Pub Date : 2006-11-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X158909
M. Gamsa
Abstract The libraries described and discussed in this article were formed, during the first half of the twentieth century, by readers of Russian in China, and in particular by the Russian-speaking community in Harbin, the centre of Russian settlement and emigration in Manchuria (presently North-east China). The article is a revised and augmented version of a paper presented at the panel on 'Russian Far Eastern Publications in Exile', VII World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies (ICCEES) in Berlin, 29 July 2005.
{"title":"Traces of Russian Libraries in China","authors":"M. Gamsa","doi":"10.1179/174581606X158909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X158909","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The libraries described and discussed in this article were formed, during the first half of the twentieth century, by readers of Russian in China, and in particular by the Russian-speaking community in Harbin, the centre of Russian settlement and emigration in Manchuria (presently North-east China). The article is a revised and augmented version of a paper presented at the panel on 'Russian Far Eastern Publications in Exile', VII World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies (ICCEES) in Berlin, 29 July 2005.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"201 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X158909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X158882
J. Croteau
Abstract Builds on earlier work, by David Kaser, on circulating libraries in America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A brief introduction to the history of circulating libraries in America is followed by a study of such libraries in the specific context of Brooklyn (New York) and its socio-economic development. Drawing on a variety of primary sources, including library catalogues and local newspapers and directories, a checklist of thirty-three circulating libraries in Brooklyn, in between 1809 and 1896, is assembled, accompanied by commentary based on primary evidence. The list adds considerably to our knowledge of circulating libraries in Brooklyn (Kaser having identified just two libraries in his earlier work), as well as to our understanding of this important, yet often ephemeral, cultural institution.
{"title":"Yet more American circulating libraries: a preliminary checklist of Brooklyn (New York) circulating libraries","authors":"J. Croteau","doi":"10.1179/174581606X158882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X158882","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Builds on earlier work, by David Kaser, on circulating libraries in America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A brief introduction to the history of circulating libraries in America is followed by a study of such libraries in the specific context of Brooklyn (New York) and its socio-economic development. Drawing on a variety of primary sources, including library catalogues and local newspapers and directories, a checklist of thirty-three circulating libraries in Brooklyn, in between 1809 and 1896, is assembled, accompanied by commentary based on primary evidence. The list adds considerably to our knowledge of circulating libraries in Brooklyn (Kaser having identified just two libraries in his earlier work), as well as to our understanding of this important, yet often ephemeral, cultural institution.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"171 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X158882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65565209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X158891
K. C. Elhard
Abstract Giuseppe Arcimboldo's The librarian (ca. 1566), an illusionary painting of a man made out of books, has traditionally been interpreted as an amusing caricature of the Hapsburg court historiographer Wolfgang Lazius. However, given the formal similarities between 'The librarian' and the illustration of the book fool in Sebastian Brant's famous Ship of fools (Narrenschiff, 1494), it is likely that contemporary viewers associated the painting with Brant's satire of slothfully ignorant book collectors. This paper employs The librarian 's similarities to the character of the book fool as a starting point for a reexamination of the painting's significance. Building on my previous discussion of the painting, I present new avenues of enquiry involving texts such as the 'Philobiblon' (The love of books, 1345) by Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, as well as Reformation imagery and the context of the Hapsburg court. Viewing the painting through the framework of other literary and artistic works, this essay begins to conceptually 'reframe' the painting within the larger context of the artist's cultural milieu.
朱塞佩·阿奇姆博尔多的《图书管理员》(约1566年)是一幅由书制成的虚幻人物画，传统上被解释为哈布斯堡宫廷历史学家沃尔夫冈·拉齐乌斯的滑稽漫画。然而，考虑到“图书管理员”与塞巴斯蒂安·布兰特著名的《愚人船》(纳伦希夫，1494)中傻瓜书的插图在形式上的相似之处，当代观众很可能将这幅画与布兰特对懒惰无知的藏书家的讽刺联系在一起。本文以图书管理员与书中傻瓜人物的相似之处为出发点，重新审视这幅画的意义。在我之前对这幅画的讨论的基础上，我提出了新的研究途径，包括达勒姆主教理查德·德·伯里(Richard de Bury)的《爱书》(1345年)，以及宗教改革的图像和哈布斯堡宫廷的背景。通过其他文学和艺术作品的框架来看待这幅画，本文开始在艺术家的文化环境的更大背景下概念性地“重构”这幅画。
{"title":"Reframing Arcimboldo's 'Librarian'","authors":"K. C. Elhard","doi":"10.1179/174581606X158891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X158891","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Giuseppe Arcimboldo's The librarian (ca. 1566), an illusionary painting of a man made out of books, has traditionally been interpreted as an amusing caricature of the Hapsburg court historiographer Wolfgang Lazius. However, given the formal similarities between 'The librarian' and the illustration of the book fool in Sebastian Brant's famous Ship of fools (Narrenschiff, 1494), it is likely that contemporary viewers associated the painting with Brant's satire of slothfully ignorant book collectors. This paper employs The librarian 's similarities to the character of the book fool as a starting point for a reexamination of the painting's significance. Building on my previous discussion of the painting, I present new avenues of enquiry involving texts such as the 'Philobiblon' (The love of books, 1345) by Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, as well as Reformation imagery and the context of the Hapsburg court. Viewing the painting through the framework of other literary and artistic works, this essay begins to conceptually 'reframe' the painting within the larger context of the artist's cultural milieu.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"181 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X158891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65565323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X158918
D. Roberts, Bob Duckett
Abstract Examines the history of the proprietary Bradford Library and Literary Society over two centuries following its establishment in 1774 as a major cultural institution for the town's prosperous middle classes. Describes and discusses the institution's locations, its membership, finances, regulatory arrangements, as well as the contributions of its librarians and the complexion of its book stock, book loans and book selection.
{"title":"The Bradford Library and Literary Society, 1774–1980","authors":"D. Roberts, Bob Duckett","doi":"10.1179/174581606X158918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X158918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Examines the history of the proprietary Bradford Library and Literary Society over two centuries following its establishment in 1774 as a major cultural institution for the town's prosperous middle classes. Describes and discusses the institution's locations, its membership, finances, regulatory arrangements, as well as the contributions of its librarians and the complexion of its book stock, book loans and book selection.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"213 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X158918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X117661
Phyllis Dickstein
Abstract This article, by a long-time staff member and former Head Librarian, details the process of modernization of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library at United Nations Headquarters, New York, 1965–2005. It covers the Library's outreach efforts both to its primary clientele and worldwide, development of its databases, adoption of standard software packages to manage operations, the Library's website, online searching and contracting for electronic services, digitization of hard-copy materials, collaboration with other United Nations libraries, knowledge management, multilingualism. Analyses why various approaches were adopted, particularly with respect to the Library's databases, why they succeeded or did not succeed, and the extent to which the Library's efforts live up to the vision of the late Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld.
{"title":"The Dag Hammarskjöld Library 1965–2005: Modernization and Outreach","authors":"Phyllis Dickstein","doi":"10.1179/174581606X117661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X117661","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article, by a long-time staff member and former Head Librarian, details the process of modernization of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library at United Nations Headquarters, New York, 1965–2005. It covers the Library's outreach efforts both to its primary clientele and worldwide, development of its databases, adoption of standard software packages to manage operations, the Library's website, online searching and contracting for electronic services, digitization of hard-copy materials, collaboration with other United Nations libraries, knowledge management, multilingualism. Analyses why various approaches were adopted, particularly with respect to the Library's databases, why they succeeded or did not succeed, and the extent to which the Library's efforts live up to the vision of the late Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"101 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X117661","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606x117670
Robert Haugen
Abstract A Labour Association in Molde, a small town on the west coast of Norway, was established in 1861 by a group of influential citizens aiming to improve the educational and moral standards of local workers. In 1868 the Association established a library, the purpose of which, in terms of both the recreational and educational literature it provided, appeared to mirror the aims of the Association. Through an examination of the 1910 library catalogue and a number of secondary sources which illuminate various social and cultural contexts, particular attention is paid to the shape and purpose of the library collection in the early twentieth century, not least in regards to the role of the library as a mechanism of not only enlightenment but also social control. This is an extended version of a paper presented in the Library History Section's open session at the IFLA World Library and Information Congress, Oslo, August 2005.
{"title":"The Library of the Molde Labour Association in 1910: Enlightenment and Social Control in a Norwegian Workers' Library","authors":"Robert Haugen","doi":"10.1179/174581606x117670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606x117670","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A Labour Association in Molde, a small town on the west coast of Norway, was established in 1861 by a group of influential citizens aiming to improve the educational and moral standards of local workers. In 1868 the Association established a library, the purpose of which, in terms of both the recreational and educational literature it provided, appeared to mirror the aims of the Association. Through an examination of the 1910 library catalogue and a number of secondary sources which illuminate various social and cultural contexts, particular attention is paid to the shape and purpose of the library collection in the early twentieth century, not least in regards to the role of the library as a mechanism of not only enlightenment but also social control. This is an extended version of a paper presented in the Library History Section's open session at the IFLA World Library and Information Congress, Oslo, August 2005.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"117 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606x117670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X117698
Toni Weller, D. Bawden
Abstract Studies in Victorian information history have tended to focus upon the technological or organizational infrastructures and processes of information. This paper takes a different approach and examines four individuals as case studies — the Duke of Wellington, Florence Nightingale, Julius Reuter and Eleanor Sidgwick. Using contemporary archival material it attempts to understand the multifaceted notion of information as it was understood by the Victorians themselves, and in doing so proposes some personal perceptions of information during the nineteenth century. It concludes that information and knowledge played a recognized and varied role in nineteenth century society, but that this role was more subtle and understated than some Victorian information society literature has previously implied.
{"title":"Individual Perceptions: A New Chapter on Victorian Information History","authors":"Toni Weller, D. Bawden","doi":"10.1179/174581606X117698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X117698","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Studies in Victorian information history have tended to focus upon the technological or organizational infrastructures and processes of information. This paper takes a different approach and examines four individuals as case studies — the Duke of Wellington, Florence Nightingale, Julius Reuter and Eleanor Sidgwick. Using contemporary archival material it attempts to understand the multifaceted notion of information as it was understood by the Victorians themselves, and in doing so proposes some personal perceptions of information during the nineteenth century. It concludes that information and knowledge played a recognized and varied role in nineteenth century society, but that this role was more subtle and understated than some Victorian information society literature has previously implied.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"137 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X117698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X117652
J. H. Bowman
Abstract In the nineteenth century British public library catalogues were invariably printed, and sold in the form of a book. They were usually dictionary catalogues, with author, title and subject entries interfiled in a single alphabetical sequence. During the 1890s controversy began to rage regarding the benefits of such catalogues, and gradually classified catalogues began to appear alongside them. By the end of the nineteenth century other physical forms, cards or slips, were appearing, initially as supplements to printed catalogues and then replacing them. After 1918 the increased cost of printing accelerated their decline, so that by the late 1930s printing was practically reserved for lists of new accessions. A very few authorities continued with printed catalogues after 1945, and there was a brief resurgence in the 1960s due to computerization. The appearance of the online catalogue in the 1980s ultimately spelt the end of all other physical forms.
{"title":"The Decline of the Printed Catalogue in Britain","authors":"J. H. Bowman","doi":"10.1179/174581606X117652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X117652","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the nineteenth century British public library catalogues were invariably printed, and sold in the form of a book. They were usually dictionary catalogues, with author, title and subject entries interfiled in a single alphabetical sequence. During the 1890s controversy began to rage regarding the benefits of such catalogues, and gradually classified catalogues began to appear alongside them. By the end of the nineteenth century other physical forms, cards or slips, were appearing, initially as supplements to printed catalogues and then replacing them. After 1918 the increased cost of printing accelerated their decline, so that by the late 1930s printing was practically reserved for lists of new accessions. A very few authorities continued with printed catalogues after 1945, and there was a brief resurgence in the 1960s due to computerization. The appearance of the online catalogue in the 1980s ultimately spelt the end of all other physical forms.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"67 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X117652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-01DOI: 10.1179/174581606X117689
I. A. Smith, Aina Štrāle
Abstract During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there were diverse reasons for Latvians leaving their homeland, political and economic alike. However, the largest number fled in late 1944, when the Soviet army invaded for a second time in the space of five years and established an occupation that would last for half a century. An unbreakable link to Latvia for all refugees or exiles was their native language, and one of the ways to secure links to their language was by reading. Wherever Latvians formed communities, they also established libraries. This paper gives an overview of the development of Latvian libraries in the West (about 93 by 1980) and then concentrates on the five largest collections, located in Munster (Germany, est. 1947), Melbourne (Australia, est. 1950), Kalamazoo (USA, est. 1983), Toronto (Canada, est. 1981), and Catthorpe (England, est. 1987). Each of these libraries was set up with the aim of serving the local Latvian community and also had the function akin to a national library — collecting materials in Latvian and about Latvia in other languages as well. In addition, libraries such as that at the Latvian Studies Centre in Kalamazoo served as a special collection to supply study and research materials for the Latvian academic programmes of Western Michigan University. The library in Munster served as the academic heart of the Munster Latvian Gymnasium. Renewal of Latvian independence in 1991 had an unanticipated effect on all libraries. Interest in, and travel to, Latvia increased and, hence, the interest in Latvian special collections in the West diminished, but research use of libraries in Latvia increased. Individuals and Latvian libraries in the West donated large amounts of material to libraries in Latvia, particularly the National Library of Latvia and the Misiņš Library. These donations filled the gaps left by the Soviet policy of forbidding exile literature to be collected by libraries in Latvia. With an aging exile population of Latvians and increased interest in libraries in Latvia, many of the libraries in the West have been abolished and their collections sent to Latvia. It is ironic that independence, for which the exiles fought and hoped so long and hard, had the effect of causing many of their libraries to close, but benefited Latvia by replacing and enriching collections there.
{"title":"Witnessing and Preserving Latvian Culture in Exile: Latvian Libraries in the West","authors":"I. A. Smith, Aina Štrāle","doi":"10.1179/174581606X117689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606X117689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there were diverse reasons for Latvians leaving their homeland, political and economic alike. However, the largest number fled in late 1944, when the Soviet army invaded for a second time in the space of five years and established an occupation that would last for half a century. An unbreakable link to Latvia for all refugees or exiles was their native language, and one of the ways to secure links to their language was by reading. Wherever Latvians formed communities, they also established libraries. This paper gives an overview of the development of Latvian libraries in the West (about 93 by 1980) and then concentrates on the five largest collections, located in Munster (Germany, est. 1947), Melbourne (Australia, est. 1950), Kalamazoo (USA, est. 1983), Toronto (Canada, est. 1981), and Catthorpe (England, est. 1987). Each of these libraries was set up with the aim of serving the local Latvian community and also had the function akin to a national library — collecting materials in Latvian and about Latvia in other languages as well. In addition, libraries such as that at the Latvian Studies Centre in Kalamazoo served as a special collection to supply study and research materials for the Latvian academic programmes of Western Michigan University. The library in Munster served as the academic heart of the Munster Latvian Gymnasium. Renewal of Latvian independence in 1991 had an unanticipated effect on all libraries. Interest in, and travel to, Latvia increased and, hence, the interest in Latvian special collections in the West diminished, but research use of libraries in Latvia increased. Individuals and Latvian libraries in the West donated large amounts of material to libraries in Latvia, particularly the National Library of Latvia and the Misiņš Library. These donations filled the gaps left by the Soviet policy of forbidding exile literature to be collected by libraries in Latvia. With an aging exile population of Latvians and increased interest in libraries in Latvia, many of the libraries in the West have been abolished and their collections sent to Latvia. It is ironic that independence, for which the exiles fought and hoped so long and hard, had the effect of causing many of their libraries to close, but benefited Latvia by replacing and enriching collections there.","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"123 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606X117689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65564667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Presents a short history of how information technology was introduced into Finnish public libraries from the 1970s to the 1990s. The period can be divided into five phases: off-line lending systems; online lending systems; integrated library systems and database searching; the birth of the national library database services; and the era of the Internet and the development of the digital library. Major sources used were the results of a postal questionnaire distributed to public libraries by the author in 2004 and articles and reports in 'Kirjastolehti' (the 'Finnish Library Journal').
{"title":"Libraries Without Walls: Information Technology in Finnish Public Libraries from the 1970s to the 1990s","authors":"J. Saarti","doi":"10.1179/174581606x93316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/174581606x93316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Presents a short history of how information technology was introduced into Finnish public libraries from the 1970s to the 1990s. The period can be divided into five phases: off-line lending systems; online lending systems; integrated library systems and database searching; the birth of the national library database services; and the era of the Internet and the development of the digital library. Major sources used were the results of a postal questionnaire distributed to public libraries by the author in 2004 and articles and reports in 'Kirjastolehti' (the 'Finnish Library Journal').","PeriodicalId":81856,"journal":{"name":"Library history","volume":"22 1","pages":"33 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/174581606x93316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65565056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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