The art of taking care of the insane developed and solidified at the Hospital Saint-Jean-de-Dieu after a School of Nurses was created there in 1912. Founded by the Sisters of Providence, this new school participated in the transformation of the asylum into a regular hospital. The archives of the Sisters of Providence and the monthly magazine La garde-malade canadienne-française allow us to analyze the discourse of nursing leaders, which was based on the importance of professional training. Scientific discoveries and new technologies were at the heart of the care process at Saint-Jean-de-Dieu, where students were introduced to a technical, as well as a spiritual, education. This article first considers the marginal status of psychiatric nursing training within the larger nurses' professionalization movement. In a second step, it describes the socio-religious context between 1912 and 1962 within which the School of Nurses of the Hospital Saint-Jean-de-Dieu evolved.
In the sociology of professions, working with machines is often seen as an obstacle to professional aspirations. This is especially true in healthcare, where a sharp distinction between professionals and technicians has prevailed since the early 20th century. However, only a few studies have documented the meaning of machines and technical skills for healthcare technicians. The purpose of this article is to show how and why two groups of such technicians, hearing prosthetists and respiratory technicians, actually tried to reconcile the use of machines with professionalization projects. It concludes with considerations about what these stories tell us about the history of technical work, about the transformations of the healthcare work environment in the second half of 20th century, and about the place of technical skills in the system of professions.
This paper explores a vacant spot in the Cold War history of science: the development of research activities in the physical environmental sciences and in nuclear science and technology in Greenland. In the post-war period, scientific exploration of the polar areas became a strategically important element in American and Soviet defence policy. Particularly geophysical fields like meteorology, geology, seismology, oceanography, and others profited greatly from military interest. While Denmark maintained formal sovereignty over Greenland, research activities were strongly dominated by U.S. military interests. This paper sets out to summarize the limited current state of knowledge about activities in the environmental physical sciences in Greenland and their entanglement with military, geopolitical, and colonial interests of both the USA and Denmark. We describe geophysical research in the Cold War in Greenland as a multidimensional colonial endeavour. In a period of decolonization after World War II, Greenland, being a Danish colony, became additionally colonized by the American military. Concurrently, in a period of emerging scientific internationalism, the U.S. military "colonized" geophysical research in the Arctic, which increasingly became subject to military directions, culture, and rules.
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