Helmut Schreyer describes the development and construction of a model to test the feasibility of an electronic computer. This work was done, in association with the computer pioneer Konrad Zuse, in the isolation of wartime Germany during the period 1941-1943. Schreyer relates the circumstances and events which led up to this project and he comments on the similarity of his basic electronic circuits to those which he subsequently found were used in electronic computers developed elsewhere.
Helmut Schreyer描述了一个模型的开发和构建，以测试电子计算机的可行性。这项工作是在1941年至1943年期间与计算机先驱康拉德·祖泽(Konrad Zuse)合作完成的。Schreyer讲述了导致这个项目的情况和事件，他评论了他的基本电子电路与他后来发现的用于其他地方开发的电子计算机的相似之处。
{"title":"An Experimental Model of an Electronic Computer","authors":"H. Schreyer","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10026","url":null,"abstract":"Helmut Schreyer describes the development and construction of a model to test the feasibility of an electronic computer. This work was done, in association with the computer pioneer Konrad Zuse, in the isolation of wartime Germany during the period 1941-1943. Schreyer relates the circumstances and events which led up to this project and he comments on the similarity of his basic electronic circuits to those which he subsequently found were used in electronic computers developed elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"187-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The French Learned Society for Computer Scientists, AFCET (Association Française pour la Cybernétique Economique et Technique) originated in 1968 with the merger of four associations for automatic control, operational research, information processing, and instrumentation and control, all of which were considered to be components of the term "cybernetics." The novelty of this process explains how difficult it was for computer science to be recognized in the manner that computer scientists desired, both in AFCET and in the university. Discussion regarding cybernetics, which has continued in the background within AFCET, has emerged again today to respond to questions posed by artificial intelligence in its most advanced developments.
{"title":"The French Society of Computer Scientists: AFCET","authors":"Colette Hoffsaes","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10032","url":null,"abstract":"The French Learned Society for Computer Scientists, AFCET (Association Française pour la Cybernétique Economique et Technique) originated in 1968 with the merger of four associations for automatic control, operational research, information processing, and instrumentation and control, all of which were considered to be components of the term \"cybernetics.\" The novelty of this process explains how difficult it was for computer science to be recognized in the manner that computer scientists desired, both in AFCET and in the university. Discussion regarding cybernetics, which has continued in the background within AFCET, has emerged again today to respond to questions posed by artificial intelligence in its most advanced developments.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article describes the development of applied mathematics and computer sciences at the University of Grenoble, beginning around 1948. It reviews the different teaching and research orientations as well as the computing equipment, which made Grenoble one of the first French center in this field.
{"title":"Informatics at the University of Grenoble","authors":"J. Kuntzmann","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10019","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the development of applied mathematics and computer sciences at the University of Grenoble, beginning around 1948. It reviews the different teaching and research orientations as well as the computing equipment, which made Grenoble one of the first French center in this field.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"29 1","pages":"91-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the inventions described in this article originated in Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. Emil Schilling filed a patent for a pneumatic calculator control system in 1926; Francisco Campos designed a mechanical storage device in the 20's; and Adolf Weygandt built a relay calculator for determinants in 1932. While the three inventors did not directly effect the development of the modern computer, their ideas can be viewed as parts of independent technological traditions, which are quite common in the history of data processing.
{"title":"Three Inventors-Scenes from Early German Computing History","authors":"Ralf Bulow","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10024","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the inventions described in this article originated in Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. Emil Schilling filed a patent for a pneumatic calculator control system in 1926; Francisco Campos designed a mechanical storage device in the 20's; and Adolf Weygandt built a relay calculator for determinants in 1932. While the three inventors did not directly effect the development of the modern computer, their ideas can be viewed as parts of independent technological traditions, which are quite common in the history of data processing.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"109-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article summarizes the development of the Grenoble Institute of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (IMAG), created by Professor Jean Kuntzmann. Then it focuses on the Programming Team, headed by Professor Louis Bolliet. Since the 1960s, many Grenoble educated computer scientists and engineers have spread towards other university towns/campuses (the example of IRISA in Rennes is discussed) and to industry, thus contributing greatly to the diffusion of computer activities in France. After this historical outline, the author proposes some retrospective reflections on research and development in Programming Language Systems.
{"title":"Programming in Grenoble in the 1960s and those who Flew from the Nest","authors":"J. Verjus","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10017","url":null,"abstract":"This article summarizes the development of the Grenoble Institute of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (IMAG), created by Professor Jean Kuntzmann. Then it focuses on the Programming Team, headed by Professor Louis Bolliet. Since the 1960s, many Grenoble educated computer scientists and engineers have spread towards other university towns/campuses (the example of IRISA in Rennes is discussed) and to industry, thus contributing greatly to the diffusion of computer activities in France. After this historical outline, the author proposes some retrospective reflections on research and development in Programming Language Systems.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of computers in Poland began at the end of 1948 with the formation of the Group for Mathematical Apparatus of the Mathematical Institute in Warsaw. The beginning was not easy because at that time Warsaw was still rebuilding after the destruction of World War II. The first analogue computer, called the "Analyzer of Differential Equations, " was completed in 1954 and then regularly used for several years. The first successful digital computer, called XYZ, was completed in 1958. It performed about 800 operations per second and became a milestone in the development of Polish computers. Soon the XYZ computer was improved and, under the name ZAM 2, was manufactured and installed in many places in Poland and abroad. As asset of XYZ and ZAM 2 was the system of Automatic Coding, introduced in 1960 and often called a Polish FORTRAN.
{"title":"On the Beginnings of Computer Development in Poland","authors":"L. Lukaszewicz","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10021","url":null,"abstract":"Development of computers in Poland began at the end of 1948 with the formation of the Group for Mathematical Apparatus of the Mathematical Institute in Warsaw. The beginning was not easy because at that time Warsaw was still rebuilding after the destruction of World War II. The first analogue computer, called the \"Analyzer of Differential Equations, \" was completed in 1954 and then regularly used for several years. The first successful digital computer, called XYZ, was completed in 1958. It performed about 800 operations per second and became a milestone in the development of Polish computers. Soon the XYZ computer was improved and, under the name ZAM 2, was manufactured and installed in many places in Poland and abroad. As asset of XYZ and ZAM 2 was the system of Automatic Coding, introduced in 1960 and often called a Polish FORTRAN.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"103-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article describes a case of institutional innovation - the development of a new activity among established scientific disciplines. The official recognition of computer science in the French research and educational organizations met many obstacles, at least until the mid-1970s, although research and teaching had been carried on in this field for 20 years. In the CNRS, informatics emerged as a sub-discipline of applied mathematics and fluid mechanics, then of mathematics, before a specific assessment committee was created in 1976 for computer sciences and automation. In the university system, a subcommittee was established in 1972 and became a full committee in 1982; at that time, computer activities had already penetrated the secondary schools.
{"title":"Computer Science at the CNRS and in French Universities: A Gradual Institutional Recognition","authors":"G. Baron, P. Mounier-Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10020","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes a case of institutional innovation - the development of a new activity among established scientific disciplines. The official recognition of computer science in the French research and educational organizations met many obstacles, at least until the mid-1970s, although research and teaching had been carried on in this field for 20 years. In the CNRS, informatics emerged as a sub-discipline of applied mathematics and fluid mechanics, then of mathematics, before a specific assessment committee was created in 1976 for computer sciences and automation. In the university system, a subcommittee was established in 1972 and became a full committee in 1982; at that time, computer activities had already penetrated the secondary schools.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grenoble is a major French center in computer and automation sciences. The origin of this development is geographic: Grenoble is located in the French Alps, where since the beginning of the century, hydroelectric dams have been built. Hence, electricity was available and cheap, and new industries settled in the region, with a strong demand for research in electrotechnology, fluid mechanics, and applied mathematics. An exception in France, Grenoble therefore has a sound tradition of close links between university and industry, particularly in fields at the roots of computer sciences.
{"title":"Computer Sciences at the University of Grenoble","authors":"P. Mounier-Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10022","url":null,"abstract":"Grenoble is a major French center in computer and automation sciences. The origin of this development is geographic: Grenoble is located in the French Alps, where since the beginning of the century, hydroelectric dams have been built. Hence, electricity was available and cheap, and new industries settled in the region, with a strong demand for research in electrotechnology, fluid mechanics, and applied mathematics. An exception in France, Grenoble therefore has a sound tradition of close links between university and industry, particularly in fields at the roots of computer sciences.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"89-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The CAB 500 was planned by SEA as a low cost, simple to use computer, primarily for scientific calculations. The technology used was magnetic amplifiers, transistors, ferrite cores, and a magnetic drum, with input/output on perforated paper tape. It could be used in two modes: as a stored program computer or as a desk calculator. It was a micro-programmed machine, and a high-level language PAF (Programmation Automatique des Formules) was developed for it. It was launched in 1960 and over 100 were sold.
CAB 500是由SEA计划作为一个低成本，简单使用的计算机，主要用于科学计算。使用的技术是磁放大器、晶体管、铁氧体磁芯和磁鼓，输入/输出在穿孔纸带上。它可以在两种模式下使用:作为存储程序计算机或作为台式计算器。它是一种微程序机器，并为此开发了一种高级语言PAF (programming Automatique des Formules)。它于1960年推出，销量超过100辆。
{"title":"The SEA CAB 500 Computer","authors":"Dimitri Starynkevitch","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10008","url":null,"abstract":"The CAB 500 was planned by SEA as a low cost, simple to use computer, primarily for scientific calculations. The technology used was magnetic amplifiers, transistors, ferrite cores, and a magnetic drum, with input/output on perforated paper tape. It could be used in two modes: as a stored program computer or as a desk calculator. It was a micro-programmed machine, and a high-level language PAF (Programmation Automatique des Formules) was developed for it. It was launched in 1960 and over 100 were sold.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"85 1","pages":"23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The grammar of arithmetic formulas was the pilot example for developing parsing techniques for Chomsky grammars. It is shown how stacks were introduced and how they turned out to be powerful instruments within compilers by controlling state transitions at compile time and storage allocation at run time.
{"title":"The Cellar Principle of State Transition and Storage Allocation","authors":"F. L. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10004","url":null,"abstract":"The grammar of arithmetic formulas was the pilot example for developing parsing techniques for Chomsky grammars. It is shown how stacks were introduced and how they turned out to be powerful instruments within compilers by controlling state transitions at compile time and storage allocation at run time.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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