Pub Date : 2023-10-17eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2023/5022456
Yugui Zhang, Hongfei Huang, William T H Chang, Xiaoqin Li, Xiangjun Leng
Citric acid is an organic acid extensively used in feed industry, and AZOMITE is a hydrated aluminosilicate compound rich in rare earth elements and trace mineral elements. This study investigated the supplemental effects of AZOMITE and citric acid individual or in combination on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, serum indexes, and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass. Six diets were designed, including the control diet (CON) and the five additive-supplemented diets with the addition of 4 or 8 g/kg citric acid (CA4, CA8), 3 g/kg AZOMITE (A3), and their combined addition as 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE) (C4A1.5) and 8 g/kg citric acid + 3 g/kg AZOMITE (C8A3). Juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight of 22.01 ± 0.09 g were fed the six diets for 56 days. The results revealed that the combined addition of 4 g/kg citric acid and 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE (C4A1.5) increased weight gain by 7.99% (P < 0.05), and decreased feed conversion ratio by 0.07 (P < 0.05). The protein retention in the C4A1.5 group and the lipid retention in all additive-supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In serum, all additive-supplemented groups showed significantly higher glutathione peroxidase activity than the control group (P < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CA8, A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity in the A3 and C4A1.5 groups, and lysozyme activity in the A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly increased when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In digestive enzyme, the protease activity in the A3, C4A1.5 groups, and amylase activity in the CA4, CA8, and C4A1.5 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota, Firmicutes abundance was elevated in all additive groups, while the Fusobacteriota and Plesiomonas shigelloides abundance were decreased. In the intestinal histology, the CA8, A3, and C4A1.5 groups showed significantly higher villus height than the control group (P < 0.05). After the infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, the cumulative mortality of all additive-supplemented groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the C4A1.5 group demonstrated the lowest mortality. In conclusion, the combined supplementation of 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE increased the growth, antioxidant, immune capacity, improved the intestinal morphology and microbial flora of juvenile largemouth bass, and promoted the resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.
{"title":"The Combined Supplementation of AZOMITE and Citric Acid Promoted the Growth, Intestinal Health, Antioxidant, and Resistance against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> for Largemouth Bass, <i>Micropterus salmoides</i>.","authors":"Yugui Zhang, Hongfei Huang, William T H Chang, Xiaoqin Li, Xiangjun Leng","doi":"10.1155/2023/5022456","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/5022456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Citric acid is an organic acid extensively used in feed industry, and AZOMITE is a hydrated aluminosilicate compound rich in rare earth elements and trace mineral elements. This study investigated the supplemental effects of AZOMITE and citric acid individual or in combination on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, serum indexes, and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass. Six diets were designed, including the control diet (CON) and the five additive-supplemented diets with the addition of 4 or 8 g/kg citric acid (CA4, CA8), 3 g/kg AZOMITE (A3), and their combined addition as 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE) (C4A1.5) and 8 g/kg citric acid + 3 g/kg AZOMITE (C8A3). Juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight of 22.01 ± 0.09 g were fed the six diets for 56 days. The results revealed that the combined addition of 4 g/kg citric acid and 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE (C4A1.5) increased weight gain by 7.99% (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and decreased feed conversion ratio by 0.07 (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The protein retention in the C4A1.5 group and the lipid retention in all additive-supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). In serum, all additive-supplemented groups showed significantly higher glutathione peroxidase activity than the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CA8, A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly higher (<i>P</i> < 0.05), while the concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly lower than those in the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity in the A3 and C4A1.5 groups, and lysozyme activity in the A3, C4A1.5, and C8A3 groups were significantly increased when compared to the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). In digestive enzyme, the protease activity in the A3, C4A1.5 groups, and amylase activity in the CA4, CA8, and C4A1.5 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota, <i>Firmicutes</i> abundance was elevated in all additive groups, while the <i>Fusobacteriota</i> and <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i> abundance were decreased. In the intestinal histology, the CA8, A3, and C4A1.5 groups showed significantly higher villus height than the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). After the infection with <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, the cumulative mortality of all additive-supplemented groups was significantly lower (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and the C4A1.5 group demonstrated the lowest mortality. In conclusion, the combined supplementation of 4 g/kg citric acid + 1.5 g/kg AZOMITE increased the growth, antioxidant, immune capacity, improved the intestinal morphology and microbial flora of juvenile largemouth bass, and promoted the resistance against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10597733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50160364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Naveed, Abdul Mateen, None Dureshahwar, Waqar Majeed, Muhammad Naeem, Yassir Khattab, Amor Hedfi, Fareeha Ansir, Manel Ben Ali
Insects are potential alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) in aqua feed. The role of insect species as replacements in the aqua industry has been a hot debate in the current era. The present study evaluated the influence of FM replacement with insect-based meals (black soldier fly (BSF) and maggot fly) in the feed of Nile tilapia. Eight diets with graded replacement levels of FM were formulated along with basal diet as T0 (control group having basal diet), T1 (25% maggot meal (MM) with 2% probiotics), T2 (50% MM + 2% probiotics), T3 (75% MM + 2% probiotics), T4 (100% MM + 2% probiotics), T5 (25% BSF meal (BSFM) + 2% probiotics), T6 (50% BSFM + 2% probiotics), T7 (75% BSFM + 2% probiotics), and T8 (100% BSFM + 2% probiotics). Fish having an initial body weight of 7 g were fed on formulated feed for 16 weeks. Growth parameters, including weight, length, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate, were observed weekly, and significant ( ) results were attained up to 75% replacement level with no adverse effect on growth. However, at 100% replacement of FM, fish growth was retarded. Maximum survival rate was observed in T1 and T5 and minimal in T4 and T8. Body composition, including crude protein, fat, moisture, and ash, showed significant ( ) results. Similarly, digestive enzyme (protease, lipase, and amylase) activity was measured at the end of the trial. Fish in T1 and T5 groups had the highest digestive enzyme activity, which slightly decreased with the inclusion of insect-based meals and probiotics. Statistically significant ( ) results were observed for antioxidant enzyme activity in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The most vigorous immune response was shown in T1 and T5, with higher white blood cells and high levels of IgM. The present research showed that FM could be replaced with BSF meal and MM with probiotics up to 50% for better fish health performance; however, 75% replaced FM without compromising growth and health status.
{"title":"Efficacy of an Insect-Based Diet with Addition of Probiotics on Growth, Proximate Composition, Enzymatic Efficiency, and Immune Response of Nile Tilapia","authors":"Muhammad Naveed, Abdul Mateen, None Dureshahwar, Waqar Majeed, Muhammad Naeem, Yassir Khattab, Amor Hedfi, Fareeha Ansir, Manel Ben Ali","doi":"10.1155/2023/5557931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5557931","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are potential alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) in aqua feed. The role of insect species as replacements in the aqua industry has been a hot debate in the current era. The present study evaluated the influence of FM replacement with insect-based meals (black soldier fly (BSF) and maggot fly) in the feed of Nile tilapia. Eight diets with graded replacement levels of FM were formulated along with basal diet as T0 (control group having basal diet), T1 (25% maggot meal (MM) with 2% probiotics), T2 (50% MM + 2% probiotics), T3 (75% MM + 2% probiotics), T4 (100% MM + 2% probiotics), T5 (25% BSF meal (BSFM) + 2% probiotics), T6 (50% BSFM + 2% probiotics), T7 (75% BSFM + 2% probiotics), and T8 (100% BSFM + 2% probiotics). Fish having an initial body weight of 7 g were fed on formulated feed for 16 weeks. Growth parameters, including weight, length, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate, were observed weekly, and significant ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn> </math> ) results were attained up to 75% replacement level with no adverse effect on growth. However, at 100% replacement of FM, fish growth was retarded. Maximum survival rate was observed in T1 and T5 and minimal in T4 and T8. Body composition, including crude protein, fat, moisture, and ash, showed significant ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\"> <mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn> </math> ) results. Similarly, digestive enzyme (protease, lipase, and amylase) activity was measured at the end of the trial. Fish in T1 and T5 groups had the highest digestive enzyme activity, which slightly decreased with the inclusion of insect-based meals and probiotics. Statistically significant ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M3\"> <mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn> </math> ) results were observed for antioxidant enzyme activity in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The most vigorous immune response was shown in T1 and T5, with higher white blood cells and high levels of IgM. The present research showed that FM could be replaced with BSF meal and MM with probiotics up to 50% for better fish health performance; however, 75% replaced FM without compromising growth and health status.","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2023/8887768
Natalia Bullon, Andrea C Alfaro, Moganakumaar Manivannan, Seyedehsara Masoomi Dezfooli, Ali Seyfoddin
The aquaculture industry has been criticised for the excessive use of fish meal (FM) in feeds due to the utilisation of wild fish in the formulation and the exacerbation of overfishing marine resources. Land-based abalone aquaculture mainly uses commercial feeds (CFs) to promote faster growth, which include FM as a primary protein component. Alternative ingredients, such as insect meal (IM) and grape marc (GM) are potential candidates for FM replacement due to their suitable nutritional profile and sustainable production. This paper reports on a novel nutritional approach for the New Zealand farmed abalone, which replaces FM with IM by 10% and includes a waste by-product (GM) by 30% as a potential prebiotic source. The study was performed in two stages: (a) physico-chemical determination of diets delivered in an alginate matrix (experimental diets) and their stability in seawater compared to CF and (b) evaluation of growth and feed intake for the New Zealand black-foot abalone. There were significant differences between experimental diets and CF in terms of sinking rate, particle weight, and microscopic observations. Water stability of the experimental diets was increased by 50% in 24 and 48 hr compared to CF, producing less solid waste, and potentially reducing cleaning efforts in the farm. The inclusion of IM and GM did not compromise overall animal growth or their feed conversion ratio, however, further evaluation need to be explored in the future research. The findings revealed that the developed encapsulated feeds are a more stable food delivery method for Haliotis iris compared to the CF. Furthermore, both IM and GM can be included in feed formulations as a more sustainable strategy without compromising weight and shell gains in the abalone farming.
{"title":"Sustainable Aquafeed Formulations Containing Insect Larval Meal and Grape Marc for the New Zealand Farmed Abalone.","authors":"Natalia Bullon, Andrea C Alfaro, Moganakumaar Manivannan, Seyedehsara Masoomi Dezfooli, Ali Seyfoddin","doi":"10.1155/2023/8887768","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/8887768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aquaculture industry has been criticised for the excessive use of fish meal (FM) in feeds due to the utilisation of wild fish in the formulation and the exacerbation of overfishing marine resources. Land-based abalone aquaculture mainly uses commercial feeds (CFs) to promote faster growth, which include FM as a primary protein component. Alternative ingredients, such as insect meal (IM) and grape marc (GM) are potential candidates for FM replacement due to their suitable nutritional profile and sustainable production. This paper reports on a novel nutritional approach for the New Zealand farmed abalone, which replaces FM with IM by 10% and includes a waste by-product (GM) by 30% as a potential prebiotic source. The study was performed in two stages: (a) physico-chemical determination of diets delivered in an alginate matrix (experimental diets) and their stability in seawater compared to CF and (b) evaluation of growth and feed intake for the New Zealand black-foot abalone. There were significant differences between experimental diets and CF in terms of sinking rate, particle weight, and microscopic observations. Water stability of the experimental diets was increased by 50% in 24 and 48 hr compared to CF, producing less solid waste, and potentially reducing cleaning efforts in the farm. The inclusion of IM and GM did not compromise overall animal growth or their feed conversion ratio, however, further evaluation need to be explored in the future research. The findings revealed that the developed encapsulated feeds are a more stable food delivery method for <i>Haliotis iris</i> compared to the CF. Furthermore, both IM and GM can be included in feed formulations as a more sustainable strategy without compromising weight and shell gains in the abalone farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54227461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2023/2716724
Yongcai Ma, Zeliang Su, Fang Chen, Chao Xu, Kunsheng Jiang, Wenqiang An, Guanrong Zhang, Dizhi Xie, Shuqi Wang, Yewei Dong, Yuanyou Li
Terrestrial compound protein (Cpro) can be potentially used to replace fishmeal (FM) in the marine carnivorous teleost, golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Four isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (12%) diets named FM30, AP80, PP80, and CP80 were formulated. FM30 (control) contained 30% FM and 25% basic protein, while AP80, PP80, and CP80 only contained 6% FM, where 80% FM and 25% basic protein of control diet were completely replaced by animal protein, plant protein, and Cpro, respectively. After golden pompano juveniles (initial weight: 10.32 ± 0.09 g) were, respectively, fed the four diets in floating sea cages for 10 weeks, the growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and immune responses, protein metabolism indices of the CP80 group were similar to or better than those of the FM30 group (P > 0.05), and significantly better than those of the AP80 and PP80 groups. Specifically, the weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) contents of serum, mRNA level of interleukin-10 (il-10), zonula occludens-2 (zo-2), claudin-3, claudin-12, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eif4g) were significantly higher, and the activity of α-amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS) in the foregut and midgut, interleukin-8 (il-8) expression in the intestine was significantly lower than that in the CP80 group, compared with those in AP80 and PP80 groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal microflora composition of golden pompano fed with the CP80 diet was improved. Specifically, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of harmful bacterial strains cyanobacteria and TM7 of CP80 group was similar to those of FM30 group (P > 0.05), but was significantly lower than those of AP80 and PP80 groups (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the beneficial bacterial strains Agrobacterium and Blantia of CP80 group were also similar to those of FM30 group (P < 0.05), which were significantly higher than those of AP80 and PP80 groups, but the beneficial bacterial strains Bifidobacterium and Devosia of CP80 group were significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). Besides, in diet CP80, the contents of amino acids and anti-nutritional factor, as well as the in vitro digestion rate were comparable to those of FM30, and the anti-nutritional factor content was between AP80 and PP80; total essential amino acids (EAAs) and methionine contents were higher than those in AP80, the glycine content was higher than that in PP80. Taken together, these results indicated that the CP80 diet had better amino acid composition and relatively low content of anti-nutritional factors, as well as high-digestion rate, and thus leads to the fish fed CP80 displaying improved effects in digestive enzyme activity, immune response, protein m
{"title":"Terrestrial Compound Protein Replacing Dietary Fishmeal Improved Digestive Enzyme Activity, Immune Response, Intestinal Microflora Composition, and Protein Metabolism of Golden Pompano (<i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>).","authors":"Yongcai Ma, Zeliang Su, Fang Chen, Chao Xu, Kunsheng Jiang, Wenqiang An, Guanrong Zhang, Dizhi Xie, Shuqi Wang, Yewei Dong, Yuanyou Li","doi":"10.1155/2023/2716724","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/2716724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terrestrial compound protein (Cpro) can be potentially used to replace fishmeal (FM) in the marine carnivorous teleost, golden pompano (<i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>). Four isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (12%) diets named FM30, AP80, PP80, and CP80 were formulated. FM30 (control) contained 30% FM and 25% basic protein, while AP80, PP80, and CP80 only contained 6% FM, where 80% FM and 25% basic protein of control diet were completely replaced by animal protein, plant protein, and Cpro, respectively. After golden pompano juveniles (initial weight: 10.32 ± 0.09 g) were, respectively, fed the four diets in floating sea cages for 10 weeks, the growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and immune responses, protein metabolism indices of the CP80 group were similar to or better than those of the FM30 group (<i>P</i> > 0.05), and significantly better than those of the AP80 and PP80 groups. Specifically, the weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) contents of serum, mRNA level of interleukin-10 (<i>il</i>-10), zonula occludens-2 (<i>zo</i>-2), <i>claudin</i>-3, <i>claudin</i>-12, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (<i>eif</i>4<i>g</i>) were significantly higher, and the activity of <i>α</i>-amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS) in the foregut and midgut, interleukin-8 (<i>il</i>-8) expression in the intestine was significantly lower than that in the CP80 group, compared with those in AP80 and PP80 groups (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal microflora composition of golden pompano fed with the CP80 diet was improved. Specifically, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of harmful bacterial strains cyanobacteria and TM7 of CP80 group was similar to those of FM30 group (<i>P</i> > 0.05), but was significantly lower than those of AP80 and PP80 groups (<i>P</i> < 0.05). At the genus level, the beneficial bacterial strains <i>Agrobacterium</i> and <i>Blantia</i> of CP80 group were also similar to those of FM30 group (<i>P</i> < 0.05), which were significantly higher than those of AP80 and PP80 groups, but the beneficial bacterial strains <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Devosia</i> of CP80 group were significantly higher than that in the other groups (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Besides, in diet CP80, the contents of amino acids and anti-nutritional factor, as well as the in vitro digestion rate were comparable to those of FM30, and the anti-nutritional factor content was between AP80 and PP80; total essential amino acids (EAAs) and methionine contents were higher than those in AP80, the glycine content was higher than that in PP80. Taken together, these results indicated that the CP80 diet had better amino acid composition and relatively low content of anti-nutritional factors, as well as high-digestion rate, and thus leads to the fish fed CP80 displaying improved effects in digestive enzyme activity, immune response, protein m","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10567510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41189466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2023/1232518
Chaohui Guo, Zihao Zhang, Meina Zhang, Guojun Guo, Guangqing Yu, Daoquan Zhao, Ming Li, Guoxi Li, Bianzhi Liu
In this study, we screened the expression stability of six reference genes (18S rRNA, β-actin, GAPDH, EF1a, B2M, and HPRT1) in hybrid yellow catfish (n = 6), considering the SBM levels, sampling time points, and different tissues. Four different statistical programs, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Genorm, and Delta Ct, combined with a method that comprehensively considered all results, were used to evaluate the expression stability of these reference genes systematically. The results showed that SBM levels significantly impacted the expression stability of most of the reference genes studied and that this impact was time-, dose-, and tissue-dependent. The expression stability of these six reference genes varied depending on tissue, sampling time point, and SBM dosage. Additionally, more variations were found among different tissues than among different SBM levels or sampling time points. Due to its high expression, 18S rRNA was excluded from the list of candidate reference genes. β-actin and GAPDH in the liver and β-actin, HPRT1 and EF1a in the intestine were the most stable reference genes when SBM levels were considered. HPRT1, and EF1a in tissues sampled at 2 W and EF1a and β-actin in tissues sampled at 4 and 6 W were proposed as two stable reference genes when different tissues were considered. When the sampling time points were considered, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the top three stable reference genes in the intestine. In contrast, β-actin and B2M are the most stable reference genes in the liver. In summary, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the more stable reference genes in this study. The stability of reference genes depends on the tissues, sampling time points, and SBM diet levels in hybrid yellow catfish. Therefore, attention should be paid to these factors before selecting suitable reference genes for normalizing the target genes.
{"title":"Screening and Stability Analysis of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (<i>Pelteobagrus fulvidraco</i> ♀ × <i>Pelteobagrus vachelli</i> ♂) Fed Diets Containing Different Soybean Meal Levels.","authors":"Chaohui Guo, Zihao Zhang, Meina Zhang, Guojun Guo, Guangqing Yu, Daoquan Zhao, Ming Li, Guoxi Li, Bianzhi Liu","doi":"10.1155/2023/1232518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1232518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we screened the expression stability of six reference genes (<i>18S rRNA</i>, <i>β-actin</i>, <i>GAPDH</i>, <i>EF1a</i>, <i>B2M</i>, and <i>HPRT1</i>) in hybrid yellow catfish (<i>n</i> = 6), considering the SBM levels, sampling time points, and different tissues. Four different statistical programs, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Genorm, and Delta Ct, combined with a method that comprehensively considered all results, were used to evaluate the expression stability of these reference genes systematically. The results showed that SBM levels significantly impacted the expression stability of most of the reference genes studied and that this impact was time-, dose-, and tissue-dependent. The expression stability of these six reference genes varied depending on tissue, sampling time point, and SBM dosage. Additionally, more variations were found among different tissues than among different SBM levels or sampling time points. Due to its high expression, <i>18S rRNA</i> was excluded from the list of candidate reference genes. <i>β-actin</i> and <i>GAPDH</i> in the liver and <i>β-actin</i>, <i>HPRT1</i> and <i>EF1a</i> in the intestine were the most stable reference genes when SBM levels were considered. <i>HPRT1</i>, and <i>EF1a</i> in tissues sampled at 2 W and EF1a and <i>β</i>-actin in tissues sampled at 4 and 6 W were proposed as two stable reference genes when different tissues were considered. When the sampling time points were considered, <i>β</i>-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the top three stable reference genes in the intestine. In contrast, <i>β</i>-actin and B2M are the most stable reference genes in the liver. In summary, <i>β</i>-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the more stable reference genes in this study. The stability of reference genes depends on the tissues, sampling time points, and SBM diet levels in hybrid yellow catfish. Therefore, attention should be paid to these factors before selecting suitable reference genes for normalizing the target genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41177966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javier Roo, Daniel Montero, Quirós-Pozo Raquel, Christian Monzón-Rivero, Marisol Izquierdo López
Most commercial products available for Artemia sp. enrichment include high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to boost its nutritional value, though with limited success. In this regard, the present study evaluated the alternative utilization of eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n-3; EPA) oils to improve the n-3 long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acid content (n-3 LC-HUFA) in enriched Artemia sp. to feed greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) larvae. Five experimental emulsions containing increasing levels of EPA from 0.8% to 60% of total fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 LC-HUFA (1.3%–70.6% TFA) were formulated. Each diet was fed to greater amberjack larvae (17–35 days posthatch (dph)) in three replicate 200-L tanks. The dietary EPA supplementation significantly improved larval growth during the feeding trial and survival at 35 dph ( ). In addition, larval fatty acid profiles showed a positive correlation with dietary EPA. Finally, despite the sum of total skeletal anomalies and column anomalies were not significantly affected by dietary EPA, increasing dietary EPA, and n-3 LC-HUFA tended to reduce the incidence of these types of anomalies in greater amberjack larvae at 35 dph. Based on these results, S. dumerili larvae could be successfully grown with low DHA but high EPA-rich oil enrichment products when n-3 LC-HUFA content in Artemia sp. is maintained in sufficient amounts.
{"title":"Optimizing Artemia Enrichment: A Low DHA/High EPA Protocol for Enhanced n-3 LC-HUFA Levels to Support Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) Larval Rearing","authors":"Javier Roo, Daniel Montero, Quirós-Pozo Raquel, Christian Monzón-Rivero, Marisol Izquierdo López","doi":"10.1155/2023/5548991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5548991","url":null,"abstract":"Most commercial products available for Artemia sp. enrichment include high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to boost its nutritional value, though with limited success. In this regard, the present study evaluated the alternative utilization of eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n-3; EPA) oils to improve the n-3 long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acid content (n-3 LC-HUFA) in enriched Artemia sp. to feed greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) larvae. Five experimental emulsions containing increasing levels of EPA from 0.8% to 60% of total fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 LC-HUFA (1.3%–70.6% TFA) were formulated. Each diet was fed to greater amberjack larvae (17–35 days posthatch (dph)) in three replicate 200-L tanks. The dietary EPA supplementation significantly improved larval growth during the feeding trial and survival at 35 dph ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mi>P</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn> </math> ). In addition, larval fatty acid profiles showed a positive correlation with dietary EPA. Finally, despite the sum of total skeletal anomalies and column anomalies were not significantly affected by dietary EPA, increasing dietary EPA, and n-3 LC-HUFA tended to reduce the incidence of these types of anomalies in greater amberjack larvae at 35 dph. Based on these results, S. dumerili larvae could be successfully grown with low DHA but high EPA-rich oil enrichment products when n-3 LC-HUFA content in Artemia sp. is maintained in sufficient amounts.","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristina Arranz, I. Urrutxurtu, Dorotea Martínez-Patiño, E. Navarro
Mixed suspensions of phytoplankton and yeast cells in different proportions were designed to achieve diets with a range of variation (0.6–2.2) in the ratio of lipid to carbohydrate while maintaining protein content constant. Juvenile specimens of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) from two segregated growth phenotypes (fast and slow growers) were food conditioned and the physiological components of the energy balance were determined with these different diet compositions in order to assess the combined effects of endogenous and nutritional factors on growth performance. Conditioning to lipid-rich diets increased growth rate relative to conditioning to carbohydrate-rich diets and resulted in higher scope for growth values in both growth groups. These dietary effects are mainly driven by differences in the absorption efficiency (AE) found between clams fed different food compositions, although the present results do not allow to ascertain whether the reduced AE recorded with the carbohydrate-rich diets results from reduced digestibility of yeasts cells due to structural restrictions or either reflects the digestive imbalance of lipids associated to higher production of metabolic fecal losses. Greater phenotypic plasticity was seen to enable the fast-growing clams fed a carbohydrate-rich diet to overcome the above digestive limitations through an overfeeding response; however, the resource to such kind of physiological mechanism appeared limited by the nutritional conditions (energetic status) prevailing during the conditioning phase.
{"title":"Growth and Physiological Performance in Growth Phenotypes of the Carpet Shell Clam (Ruditapes decussatus) Fed Diets of Variable Lipid/Carbohydrate Ratios","authors":"Kristina Arranz, I. Urrutxurtu, Dorotea Martínez-Patiño, E. Navarro","doi":"10.1155/2023/3622475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3622475","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed suspensions of phytoplankton and yeast cells in different proportions were designed to achieve diets with a range of variation (0.6–2.2) in the ratio of lipid to carbohydrate while maintaining protein content constant. Juvenile specimens of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) from two segregated growth phenotypes (fast and slow growers) were food conditioned and the physiological components of the energy balance were determined with these different diet compositions in order to assess the combined effects of endogenous and nutritional factors on growth performance. Conditioning to lipid-rich diets increased growth rate relative to conditioning to carbohydrate-rich diets and resulted in higher scope for growth values in both growth groups. These dietary effects are mainly driven by differences in the absorption efficiency (AE) found between clams fed different food compositions, although the present results do not allow to ascertain whether the reduced AE recorded with the carbohydrate-rich diets results from reduced digestibility of yeasts cells due to structural restrictions or either reflects the digestive imbalance of lipids associated to higher production of metabolic fecal losses. Greater phenotypic plasticity was seen to enable the fast-growing clams fed a carbohydrate-rich diet to overcome the above digestive limitations through an overfeeding response; however, the resource to such kind of physiological mechanism appeared limited by the nutritional conditions (energetic status) prevailing during the conditioning phase.","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47686465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2023/7965258
Seong Il Back, Hae Seung Jeong, Sung Hwoan Cho
Application of feed stimulants is very helpful to increase the feed intake of fish, especially in the development of low fish meal (FM) diets. FM replacement effect by various plant protein sources (corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and corn protein concentrate (CPC)) in diets with an addition of jack mackerel meal (JMM) as feed stimulants on growth, feed availability, and biochemical composition of olive flounder was elucidated. An experimental design of two-way (two replacement levels (25% and 50%) × 3 replacement sources (CGM, SPC, and CPC)) analysis of variance was adopted. Seven diets were formulated. Amount of 60% FM was contained in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, 25% and 50% FM were replaced by CGM, SPC, and CPC with an addition of 12% JMM as feed stimulants, referred to as the CGM25, CGM50, SPC25, SPC50, CPC25, and CPC50 diets, respectively. Four hundred and twenty juvenile fish were distributed into 21 flow-through tanks. All diets were assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to satiation twice a day for 56 days. Both dietary replacement levels and sources had statistical effect on weight gain (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.045, respectively), specific growth rate (SGR) (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.033), and feed consumption (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.03) of fish. Dietary increased FM replacement levels lowered weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish. Weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish fed the Con and CGM25 diets were statistically (P < 0.05) greater than those of fish fed the CGM50, SPC50, and CPC50 diets. Both replacement level and source had no statistical effect on feed utilization, biochemical composition except for statistical effect of replacement source on glycine content of fish, and lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of fish. FM up to 25% could be substituted with CGM, SPC, and CPC in the olive flounder feeds supplemented with 12% JMM as feed stimulants without compromising growth, feed utilization, and lysozyme and SOD activities.
{"title":"Replacement Effect of Fish Meal by Plant Protein Sources in Olive Flounder (<i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>) Feeds with an Addition of Jack Mackerel Meal on Growth, Feed Availability, and Biochemical Composition.","authors":"Seong Il Back, Hae Seung Jeong, Sung Hwoan Cho","doi":"10.1155/2023/7965258","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/7965258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Application of feed stimulants is very helpful to increase the feed intake of fish, especially in the development of low fish meal (FM) diets. FM replacement effect by various plant protein sources (corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and corn protein concentrate (CPC)) in diets with an addition of jack mackerel meal (JMM) as feed stimulants on growth, feed availability, and biochemical composition of olive flounder was elucidated. An experimental design of two-way (two replacement levels (25% and 50%) × 3 replacement sources (CGM, SPC, and CPC)) analysis of variance was adopted. Seven diets were formulated. Amount of 60% FM was contained in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, 25% and 50% FM were replaced by CGM, SPC, and CPC with an addition of 12% JMM as feed stimulants, referred to as the CGM25, CGM50, SPC25, SPC50, CPC25, and CPC50 diets, respectively. Four hundred and twenty juvenile fish were distributed into 21 flow-through tanks. All diets were assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to satiation twice a day for 56 days. Both dietary replacement levels and sources had statistical effect on weight gain (<i>P</i> < 0.0001 and <i>P</i> < 0.045, respectively), specific growth rate (SGR) (<i>P</i> < 0.0001 and <i>P</i> < 0.033), and feed consumption (<i>P</i> < 0.0001 and <i>P</i> < 0.03) of fish. Dietary increased FM replacement levels lowered weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish. Weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish fed the Con and CGM25 diets were statistically (<i>P</i> < 0.05) greater than those of fish fed the CGM50, SPC50, and CPC50 diets. Both replacement level and source had no statistical effect on feed utilization, biochemical composition except for statistical effect of replacement source on glycine content of fish, and lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of fish. FM up to 25% could be substituted with CGM, SPC, and CPC in the olive flounder feeds supplemented with 12% JMM as feed stimulants without compromising growth, feed utilization, and lysozyme and SOD activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8225,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10362987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9917366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. A. Kari, G. Téllez-Isaías, N. K. A. Hamid, N. Rusli, K. Mat, S. A. M. Sukri, M. Kabir, A. Ishak, N. C. Dom, A. Abdel-Warith, E. Younis, Martina Irwan Khoo, Faizuan Abdullah, Muhammed Shahjahan, Md Fazle Rohani, S. Davies, L. Wei
Insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are gaining interest among researchers and the aquafeed industry due to the fluctuating price and supply of fish meal (FM). This study evaluated the growth performance, feed stability, blood biochemistry, and liver and gut morphology of Betta splendens using BSFL as an alternative to FM. Five formulated diets were prepared: 0% BSFL, 6.5% BSFL, 13% BSFL, 19.5% BSFL, and 24.5% BSFL. The expansion rate, pellet durability index, floatability, bulk density, and water stability of the prepared feed have been assessed. Except for the diameter of the feed, all the parameters studied differed significantly ( p <