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Biofilm Formation, and Related Impacts on Healthcare, Food Processing and Packaging, Industrial Manufacturing, Marine Industries, and Sanitation–A Review 生物膜的形成及其对医疗保健、食品加工和包装、工业制造、海洋工业和卫生的影响综述
Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3030044
Ghazal Shineh, M. Mobaraki, Mohammad Jabed Perves Bappy, D. Mills
Biofilm formation can lead to problems in healthcare, water distribution systems, food processing and packaging, industrial manufacturing, marine industries, and sanitation. These microbial communities can proliferate on biotic or abiotic surfaces, and are responsible for human disease and decreasing production efficiency and service equipment life in many industrial fields. The formation of biofilm starts with the attachment of bacteria to the surface, followed by bacterial proliferation and maturation of the microbial community. After forming a biofilm, bacteria not resistant to antimicrobial agents in their planktonic forms can turn resistant. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilm, and the association of biofilms in generating infectious diseases in humans, highlight the need for designing novel and successful antibacterial, anti-biofilm, or anti-infection materials. This paper aims to review the mechanism of biofilm formation, the impact on different industries, the interaction mechanism of nanoparticles with bacteria, and strategies to design anti-biofilm materials. Examples of designing anti-infection bio-implants, coatings, medical devices, wound dressings, and sutures are reviewed.
生物膜的形成会导致医疗保健、水分配系统、食品加工和包装、工业制造、海洋工业和卫生方面的问题。这些微生物群落可以在生物或非生物表面繁殖,是许多工业领域人类疾病和降低生产效率和服务设备寿命的原因。生物膜的形成始于细菌附着在表面,随后是细菌的增殖和微生物群落的成熟。在形成生物膜后,对浮游形式的抗菌剂不耐药的细菌会变得耐药。细菌生物膜的抗生素耐药性,以及生物膜与人类感染性疾病的关联,突出了设计新型和成功的抗菌、抗生物膜或抗感染材料的必要性。本文旨在综述生物膜的形成机理、对不同行业的影响、纳米颗粒与细菌的相互作用机制以及抗生物膜材料的设计策略。本文回顾了抗感染生物植入物、涂层、医疗器械、伤口敷料和缝合线的设计实例。
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引用次数: 3
β-Lactams and Ureas as Cross Inhibitors of Prokaryotic Systems β-内酰胺和尿素作为原核系统的交叉抑制剂
Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3030043
M. Konaklieva, B. Plotkin
β-Lactams in the last thirty years have been viewed as universal acylating agents of serine and cysteine enzymes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. More recently, their use has been propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic, thus broadening their application as inhibitors of viral enzymes. The urea-based drugs have been extensively studied as inhibitors of the aforementioned enzymes. The focus of this review is the last decade’s drug discovery strategies, as well as new strategies that show utility in the expansion of β-lactams and ureas in the development of new antimicrobial and antiviral drugs.
近三十年来,β-内酰胺被认为是原核和真核系统中丝氨酸和半胱氨酸酶的通用酰化剂。最近,COVID-19大流行推动了它们的使用,从而扩大了它们作为病毒酶抑制剂的应用范围。以尿素为基础的药物作为上述酶的抑制剂已被广泛研究。本综述的重点是过去十年的药物发现策略,以及在开发新的抗菌和抗病毒药物中扩大β-内酰胺和脲类药物的新策略。
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引用次数: 0
Asteltoxins: Synthesis and Biological Studies 星形毒素:合成与生物学研究
Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3030042
E. El-Sawy, G. Kirsch, Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
Asteltoxins belong to a group of polyene pyrone mycotoxins that are known to be potent inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis. Asteltoxin A was first isolated from the toxic maize cultures of Aspergillus stellatus. Several attempts have been made to synthesize asteltoxin A, starting with the synthesis of a bis(tetrahydrofuran) moiety that has been demonstrated previously in biosynthetic studies. This review highlights the fungal sources of asteltoxins, similar asteltoxins, biosynthetic pathways, their synthetic trials, and their biological activities. This review is the first of its kind covering the periods from 1979 to 2023.
Asteltoxins属于一组多烯吡咯真菌毒素,已知是线粒体ATP合成和ATP水解的有效抑制剂。Asteltoxin A首次从玉米毒曲霉(Aspergillus stellatus)中分离得到。已经进行了几次尝试来合成星毒素A,从合成双(四氢呋喃)片段开始,这在以前的生物合成研究中得到了证明。本文综述了星藻毒素的真菌来源、类似星藻毒素的生物合成途径、合成试验及其生物活性。这是第一次对1979年至2023年期间进行审查。
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引用次数: 1
Sublethal Exposure to Common Benzalkonium Chloride Leads to Antimicrobial Tolerance and Antibiotic Cross-Resistance in Commensal and Opportunistic Bacterial Species 亚致死暴露于普通苯扎氯铵导致共生和机会性细菌物种的抗菌素耐受性和抗生素交叉耐药性
Pub Date : 2023-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020041
Sheareazade A. Pena, Juan G. Salas, Nilisha Gautam, Ashley M. Ramos, A. Frantz
The production and consumer use of disinfectants has substantially increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride compounds and is the most common active ingredient in surface cleaning and disinfecting products. Accordingly, BAC compounds are routinely in contact with microorganisms in indoor environments, which may contribute to the development of antimicrobial tolerance and cross-resistance. To investigate the impact of BAC exposure on commensal and opportunistic bacteria of public health importance, we exposed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium xerosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a standard BAC mixture (BAC12–14), as well as purified BAC16. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined before and after repeated exposure to sublethal BAC concentrations. MICs for Gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher than Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, BAC12–14 MICs were significantly higher for opportunistic pathogens and BAC-tolerance was associated with antibiotic cross-resistance. These results suggest that common Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens are less sensitive to BAC-inhibition than commensal species and may preferentially develop antimicrobial tolerance upon repeated or prolonged exposure to BAC12–14. Reevaluating the formulation and concentration of BAC-containing products in efforts to limit the development of antimicrobial tolerance and antibiotic co-resistance is warranted.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,消毒剂的生产和消费者使用量大幅增加。苯扎氯铵(BAC)是烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵化合物的混合物,是表面清洁和消毒产品中最常见的活性成分。因此,BAC化合物经常与室内环境中的微生物接触,这可能有助于抗菌素耐受性和交叉耐药性的发展。为了研究BAC暴露对具有公共卫生重要性的共生细菌和机会性细菌的影响,我们将表皮葡萄球菌、干燥杆状杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌暴露于标准BAC混合物(BAC12-14)以及纯化的BAC16中。在反复暴露于亚致死BAC浓度之前和之后,测定了最低抑制浓度(mic)和抗生素敏感性。革兰氏阴性菌的mic明显高于革兰氏阳性菌。此外,BAC12-14 mic在条件致病菌中显著升高,并且bac耐受性与抗生素交叉耐药有关。这些结果表明,与共生菌相比,常见的革兰氏阴性条件致病菌对BAC12-14抑制的敏感性较低,并且可能在反复或长时间暴露于BAC12-14时优先产生抗菌耐受性。有必要重新评估含bac产品的配方和浓度,以限制抗菌素耐受性和抗生素共耐药的发展。
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引用次数: 1
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cosmeceutical Potential of Wild Mushroom Extracts 野生蘑菇提取物的抗氧化、抗菌和药妆潜力
Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020040
T. Martins, L. Machado-Carvalho, A. Aires, M. Saavedra, G. Marques
Macrofungi have been previously studied for their nutritional value and medicinal properties. However, despite wild mushrooms being a great source of beneficial bioactive compounds, the literature exploring their biotechnological application as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics is scarce. In this work, the species Butyriboletus regius, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus hispidus, Lanmaoa fragrans, Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillellus luridus, Suillellus mendax and Xerocomus subtomentosus were characterized according to their phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and cosmeceutical potential. For that purpose, dried and ground mushrooms were extracted with ethanol (40% v/v) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Of the eight mushrooms analyzed, I. hispidus and P. tinctorius stood out for their high content of phenolic compounds, high antioxidant capacity and anti-hyaluronidase activity. Regarding antimicrobial activity, both mushrooms showed good inhibition of bacterial growth and bactericidal activity, especially on Gram-positive bacteria; however, L. fragans obtained the best results. Cream formulations with I. hispidus and P. tinctorius extracts in their composition improved their antioxidant activity. These results indicate that I. hispidus and P. tinctorius can be proposed as a new potential source of natural compounds with application in the cosmetic industry.
此前,人们对大型真菌的营养价值和药用特性进行了研究。然而,尽管野生蘑菇是有益生物活性化合物的重要来源,但探索其作为营养保健品、药妆品和营养化妆品的生物技术应用的文献很少。本研究从植物的酚类成分、抗氧化能力、抗菌活性和药品潜力等方面对亚洲丁核菌(Butyriboletus regius)、灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)、褐毛菌(Inonotus hispidus)、香兰菌(Lanmaoa fragrans)、红毛菌(Pisolithus tinctorius)、毛毛菌(Suillellus luridus)、门毛菌(Suillellus mendax)和干毛菌(Xerocomus subtomentosus)进行了研究。为此,使用超声波辅助提取,用乙醇(40% v/v)提取干燥和磨碎的蘑菇。在分析的8种蘑菇中,hispidus和P. tinctorius以其高酚类化合物含量、高抗氧化能力和抗透明质酸酶活性而突出。抑菌活性方面,两种蘑菇均表现出良好的抑菌活性和抑菌活性,特别是对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌活性;其中,fragans的效果最好。在乳膏中加入海鞘草和黄皮草提取物可提高其抗氧化活性。这些结果表明,海丝蚤和黄纹蚤可作为一种潜在的天然化合物新来源,在化妆品工业中具有应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Effectiveness and Persistence of Antimicrobial Durability in Dry and Wet States of a Novel Antimicrobial Surface Disinfectant 一种新型抗菌表面消毒剂在干、湿状态下的比较效果和抗菌持久性
Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020039
Bahgat Z Gerges, J. Rosenblatt, Ying Jiang, I. Raad
Aims: We evaluated a novel disinfectant (VR) and seven comparators (disinfectants A–G) against resistant pathogens common in healthcare settings. Methods and Results: VR at different dilutions, along with commercial disinfectants A–G, was tested against surrogate viruses, and resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens. Surrogate viruses had an initial concentration of ~1 × 108 mL−1, and bacterial and fungal isolates had an initial concentration of ~1 × 106 mL−1 on Siliconee surfaces. After the application of VR or a comparator disinfectant, surfaces were tested for the reduction in microbial loads after 30 s and 5 min wet exposures, and after a 24 h dry residue exposure. Sterile deionized water was used as a control. The VR at a concentration of 4.68% was superior to all comparator disinfectants against most pathogens in wet and dry testing. The VR at 7.8% concentration showed the highest pathogen-reduction rate among all comparator disinfectants when tested against all pathogens. Conclusions: Overall, the novel VR disinfectant was the most effective disinfectant in both wet and dry residue states against the range of tested pathogens. Significance and Impact of the Study: VR is a broadly effective disinfectant combination for use in high-risk settings, particularly those in which intervals between applications of disinfectant can be lengthy or inconsistent.
目的:我们评估了一种新型消毒剂(VR)和7种比较剂(消毒剂a - g)对卫生保健环境中常见的耐药病原体的作用。方法与结果:采用不同稀释度的VR,以及商业消毒剂A-G,对替代病毒、耐药细菌和真菌病原体进行了检测。替代病毒的初始浓度为~1 × 108 mL−1,细菌和真菌分离物在硅表面的初始浓度为~1 × 106 mL−1。应用VR或比较消毒剂后,在30秒和5分钟的湿暴露以及24小时的干残留物暴露后,测试表面微生物负荷的减少情况。无菌去离子水作为对照。在湿法和干法试验中,浓度为4.68%的杀菌剂对大多数病原菌的杀菌力均优于所有比较消毒剂。在所有比较剂消毒剂中,浓度为7.8%的杀菌剂对所有病原体的杀菌率最高。结论:总体而言,新型VR消毒剂在湿残留和干残留状态下对检测的病原体都是最有效的消毒剂。研究的意义和影响:VR是一种广泛有效的消毒剂组合,适用于高风险环境,特别是那些消毒剂应用间隔可能很长或不一致的环境。
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引用次数: 0
Probiotic-Based Sanitation in the Built Environment—An Alternative to Chemical Disinfectants 建筑环境中基于益生菌的卫生——化学消毒剂的替代品
Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020038
A. Ramos, A. Frantz
The use of conventional chemical disinfectants is a common practice in built environments and has drastically increased in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While effective for instantaneous disinfection, the application of chemical disinfectants to indoor surfaces is associated with recontamination and is prone to select for antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In contrast, probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) relies on the premise that probiotic bacteria, namely apathogenic Bacillus spp., when combined with eco-friendly detergents and applied to indoor surfaces can outcompete and exclude pathogens. Recent in situ studies assessing PBS in healthcare settings have demonstrated overwhelmingly positive results, including significant reductions in pathogen burden, antimicrobial-resistant genes and nosocomial infections, yet these studies are limited in duration and scope. Here, we review results of Bacillus-based PBS in practice, identify knowledge gaps and discuss the considerations for the widespread use of PBS in built environments. In a time when indoor cleaning and disinfection has come to the forefront, PBS may offer an attractive, effective and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical disinfectants.
在建筑环境中,使用传统化学消毒剂是一种常见做法,在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,这种做法大幅增加。虽然对即时消毒有效,但将化学消毒剂应用于室内表面与再污染有关,并且容易选择具有抗菌素耐药性的病原体。相比之下,以益生菌为基础的卫生(PBS)依赖于益生菌,即致病性芽孢杆菌,当与环保洗涤剂结合并应用于室内表面时,可以胜过并排除病原体。最近在卫生保健环境中评估PBS的原位研究显示了压倒性的积极结果,包括病原体负担、抗微生物药耐药基因和医院感染的显著减少,但这些研究的持续时间和范围有限。在这里,我们回顾了基于芽孢杆菌的PBS在实践中的结果,确定了知识空白,并讨论了在建筑环境中广泛使用PBS的考虑因素。在室内清洁和消毒已经走在前列的时候,PBS可能会提供一个有吸引力的,有效的和可持续的替代传统的化学消毒剂。
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引用次数: 0
Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria for Vaginal Application. Optimization of Biomass Production and Freeze-Drying Conditions 阴道应用益生菌乳酸菌。生物质生产和冷冻干燥条件的优化
Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020037
A. Marchesi, M. E. Nader-Macías
Probiotic formula for the vaginal tract must contain high numbers of viable beneficial bacteria that maintain their characteristics during the production and further storage, in order to exert the claimed probiotic effect. Four probiotic strains—Lactobacillus gasseri CRL1320, Limosilactobacillus reuteri CRL1324, Ligilactobacillus salivarius CRL1328 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1332—originally isolated from vagina of healthy women exhibiting beneficial properties were evaluated. Therefore, the optimization of growth parameters and dry biomass production with high viability while preserving probiotic features of strains is a great challenge. Different growth conditions in MRS medium were set up in a laboratory bioreactor; two initial pH and agitation were recorded speeds during static or controlled fermentations. Production conditions of 37 °C with controlled pH 6.5 and 5.5-MRS with 150 and 75 rpm stirring speeds were used for CRL1329 and CRL1332 strains, respectively, while static and free pH MRS for CRL1324 and CRL1328 probiotics allowed us to obtain maximal cell viability counts. However, during 12 h of fermentation, biomass yields of 19.3, 16.2 and 15.2 g/L were achieved when CRL1329, CRL1328 and CRL1324 probiotic strains were grown in static and free pH MRS. The highest biomass yield for CRL1332 strain was produced under controlled MRS-initial pH 6.5 and 75 rpm fermentation conditions. To preserve probiotic high biomass viability, freeze-drying was carried out in the presence of different cryoprotective agents. Thus, the highest viable numbers (10.9–11.8 log CFU/g) with survival rates between 91.3 and 95.6% were attained in the presence of 10% trehalose (L. reuteri and L. salivarius), lactose (L. rhammosus) and lactose + trehalose + sucrose mix (L. gasseri). When stability during post-freeze-drying storage was evaluated, probiotic strains showed a remarkably higher viability recovery when stored at 4 °C than at 25 °C for 12 and 3 months, respectively. In addition, surface characteristics of vaginal probiotics were affected to different extents during storage depending on the strain, protective agent and storage time/temperature. Critical factors for growth conditions, drying process and storage stability of probiotic lactobacilli strains were optimized in view to preserve cell high viability and surface features for the design of vaginal probiotic formula.
阴道益生菌配方必须含有大量的活菌,在生产和进一步储存过程中保持其特性,以发挥所声称的益生菌效果。研究了从健康女性阴道中分离的4株益生菌——产气乳杆菌CRL1320、罗伊氏乳杆菌CRL1324、唾液乳杆菌CRL1328和鼠李糖乳杆菌crl1332。因此,如何优化菌株的生长参数,在保持其益生菌特性的同时获得高活力的干生物量是一个巨大的挑战。在实验室生物反应器中设置MRS培养基的不同生长条件;在静态或受控发酵期间记录两个初始pH值和搅拌速度。CRL1329和CRL1332菌株的生产条件分别为37°C,控制pH 6.5和5.5-MRS,搅拌速度为150和75 rpm,而CRL1324和CRL1328益生菌的静态和自由pH MRS使我们获得最大的细胞活力计数。而CRL1329、CRL1328和CRL1324菌株在静态和自由pH mrs条件下发酵12 h,其生物量产量分别为19.3、16.2和15.2 g/L。CRL1332菌株在控制mrs -初始pH 6.5和75 rpm发酵条件下的生物量产量最高。为了保持益生菌的高生物量活力,在不同的冷冻保护剂的存在下进行了冷冻干燥。结果表明,10%海藻糖(L. reuteri和L. salivarius)、乳糖(L. rhammosus)和乳糖+海藻糖+蔗糖混合物(L. gasseri)存在时,活菌数最高(10.9 ~ 11.8 log CFU/g),存活率为91.3 ~ 95.6%。在冻干后贮藏稳定性评估中,益生菌菌株在4℃贮藏12个月和3个月时的活力恢复明显高于25℃贮藏。此外,菌株、保护剂和保存时间/温度对阴道益生菌的表面特性有不同程度的影响。对益生菌乳酸菌菌株的生长条件、干燥工艺和贮存稳定性等关键因素进行优化,以保持细胞的高活力和表面特征,为阴道益生菌配方的设计提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Variation of Tetracycline-Resistant E. coli and Relationships with Water Quality Variables in Irrigation Water: A Pilot Study 灌溉水中耐四环素大肠杆菌的空间变异及其与水质变量的关系
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020036
M. Stocker, Jaclyn E. Smith, Y. Pachepsky
Irrigation waters may facilitate the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or genes to humans and animals. Monitoring of resistance in irrigated waters has become common; however, many studies do not incorporate a spatial component into sampling designs. The objective of this work was to assess spatiotemporal variations in tetracycline-resistant E. coli in an irrigation pond. Water samples were collected at 10 locations and two different water depths, and in situ and laboratory water quality measurements were performed. The percentage of E. coli resistant to the low (4 μg mL−1) and high (16 μg mL−1) tetracycline doses varied by date and location but were observed to be as high as 12.7% and 6.3% of the total population throughout the study, respectively. While significant differences were not observed between resistance levels measured at different depths, on one date resistant E. coli were only detected in samples collected at depth. Nitrate, fluorescent dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found to be the leading control variables for the percentage of resistant E. coli. This work demonstrates that there may be substantial spatial variability in concentrations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in irrigation ponds which should be accounted for in the design of monitoring programs.
灌溉水可能促进耐抗生素细菌或基因向人类和动物传播。对灌溉水的耐药性监测已变得普遍;然而,许多研究没有将空间成分纳入抽样设计。这项工作的目的是评估四环素耐药大肠杆菌在灌溉池塘的时空变化。在10个地点和两个不同的水深采集了水样,并进行了现场和实验室水质测量。大肠杆菌对低剂量(4 μg mL−1)和高剂量(16 μg mL−1)四环素的耐药百分比因日期和地点而异,但在整个研究中分别观察到高达12.7%和6.3%的总人群。虽然在不同深度测量的耐药水平之间没有观察到显著差异,但有一天仅在深度采集的样品中检测到耐药大肠杆菌。发现硝酸盐、荧光溶解有机物和溶解氧浓度是耐药大肠杆菌百分比的主要控制变量。这项工作表明,灌溉池塘中耐抗生素大肠杆菌的浓度可能存在实质性的空间变异性,这应该在监测计划的设计中得到考虑。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of Different Carbon Sources on Biomethane Production with Clostridium cellulovorans and Methanogens 纤维素梭菌和产甲烷菌不同碳源产甲烷的比较
Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3020035
Haruki Sawada, H. Tomita, Fumiyoshi Okazaki, Y. Tamaru
Methane (CH4) has attracted attention as not only one of the hydrogen carriers in terms of energy density, but also synthetic natural gas. In nature, the decomposition of organic compounds is performed with bacterial ecosystems that can produce CH4. Clostridium cellulovorans as a decomposer was cultivated with pig manure (PM) as an unused biomass in this study. As a result of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, while formate and lactate were decreased in the C. cellulovorans medium containing 0.5% PM, acetate and butyrate were increased in it. Accordingly, in order to compare with the effect of carbon sources for methane production, the cocultivation of C. cellulovorans and the methanogenesis of Methanosarcina mazei or microbial flora of methane production (MFMP) was carried out in the C. cellulovorans medium. As a result, only the cocultivation with C. cellulovorans and MFMP showed methane production in 0.5% acetate medium. Moreover, in comparison with a carbon source in either 1% acetate or 1% methanol medium, MFMP was only cultivated after being precultivated with 0.5% glucose medium for 12 h. The results revealed that MFMP with a 1% methanol medium produced methane approximately eight times higher than with 1% acetate medium. After cultivation with 1% acetate or 1% methanol, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of MFMP was carried out. Interestingly, Methanofollis (0.211%), belonging to methanogens through the CO2 reduction pathway, was dominant in the 1% acetate medium for 72 h cultivation, while Methanosarcina siciliae (1.178%), M. barkeri (0.571%), and Methanofollis (0.490%) were major species in 1% methanol medium for 72 h cultivation. Since Methanosarcina spp. belong to acetoclasts (acetoclastic pathway), methanol could promote the growth of Methanosarcina spp., rather than acetate. Therefore, it seems that Methanosarcina spp. may play a key methanogenesis role in MFMP. Thus, these results will provide important information for low-cost biomethane production.
甲烷(CH4)不仅作为能量密度较高的氢载体之一,而且作为合成天然气也备受关注。在自然界中,有机化合物的分解是在可以产生甲烷的细菌生态系统中进行的。本研究以猪粪作为未利用生物量培养纤维素梭菌作为分解者。高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析表明,在含有0.5% PM的C. cellulovorans培养基中,甲酸酯和乳酸酯含量降低,乙酸酯和丁酸酯含量增加。因此,为了比较不同碳源对产甲烷的影响,在C. cellulovorans培养基中进行了C. cellulovorans与mazei产甲烷菌群(Methanosarcina mazei)或产甲烷微生物菌群(MFMP)共同培养。结果表明,在0.5%醋酸盐培养基中,只有C. cellulovorans和MFMP共培养产生甲烷。此外,与1%醋酸或1%甲醇培养基中的碳源相比,MFMP仅在0.5%葡萄糖培养基中预培养12小时后才进行培养。结果表明,1%甲醇培养基中的MFMP产生的甲烷量约为1%醋酸培养基中的8倍。用1%醋酸或1%甲醇培养后,对MFMP进行下一代测序(NGS)分析。有趣的是,在1%醋酸盐培养基培养72 h时,methanofolis(0.211%)为产甲烷菌,属于CO2还原途径的产甲烷菌,而在1%甲醇培养基培养72 h时,Methanosarcina siciliae(1.178%)、M. barkeri(0.571%)和methanofolis(0.490%)为主要物种。由于Methanosarcina spp.属于醋酸裂解途径,甲醇比醋酸更能促进Methanosarcina spp.的生长。因此,Methanosarcina spp可能在MFMP中起关键的产甲烷作用。因此,这些结果将为低成本生物甲烷生产提供重要信息。
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引用次数: 1
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Applied microbiology
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