Age. The author (director of the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering at IEEE) has d","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"1 1","pages":"I-XVII, 1-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88313633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the story of the first sixteen years of Informatics in Defense, as seen by a man who was a spectator from inside, then actor, and devoted all his active life to informatics as experience, and to Defense Minister as duty. These years were important because nobody in France outside of the Defense had simultaneous interest in computers and the budget for research about it. Industry was not motivated, seeing no future for the computer gadget. Defense made the triggering move, and Government as a whole followed: good or bad, it's another story.
{"title":"Informatics in the Defense Industry","authors":"Henri Boucher","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10043","url":null,"abstract":"This is the story of the first sixteen years of Informatics in Defense, as seen by a man who was a spectator from inside, then actor, and devoted all his active life to informatics as experience, and to Defense Minister as duty. These years were important because nobody in France outside of the Defense had simultaneous interest in computers and the budget for research about it. Industry was not motivated, seeing no future for the computer gadget. Defense made the triggering move, and Government as a whole followed: good or bad, it's another story.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"227-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremburg, Germany, celebrated in November 1988 the 20th anniversary of the opening of its computing center. In a text prepared for that occasion, the author reviews a 20-year forecast he made in 1968 for the opening ceremony and projects it for another 20 years.
{"title":"Another Look into the Future of Information Processing, 20 Years Later","authors":"H. Zemanek","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10039","url":null,"abstract":"The Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremburg, Germany, celebrated in November 1988 the 20th anniversary of the opening of its computing center. In a text prepared for that occasion, the author reviews a 20-year forecast he made in 1968 for the opening ceremony and projects it for another 20 years.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"19 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The computing center of the Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremburg in Germany, was inaugurated on November 29, 1968, with the installation of a Control Data 3300. In this invited address given in celebration of the event at that time, the attempted to forecast the future of information processing during the 20 years to follow.
{"title":"A Look into the Future of Information Processing","authors":"H. Zemanek","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10044","url":null,"abstract":"The computing center of the Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremburg in Germany, was inaugurated on November 29, 1968, with the installation of a Control Data 3300. In this invited address given in celebration of the event at that time, the attempted to forecast the future of information processing during the 20 years to follow.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"241-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The French Atomic Energy Authority (Commissariat àl'Énergie Atomique or CEA) started to investigate electronic computing in 1952 and in 1956 created a specialized team, trained in England. It bought its first digital computers in 1957. From then on it continually acquired the most powerful computing equipment available (IBM Stretch, IBM 360/91, CDC 7600) to meet the needs of both civilian and military nuclear research. For many years, the CEA was IBM's largest customer outside the United States. In 1972 the Computer Division of the "Civilian CEA" was subsidiarized into a leading European software company, the CISI.
法国原子能管理局(Commissariat àl'Énergie Atomique或CEA)于1952年开始研究电子计算，并于1956年成立了一个在英国接受培训的专门小组。它在1957年购买了第一台数字计算机。从那时起，它不断获得最强大的计算设备(IBM Stretch, IBM 360/91, CDC 7600)，以满足民用和军用核研究的需求。多年来，CEA一直是IBM在美国以外最大的客户。1972年，“民用CEA”的计算机部门被补贴为一家领先的欧洲软件公司——CISI。
{"title":"The Beginnings of Computing Activities at the Atomic Energy Authority, 1952-1972","authors":"A. Amouyal","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10045","url":null,"abstract":"The French Atomic Energy Authority (Commissariat àl'Énergie Atomique or CEA) started to investigate electronic computing in 1952 and in 1956 created a specialized team, trained in England. It bought its first digital computers in 1957. From then on it continually acquired the most powerful computing equipment available (IBM Stretch, IBM 360/91, CDC 7600) to meet the needs of both civilian and military nuclear research. For many years, the CEA was IBM's largest customer outside the United States. In 1972 the Computer Division of the \"Civilian CEA\" was subsidiarized into a leading European software company, the CISI.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"219-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Together with Grenoble, Paris, Toulouse, and Nantes, Nancy was one of the first French universities in which computer science appeared 30 years ago. The history of computer science in each French university has its own particular character. Through such a history (1960-1975) one can understand a certain number of general phenomena.
{"title":"GRIN: The History of a Laboratory","authors":"C. Pair","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10033","url":null,"abstract":"Together with Grenoble, Paris, Toulouse, and Nantes, Nancy was one of the first French universities in which computer science appeared 30 years ago. The history of computer science in each French university has its own particular character. Through such a history (1960-1975) one can understand a certain number of general phenomena.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"159-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A summary account is given of the large set of logarithmic and trigonometric tables produced at the end of the 18th century under the direction of Gaspard Riche de Prony. Although they were completed in 1801, their size made publication a costly task; and it was never done, despite the fact that printing was started more than once and various efforts were made over the years to find finance. Eventually a reduced edition of some tables appeared in 1891. In addition to the history some details are given of the mathematical methods used in the compilation of the tables. An appendix considers the possible influence of this project upon Babbage's ideas on computers and tables.
{"title":"Work for the Hairdressers: The Production of de Prony's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables","authors":"I. Grattan-Guinness","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10029","url":null,"abstract":"A summary account is given of the large set of logarithmic and trigonometric tables produced at the end of the 18th century under the direction of Gaspard Riche de Prony. Although they were completed in 1801, their size made publication a costly task; and it was never done, despite the fact that printing was started more than once and various efforts were made over the years to find finance. Eventually a reduced edition of some tables appeared in 1891. In addition to the history some details are given of the mathematical methods used in the compilation of the tables. An appendix considers the possible influence of this project upon Babbage's ideas on computers and tables.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"177-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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