Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant–insect co-evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant–insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca²⁺, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies.

Instant and refrigerated acid soaking are commonly used in cocoon production to prevent or break diapause, and provide developable silkworm eggs for sericulture, while their mechanisms have not been fully understood. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms by which hydrochloric acid (HCl) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) promotes embryonic development in silkworm Bombyx mori, focusing on the chloride ion (Cl⁻) related gene expression profiles. Our results revealed that the HCl treatment of up to 6 min enhanced hatchability in freshly picked and cold-stored eggs, whereas a slight decrease in hatchability was observed in those treated with DMSO for 40 min. The genes encoding chloride ion channel proteins were cloned and transcriptionally analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in B. mori 932 strain. Bioinformatics analysis showed that BmCLIC, BmGluCl, and Bmγ-Cl mainly clustered with Lepidopteran insect homologs, while there existed a relatively low conservation from B. mori to mammals. We further explored the mRNA levels of BmCLIC, BmGluCl, and Bmγ-Cl in different egg processing conditions and embryonic developmental stages following HCl or DMSO treatments. Our results revealed that the mRNA expression profiles of BmCLIC, BmGluCl, and Bmγ-Cl increased in 20 h post-egg oviposition and refrigerated eggs after acid soaking. Moreover, the relative expression level of BmCLIC and BmGluCl gene was the highest on the first day, and maximum relative expression level of Bmγ-Cl gene presented on the second day in diapause eggs after treatment, and then it showed diversity. The expression profiles of the candidate genes seem like the same trend of changes during the development of eggs treated with instant acid soaking or DMSO treatment. In general, in the production practice of soaking silkworm eggs with HCl or DMSO, Cl⁻ channel is likely to play an important subsidiary role to promot the relieving of diapause.

Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) is an important migratory vegetable pest. Previous research has demonstrated that short-term high temperatures induce differential expression of the vitellogenin receptor (ZcVgR) gene, reducing the number of eggs laid and the lifespan of female Z. cucurbitae. In this paper, we used Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics and Illumina high-throughput sequencing to determine the proteomic and transcriptomic information of female Z. cucurbitae after siRNA-mediated silencing of the target gene (ZcVgR) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of this gene in the regulation of reproduction and lifespan. The findings demonstrated that following the target gene's silencing, the ZcVgR gene's transcriptional expression was significantly downregulated, and there was no significant difference in protein level. The transcriptome and proteome had a low correlation; when the ZcVgR gene was silenced, vitellogenin-1 (ZcVg1), juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), troponin C (TnC), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and other related genes were downregulated at the transcriptional level. By silencing the ZcVgR gene, transcriptionally level immune-related pathways were activated and energy metabolism-related pathways were inhibited; protein-level glycometabolism and phagosome pathways were activated, while phototransduction-fly and autophagy-animal pathways were inhibited. The findings of this study might offer a theoretical foundation for integrated management of Z. cucurbitae in the summertime.

C-type lectin S (CTL-S) plays a crucial role in pathogen recognition and the activation of immune response. In comparison, the proportion of CTL-S was relatively high in insects, but the study was much smaller than the proportion observed. In this study, we cloned and characterized one CTL-S, TcCTL4, from Tribolium castaneum. Our analysis revealed that TcCTL4 was highly expressed during the early pupal stage, with expression levels exhibiting a tendency to change with developmental stages. Additionally, tissue expression analysis showed a high expression of TcCTL4 in the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, we observed a significant increase in TcCTL4 transcripts after bacterial challenge. The RNA interference (RNAi) of TcCTL4 before bacterial treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the transcripts of immune factors (IFs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), indicating that TcCTL4 may regulate AMP expression through the activation of the immune signaling pathway. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that the recombinant protein TcCTL4 (rTcCTL4) not only recognized bacteria but also agglutinated bacteria in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Enzyme activity analysis suggested that rTcCTL4 could enhance phenoloxidase activity, implying its potential involvement in the prophenoloxidase activation pathway. In conclusion, these results indicate that TcCTL4 is involved in the immunity of T. castaneum, providing valuable insights into insect CTLs.

Cuckoo wasps, also known as jewel or gold wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), are kleptoparasites and parasitoids that impose their offspring on the breeding efforts of other wasp species. Chrysidids oviposit in the nests of predatory wasps, and the hatched larva kills the host's larva and consumes the resources collected by the host. When a cuckoo wasp is detected by the host wasp, the host may abandon the nest or take other measures to prevent the development of the kleptoparasite. Chemical camouflage, particularly involving cuticlar hydrocarbons (CHCs), is crucial for cuckoo wasp females. There is a conflict because females need chemical signals that are easily detectable by males but not by the host wasps. It was demonstrated that virgin females of Chrysis angustula, Chrysis fulgida, and Chrysis iris contain CHCs that stimulate behavioral reactions in conspecific males. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection analysis revealed 16 hydrocarbons with carbon chain lengths of C23-27 in virgin females: 6 in C. angustula, 8 in C. fulgida, and 13 in C. iris. A specific ratio of CHC compounds, including putative sex pheromones, was established for these three chrysidid species. Observations of re-mating refusals led to the hypothesis that virgin females of cuckoo wasps cease production of some unsaturated CHCs, functioning as sex pheromones, following mating. This change could reduce the risk of detection of CHCs traces left while entering the host's nest.

We evaluated the possible roles of five cytochrome P450 transcripts in the susceptibility of both adults and larvae of Aedes aegypti to three pyrethroids using RNA interference (RNAi) coupled with insecticide bioassays. RNAi by feeding larvae with chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles led to reductions of CYP6AA5, CYP6AL1, CYP9J32, CYP4J16A, and CYP4J16B transcripts by 38.7%, 46.0%, 46.52%, 44.0%, and 41.0%, respectively, and increased larval mortality by 46.0% to permethrin when CYP9J32 was silenced and by 41.2% to cypermethrin when CYP6AA5 was silenced. RNAi by injecting dsRNA in adults led to reductions of CYP6AA5, CYP6AL1, and CY4J16A transcripts by 77.9%, 80.0%, and 87.1% (p < 0.05), respectively, at 96 h and reduction of CYP9J32 transcript by 46.5% at 24 h after injection. In contrast, CYP4J16B was repressed by 78.2% at 72 h after injection. Exposure of the adults injected with CYP6AA5 dsRNA resulted in 1.5- to 2.0-fold increased susceptibility to cypermethrin as compared with the control. Homology modeling of CYP6AA5 followed by ligand docking showed that distances between the heme iron and the putative aromatic hydroxylation site were 9.2, 7.2, and 9.1 Å for permethrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, respectively. For the aliphatic hydroxylation site, these distances were 5.3, 4.9, and 3.1 Å. These results supported that CYP6AA5 may be able to metabolize cypermethrin preferentially by aliphatic hydroxylation as indicated by the close interaction with the heme iron. Our study also suggests that the detoxification roles of cytochrome P450 genes in A. aegypti may vary according to the mosquito developmental stages, cytochrome P450 genes, and insecticides.

Hygienic behavior (HB) is a crucial biological mechanism in honeybees that is associated with disease resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the SNP18 sequence and environmental factors on the HB of honey bees, using a total of 14 colonies and 148 bee samples from seven different bee breeds. Association analysis revealed that colonies with Italian hybrids (IH) or young queens statistically (p < 0.01) exhibited high hygienic behavior (HHB). HB increased by 71.6% when the number of frames in the colony, representing colony power (CP), increased by one (p < 0.05). In restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, novel mutations in the MlyI polymorphism of the SNP18 sequence were firstly found in Apis mellifera. In addition, the restriction fragments of the novel variants of the SNP18 HHB and SNP18 low hygienic behavior (LHB) lines were determined by sequencing. In this study, several important findings emerged: Due to one-base differences in the restriction fragment, this sequence could not be genotyped by RFLP. Honeybees could be homozygous (HHB or LHB) or heterozygous (HHB and LHB) for the SNP18. SNP18 sequence could be located in different regions of the chromosome and could only be determined by genome sequencing. Finally, since genotypes cannot be clearly determined, no specific allele or genotype can be recommended for HB selection in beekeeping. Therefore, additional research is required to assess discovered novel variants for genetic selection of HHB for ecological beekeeping, healthy products and sustainability.

The damage caused by Megalurothrips usitatus, a common pest, has significantly affected the Chinese vegetable industry. The inappropriate application of chemical pesticides has caused M. usitatus to become highly resistant to conventional insecticides. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), known for its multifunctional properties, contributes to detoxification and antioxidation. It enhances insects' adaptability to pesticides by facilitating the elimination of lipid peroxidation products resulting from pyrethroid insecticides. This research employed RT-qPCR to identify GST genes that exhibited significant expression in response to lambda-cyhalothrin stress. It also quantified changes in antioxidant and apoptosis markers within the M. usitatus under lambda-cyhalothrin exposure. The functional significance of GST was validated by assessing alterations in the antioxidant defense system and resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin following the inhibition of GST activity. The study's outcomes indicated that MuGSTs1 was markedly upregulated in response to lambda-cyhalothrin stress (p < 0.0001). The GST activity was effectively suppressed by the specific inhibitor, diethyl maleate, achieving an inhibition rate of 64.05%. Following the inhibition of GST, the overall antioxidant capacity was reduced by 3.1-fold compared with the control, and the M. usitatus exhibited a 7.91-fold increase in sensitivity to lambda-cyhalothrin. These findings confirm the pivotal role of GST in the oxidative stress response of the M. usitatus and their contribution to the development of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin through enhanced antioxidant defenses. This research offers valuable perspectives on the adaptive reactions of insects to chemical stressors, facilitating the management of resistance and the formulation of effective pest control strategies.

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), a crucial molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, has been extensively investigated in vertebrates. However, its functional exploration in insects remains limited. This study cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of Grp78 in Plutella xylostella (L.), which is 2583 bp long. The open reading frame (ORF) is 2004 bp in length and encodes a total of 667 amino acids, including three conserved characteristic sequences of the HSP70 family. PxGrp78 is expressed in various developmental stages of P. xylostella, with the highest expression observed in third instar larvae and higher expression in female adults compared to male adults. The interference with PxGrp78 in female adults was found to significantly reduce the quantity of egg laying and the hatching rate, as well as shorten the oviposition period and down-regulate the expression of the PxVg gene. These results suggested an important role for PxGrp78 in the reproduction of P. xylostella.

In multicellular organisms, the indole melatonin synthesized by aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANATI) serves as an antioxidant. To test this, sex-mixed 3-day-old mated fly adults bw¹ and AANAT1 homozygous recessive loss-of-function mutant (bw AANAT1^lo) of Drosophila melanogaster were fed by a standard diet or by one containing paraquat (PQ, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridilium dichloride hydrate) at a final concentration of 15.5 mM. Experiment lasted 8 h and began at 11 a.m. In bw¹ flies the paraquat treatment resulted in a significant (evaluated by Student's t-tests) decrease of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase the catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. Meanwhile, in these flies, total Antioxidative capacity (TAC) was significantly curbed by the paraquat presence. Importantly, these changes were not observed in the AANAT1-mutants. Thus, melatonin seems to play an important defence role against the oxidative stress elicited by paraquat.