Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Introduction: The consumption of gluten-free foods has continued to increase in recent years. Given their higher intake among individuals both with and without a medically diagnosed gluten allergy or sensitivity, it is important to understand how the nutritional quality of these foods compares against non-gluten-free foods. As such, we aimed to compare the nutritional quality of gluten-free and non-gluten-free pre-packaged foods sold in Hong Kong.

Methods: Data from 18,292 pre-packaged food and beverage items in the 2019 FoodSwitch Hong Kong database were used. These products were categorized as (1) "declared gluten-free"; (2) "gluten-free by ingredient or naturally gluten-free"; and (3) "non-gluten-free" according to information presented on the package. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in the Australian Health Star Rating (HSR), energy, protein, fibre, total fat, saturated fat, trans-fat, carbohydrates, sugars, and sodium content between products in different gluten categories, overall and by major food category (e.g., bread and bakery products) and region of origin (e.g., America, Europe).

Results: Products declared gluten-free (mean ± SD: 2.9 ± 1.3; n = 7%) had statistically significantly higher HSR than those gluten-free by ingredient or naturally gluten-free (2.7 ± 1.4; n = 51.9%) and non-gluten-free (2.2 ± 1.4; n = 41.2%) (all pairwise comparisons p < 0.001). Overall, non-gluten-free products have higher energy, protein, saturated fat, trans-fat, free sugar and sodium, and less fibre compared with products in the other two gluten categories. Similar differences were observed across major food groups and by region of origin.

Conclusions: Non-gluten-free products sold in Hong Kong were generally less healthy than gluten-free products (regardless of the presence of gluten-free declaration). Consumers should be better educated on how to identify gluten-free foods, given that many gluten-free foods do not declare this information on the label.

Background: As the gold standard test to quantify insulin resistance (IR) involves intravenous insulin loading and repeated blood glucose monitoring, many indexes have been developed for IR assessment for convenience.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) by comparing it with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in identifying IR.

Method: Data came from the ongoing LIMACHE BIRTH COHORT. 1,948 individuals (aged 22-28 years) were studied. We performed an agreement plot called a Bangdiwala's Observer Agreement to evaluate patterns in departures from agreement in ordinal categorical variables.

Results: According to the Bangdiwala-Weighted statistics, we found that the agreement between both indexes was 0.14; this value would be considered a slight agreement. Thus, we found bias in the marginal distributions, and we noticed that the SPISE has a bias toward the central quintiles of the index.

Conclusions: The identification of IR in young adult individuals by the SPISE index has slight agreement with HOMA-IR. Therefore, caution would be taken when considering SPISE index among young Chilean adults.

Introduction: Vitamin K (VK) as well as vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in osteoporosis. Vitamin K1 (VK1), vitamin K2 (VK2, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7)) are significant for the metabolism of skeletal muscle. 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) reflect circulating VD levels. More sensitive measurements remain to be developed. In the present study, a new high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of VK1, VK2 (MK-4 and MK-7), as well as 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum.

Methods: We developed a simple LC-MS/MS method for the determination of VK1, MK-4, MK-7, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum and validated the method in a study cohort of 200 patients divided into the premenopausal women group and postmenopausal osteoporosis patient group.

Results: The overall precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2.66 to 10.11% in the specified working range (0.05-5 ng/mL) for VK1, MK-4, and MK-7. Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 1.187 ± 0.094 ng/mL, 0.058 ± 0.009 ng/mL, and 0.885 ± 0.064 ng/mL, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in premenopausal women were 1.143 ± 0.103 ng/mL, 0.028 ± 0.003 ng/mL, and 1.553 ± 0.226 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 0.757 ± 0.056 ng/mL and 11.72 ± 0.632 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in premenopausal were 1.793 ± 0.575 ng/mL and 12.42 ± 1.069 ng/mL, respectively.

Conclusion: A new LC-MS/MS method for determination of serum VK and VD levels was evaluated and validated. MK-7 in plasma decreased earlier than VD in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. MK-7 status is significantly associated with osteoporosis and could be considered a predictable biomarker in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake with metabolic health status among overweight and obese Iranian youth.

Methods: In total, 203 obese and overweight youth including 101 boys and 102 girls, 12-18 years, were randomly recruited through a multistage cluster sampling approach in this study. A validated Persian format of food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate participants' usual food intake. Adolescents were categorized in accordance with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria as well as IDF plus insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) definition into metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO).

Results: Based on IDF criteria, youth in the third tertile of vegetable and the combination of fruit and vegetable intake had 66% (odds ratio = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12-0.95) and 73% (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.81) lower odds of MUO compared to those in the first tertile, in the fully-adjusted model. According to IDF plus HOMA-IR definition, inverse associations were also found between vegetable (odds ratio = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.12-1.02) and the combination of fruit and vegetable (odds ratio = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08-0.79) intake with MUO phenotype. Stratified analysis indicated inverse associations between intake of vegetables and the combination of fruits and vegetables with MUO phenotype (based on IDF definition) in overweight, but not obese subjects.

Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that greater consumption of vegetables as well as the combination of fruits and vegetables was related to a lower risk of MUO phenotype, particularly in overweight youth.

Background: Recently, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been suggested as a surrogate insulin resistance marker. This index could act as an early screening marker in individuals with a high risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) such as obese subjects.

Aims: The objective of this work was to detect the cutoff point of the TyG index for the diagnosis of MS according to ATPIII criteria on obese subjects and to compare with HOMA-IR.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1,494 obese subjects. Measurements of adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C-reactive protein, adipokines, and the prevalence of MS were determined. The TyG index was calculated from the next equation: Ln (fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL))/2.

Results: A total of 1,494 subjects were recruited, 421 males (28.1%) and 1,073 females (71.8%), with an average age of 45.8 ± 15.3 years (range: 29-62). A total of 677 subjects had MS (45.5%) and 817 did not show MS (54.6%). The averages of HOMA-IR and TyG index values increased as the components of MS were aggregated, and both indexes were higher in subjects with MS. The area under the curve (AUC) of the TyG index according to ATPIII criteria showed values of 0.746 (0.721-0.771; p = 0.001). The cutoff point according to the Youden index was 4.72, with sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 88.2%, respectively. For the HOMA-IR, AUC showed values of 0.682 (0.654-0.710; p = 0.01). The cutoff point was 3.23, with sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 70.1%, respectively.

Conclusions: The TyG index is more powerful for predicting MS than HOMA-IR in Caucasian obese subjects.

Introduction: Dietary fat intake during pregnancy and childhood is important for health. However, several health aspects are inconclusive.

Methods: We systematically searched Medline, Cochrane Library, and Epistemonikos for systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or prospective cohort studies published from January 01, 2015, to December 31, 2019, assessing the association of dietary fat intake (including dietary supplements) during pregnancy and across childhood with pregnancy, perinatal, and child health outcomes.

Results: Thirty-one SRs, mainly of RCTs, were included. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy reduced the risk of early preterm birth, and in some SRs also any preterm birth, increased gestation length and birth weight, but mostly was not associated with other pregnancy/perinatal outcomes. Pre- and postnatal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake was not consistently associated with growth, neurological, visual and cognitive outcomes, allergic diseases, cardiovascular, and metabolic health in childhood. Reduced saturated fatty acids (SFAs) intake and its replacement with PUFA/monounsaturated fatty acids had favourable effects on blood pressure and blood lipids in children. No apparent effects of total or trans fat on health outcomes across target groups were observed.

Conclusion: Omega-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and SFA intake reduction in childhood require further consideration in dietary recommendations targeting these populations.