Boyd A. Mori, Cathy Coutu, Martin A. Erlandson, Dwayne D. Hegedus
The larvae of Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the swede midge, targets the meristem of brassica crops where they induce the formation of galls and disrupt seed and vegetable production. Previously, we examined the salivary gland transcriptome of newly-hatched first instar larvae as they penetrated the host and initiated gall formation. Here we examine the salivary gland and midgut transcriptome of third instar larvae and provide evidence for cooperative nutrient acquisition beginning with secretion of enzymes and feeding facilitators followed by gastrointestinal digestion. Sucrose, presumably obtained from the phloem, appeared to be a major nutrient source as several α-glucosidases (sucrases, maltases) and β-fructofuranosidases (invertases) were identified. Genes encoding β-fructofuranosidases/invertases were among the most highly expressed in both tissues and represented two distinct gene families that may have originated via horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. The importance of the phloem as a nutrient source is underscored by the expression of genes encoding regucalcin and ARMET (arginine-rich mutated in early stages of tumor) which interfere with calcium signalling and prevent sieve tube occlusion. Lipids, proteins, and starch appear to serve as a secondary nutrient sources. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the detoxification of glucosinolates (myrosinases, arylsulfatases, and glutathione-S-transferases) were expressed indicative of Brassicaceae host specialization. The midgut expressed simple peritrophins and mucins typical of those found in Type II peritrophic matrices, the first such description for a gall midge.
{"title":"Exploring the contribution of the salivary gland and midgut to digestion in the swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii) through a genomics-guided approach","authors":"Boyd A. Mori, Cathy Coutu, Martin A. Erlandson, Dwayne D. Hegedus","doi":"10.1002/arch.22135","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The larvae of <i>Contarinia nasturtii</i> (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the swede midge, targets the meristem of brassica crops where they induce the formation of galls and disrupt seed and vegetable production. Previously, we examined the salivary gland transcriptome of newly-hatched first instar larvae as they penetrated the host and initiated gall formation. Here we examine the salivary gland and midgut transcriptome of third instar larvae and provide evidence for cooperative nutrient acquisition beginning with secretion of enzymes and feeding facilitators followed by gastrointestinal digestion. Sucrose, presumably obtained from the phloem, appeared to be a major nutrient source as several α-glucosidases (sucrases, maltases) and β-fructofuranosidases (invertases) were identified. Genes encoding β-fructofuranosidases/invertases were among the most highly expressed in both tissues and represented two distinct gene families that may have originated via horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. The importance of the phloem as a nutrient source is underscored by the expression of genes encoding regucalcin and ARMET (arginine-rich mutated in early stages of tumor) which interfere with calcium signalling and prevent sieve tube occlusion. Lipids, proteins, and starch appear to serve as a secondary nutrient sources. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the detoxification of glucosinolates (myrosinases, arylsulfatases, and glutathione-S-transferases) were expressed indicative of Brassicaceae host specialization. The midgut expressed simple peritrophins and mucins typical of those found in Type II peritrophic matrices, the first such description for a gall midge.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arch.22135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used as a biopesticide worldwide. To date, at least eight pest species have been found to be resistant to Bt in the field. As the first pest that was reported having resistance to Bt in the field, considerable research has been done on the mechanisms of Bt resistance in Plutella xylostella. However, whether the acquisition of Bt resistance by P. xylostella comes at a fitness cost is also a valuable question. In this study, Aminopeptidase-N 2 (APN2), a Cry toxin receptor gene of P. xylostella, was knocked down by RNA interference, resulting in improved resistance to Cry1Ac. It was also found that larval mortality of APN2 knockdown P. xylostella was significantly higher than that of the control, while the pupation rate, pupal weight, eclosion rate, fecundity (egg/female), hatchability, and female adult longevity were significantly lower in APN2 knockdown P. xylostella than in the control. These results illustrate that if Cry1Ac resistance was obtained only through the reduction of APN2 expression, P. xylostella would need to incur some fitness costs for it.
{"title":"Silence of Aminopeptidase N 2 gene reveals the trade-offs for acquiring Cry1Ac resistance in Plutella xylostella","authors":"Zhuohong Lv, Shuwen Yu, Yafei Zhao, Zhongxia Yang","doi":"10.1002/arch.22131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) is widely used as a biopesticide worldwide. To date, at least eight pest species have been found to be resistant to Bt in the field. As the first pest that was reported having resistance to Bt in the field, considerable research has been done on the mechanisms of Bt resistance in <i>Plutella xylostella</i>. However, whether the acquisition of Bt resistance by <i>P. xylostella</i> comes at a fitness cost is also a valuable question. In this study, <i>Aminopeptidase-N 2</i> (<i>APN2</i>), a Cry toxin receptor gene of <i>P. xylostella</i>, was knocked down by RNA interference, resulting in improved resistance to Cry1Ac. It was also found that larval mortality of <i>APN2</i> knockdown <i>P. xylostella</i> was significantly higher than that of the control, while the pupation rate, pupal weight, eclosion rate, fecundity (egg/female), hatchability, and female adult longevity were significantly lower in <i>APN2</i> knockdown <i>P. xylostella</i> than in the control. These results illustrate that if Cry1Ac resistance was obtained only through the reduction of <i>APN2</i> expression, <i>P. xylostella</i> would need to incur some fitness costs for it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141625777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H2A.Z, the most evolutionarily conserved variant of histone H2A, plays a pivotal role in chromatin remodeling and contributes significantly to gene transcription and genome stability. However, the role of H2A.Z in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) remains unclear. In this study, we cloned the BmH2A.Z from B. mori. The open reading frame of BmH2A.Z is 390 bp, encoding 129 amino acids, with a confirmed molecular weight of 13.4 kDa through prokaryotic expression analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that BmH2A.Z has a conserved H2A.Z domain and is closely related to the systemic evolution of other known H2A.Zs. The expression profile of BmH2A.Z at various developmental stages of the B. mori exhibited the highest expression level in the 1st instar, followed by the grain stage and the 2nd instar, and the lowest expression level in the moth. The highest transcript level of BmH2A.Z was observed in the head, with relatively lower levels detected in the blood than in the other tissues under consideration. In addition, the upregulation of BmH2A.Z resulted in the amplified expression of B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) genes, thus facilitating the proliferation of BmNPV. This study establishes a foundation for investigating the role of BmH2A.Z in B. mori and its participation in virus-host interactions.
H2A.Z是组蛋白H2A在进化过程中最保守的变体,在染色质重塑中起着关键作用,对基因转录和基因组稳定性有重要贡献。然而,H2A.Z 在家蚕(Bombyx mori)中的作用仍不清楚。在这项研究中,我们克隆了家蚕的 BmH2A.Z。BmH2A.Z的开放阅读框为390 bp,编码129个氨基酸,通过原核表达分析确认其分子量为13.4 kDa。序列分析表明,BmH2A.Z具有保守的H2A.Z结构域,与其他已知H2A.Z的系统进化密切相关。BmH2A.Z在森蝶不同发育阶段的表达谱显示,在第1龄期的表达水平最高,其次是谷粒期和第2龄期,而在飞蛾期的表达水平最低。BmH2A.Z 在头部的转录水平最高,在血液中的水平相对低于其他组织。此外,BmH2A.Z 的上调导致了 B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV)基因的扩增表达,从而促进了 BmNPV 的增殖。这项研究为研究 BmH2A.Z 在森病毒中的作用及其在病毒-宿主相互作用中的参与奠定了基础。
{"title":"Cloning and characterization of the histone variant gene H2A.Z in Bombyx mori","authors":"Jun Mei, Kunling Xu, Yuyi Huang, Jingwei Zhang, Qitao Qian, Jia Dong, Fudan Tong, Wei Yu, Meng Miao","doi":"10.1002/arch.22136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>H2A.Z, the most evolutionarily conserved variant of histone H2A, plays a pivotal role in chromatin remodeling and contributes significantly to gene transcription and genome stability. However, the role of H2A.Z in the silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) remains unclear. In this study, we cloned the <i>BmH2A.Z</i> from <i>B. mori</i>. The open reading frame of <i>BmH2A.Z</i> is 390 bp, encoding 129 amino acids, with a confirmed molecular weight of 13.4 kDa through prokaryotic expression analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that BmH2A.Z has a conserved H2A.Z domain and is closely related to the systemic evolution of other known H2A.Zs. The expression profile of <i>BmH2A.Z</i> at various developmental stages of the <i>B. mori</i> exhibited the highest expression level in the 1st instar, followed by the grain stage and the 2nd instar, and the lowest expression level in the moth. The highest transcript level of <i>BmH2A.Z</i> was observed in the head, with relatively lower levels detected in the blood than in the other tissues under consideration. In addition, the upregulation of BmH2A.Z resulted in the amplified expression of <i>B. mori</i> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) genes, thus facilitating the proliferation of BmNPV. This study establishes a foundation for investigating the role of BmH2A.Z in <i>B. mori</i> and its participation in virus-host interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141625776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yen D. H. Nguyen, Tuan L. A. Pham, Taisei Nishihara, Kaeko Kamei, Duy Binh Tran
Perilipins are evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals. Drosophila lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD-1) is a lipid storage droplet membrane surface-binding protein family member and a counterpart to mammalian perilipin 1 and is known to play a role in lipolysis. However, the function of LSD-1 during specific tissue development remains under investigation. This study demonstrated the role of LSD-1 in salivary gland development. Knockdown of Lsd-1 in the salivary gland was established using the GAL4/UAS system. The third-instar larvae of knockdown flies had small salivary glands containing cells with smaller nuclei. The null mutant Drosophila also showed the same phenotype. The depletion of LSD-1 expression induced a delay of endoreplication due to decreasing CycE expression and increasing DNA damage. Lsd-1 genetically interacted with Myc in the third-instar larvae. These results demonstrate that LSD-1 is involved in cell cycle and cell death programs in the salivary gland, providing novel insight into the effects of LSD-1 in regulating salivary gland development and the interaction between LSD-1 and Myc.
从昆虫到哺乳动物,围脂蛋白在进化过程中都是保守的。果蝇脂质储存液滴-1(LSD-1)是一种脂质储存液滴膜表面结合蛋白家族成员,也是哺乳动物周脂素 1 的对应物,已知在脂肪分解中发挥作用。然而,LSD-1在特定组织发育过程中的功能仍有待研究。本研究证明了LSD-1在唾液腺发育中的作用。利用GAL4/UAS系统在唾液腺中敲除Lsd-1。基因敲除果蝇的三龄幼虫唾液腺较小,细胞核较小。无效突变果蝇也表现出相同的表型。由于 CycE 表达减少和 DNA 损伤增加,LSD-1 的表达减少导致内再复制延迟。在三龄幼虫中,Lsd-1与Myc存在基因相互作用。这些结果表明,LSD-1参与了唾液腺的细胞周期和细胞死亡程序,为研究LSD-1在调节唾液腺发育中的作用以及LSD-1与Myc之间的相互作用提供了新的视角。
{"title":"Depletion of lipid storage droplet-1 delays endoreplication progression and induces cell death in Drosophila salivary gland","authors":"Yen D. H. Nguyen, Tuan L. A. Pham, Taisei Nishihara, Kaeko Kamei, Duy Binh Tran","doi":"10.1002/arch.22132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perilipins are evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals. <i>Drosophila</i> lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD-1) is a lipid storage droplet membrane surface-binding protein family member and a counterpart to mammalian perilipin 1 and is known to play a role in lipolysis. However, the function of LSD-1 during specific tissue development remains under investigation. This study demonstrated the role of LSD-1 in salivary gland development. Knockdown of <i>Lsd-1</i> in the salivary gland was established using the GAL4/UAS system. The third-instar larvae of knockdown flies had small salivary glands containing cells with smaller nuclei. The null mutant <i>Drosophila</i> also showed the same phenotype. The depletion of LSD-1 expression induced a delay of endoreplication due to decreasing CycE expression and increasing DNA damage. <i>Lsd-1</i> genetically interacted with <i>Myc</i> in the third-instar larvae. These results demonstrate that LSD-1 is involved in cell cycle and cell death programs in the salivary gland, providing novel insight into the effects of LSD-1 in regulating salivary gland development and the interaction between LSD-1 and Myc.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arch.22132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is attached to protein substrates through the sequential activity of an E1 (UBA5)-E2 (UFC1)-E3 (UFL1) cascade. UFL1 is the E3 ligase for UFMylation in vertebrates. However, there have been no studies on UFL1 in silkworm to date. In this study, we identified a UFL1 ortholog in Bombyx mori genome. Spatio-temporal expression profiles showed that BmUFL1 expression was high in the midgut, epidermis, and testis and in the pupa–adult stage. BmUFL1 knockdown inhibited B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) proliferation, while BmUFL1 overexpression promoted BmNPV proliferation. Mechanically, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling and cell apoptosis are involved in BmUFL1-regulated BmNPV proliferation. Overall, these results suggest that BmUFL1 facilitates BmNPV proliferation in silkworm.
{"title":"Bombyx mori UFL1 facilitates BmNPV proliferation by regulating host cell apoptosis through PERK","authors":"Yijun Zheng, Haonan Meng, Xiaochun Jiang, Shoujun Huang","doi":"10.1002/arch.22127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is attached to protein substrates through the sequential activity of an E1 (UBA5)-E2 (UFC1)-E3 (UFL1) cascade. UFL1 is the E3 ligase for UFMylation in vertebrates. However, there have been no studies on UFL1 in silkworm to date. In this study, we identified a UFL1 ortholog in <i>Bombyx mori</i> genome. Spatio-temporal expression profiles showed that BmUFL1 expression was high in the midgut, epidermis, and testis and in the pupa–adult stage. BmUFL1 knockdown inhibited <i>B. mori</i> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) proliferation, while BmUFL1 overexpression promoted BmNPV proliferation. Mechanically, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling and cell apoptosis are involved in BmUFL1-regulated BmNPV proliferation. Overall, these results suggest that BmUFL1 facilitates BmNPV proliferation in silkworm.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arch.22127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141557955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ianne Caroline da Silva Nobre, Roberta Ramos Coelho, Felipe Marinho Coutinho de Souza, Manoely Abreu Reis, Jorge Braz Torres, José Dijair Antonino
Insect pest control can be achieved by the application of RNA interference (RNAi), a key molecular tool in functional genomics. Whereas most RNAi research has focused on insect pests, few studies have been performed on natural enemies. Validating the efficacy of RNAi in natural enemies is crucial for assessing its safety and enabling molecular research on these organisms. Here, we assessed the efficacy of RNAi in the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), focusing on genes related to reproduction, such as vitellogenin (Vg) and its receptor (VgR). In the transcriptome of E. connexa, we found one VgR (EcVgR) and two Vg genes (EcVg1 and EcVg2). These genes have been validated by in silico analyses of functional domains and evolutionary relationships. Five-day-old females were injected with 500 ng/µL of a specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (dsEcVg1, dsEcVg2, or dsEcVgR) for RNAi tests, while nonspecific dsRNA (dsGFP or dsAgCE8.1) was used as a control. Interestingly, dsEcVg2 was able to knockdown both Vg genes, while dsEcVg1 could silence only EcVg1. Additionally, the viability of the eggs was significantly reduced when both Vg genes were knocked down at the same time (after treatment with dsEcVg2 or “dsEcVg1+dsEcVg2”). Ultimately, malformed, nonviable eggs were produced when EcVgR was silenced. Interestingly, no dsRNA treatment had an impact on the quantity of eggs laid. Therefore, the feasibility of RNAi in E. connexa has been confirmed, suggesting that this coccinellid is an excellent Neotropical model for molecular research on natural enemies and for studying RNAi nontarget effects.
{"title":"Insights from different reproductive gene knockdowns via RNA interference in the lady beetle Eriopis connexa: Establishing a new model for molecular studies on natural enemies","authors":"Ianne Caroline da Silva Nobre, Roberta Ramos Coelho, Felipe Marinho Coutinho de Souza, Manoely Abreu Reis, Jorge Braz Torres, José Dijair Antonino","doi":"10.1002/arch.22125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insect pest control can be achieved by the application of RNA interference (RNAi), a key molecular tool in functional genomics. Whereas most RNAi research has focused on insect pests, few studies have been performed on natural enemies. Validating the efficacy of RNAi in natural enemies is crucial for assessing its safety and enabling molecular research on these organisms. Here, we assessed the efficacy of RNAi in the ladybird beetle <i>Eriopis connexa</i> Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), focusing on genes related to reproduction, such as vitellogenin (<i>Vg</i>) and its receptor (<i>VgR</i>). In the transcriptome of <i>E. connexa</i>, we found one VgR (<i>EcVgR</i>) and two Vg genes (<i>EcVg1</i> and <i>EcVg2</i>). These genes have been validated by <i>in silico</i> analyses of functional domains and evolutionary relationships. Five-day-old females were injected with 500 ng/µL of a specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (ds<i>EcVg1</i>, ds<i>EcVg2</i>, or ds<i>EcVgR</i>) for RNAi tests, while nonspecific dsRNA (ds<i>GFP</i> or ds<i>AgCE8.1</i>) was used as a control. Interestingly, ds<i>EcVg2</i> was able to knockdown both <i>Vg</i> genes, while ds<i>EcVg1</i> could silence only <i>EcVg1</i>. Additionally, the viability of the eggs was significantly reduced when both <i>Vg</i> genes were knocked down at the same time (after treatment with ds<i>EcVg2</i> or “ds<i>EcVg1</i>+ds<i>EcVg2</i>”). Ultimately, malformed, nonviable eggs were produced when <i>EcVgR</i> was silenced. Interestingly, no dsRNA treatment had an impact on the quantity of eggs laid. Therefore, the feasibility of RNAi in <i>E. connexa</i> has been confirmed, suggesting that this coccinellid is an excellent Neotropical model for molecular research on natural enemies and for studying RNAi nontarget effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In beekeeping, when natural nectar or pollen sources become limited, it is crucial to provide supplemental bee feed to maintain the viability of the bee colony. This study was conducted during the autumn food shortage season, during which bees were fed with different proportions of modified bee feed. We identified an optimal bee diet by evaluating honeybee longevity, food consumption, body weight, and gut microbe distribution, with natural pollen serving as a control diet. The results indicated that bees preferred a mixture of 65% defatted soy flour, 20% corn protein powder, 13% wheat germ flour, 2% yeast powder, and a 50% sucrose solution. This bee food recipe significantly increased the longevity, feed consumption, and body weight of bees. The group fed the natural pollen diet exhibited a greater abundance of essential intestinal bacteria. The bee diets used in this study contained higher protein levels and lower concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins than did the diets stored within the colonies. Therefore, we propose that incorporating both bee feed and natural pollen in beekeeping practices will achieve more balanced nutritional intake.
{"title":"Improving bee feed recipes to safeguard honeybee colonies during times of food scarcity","authors":"Xue Wang, Xing Zheng, Nana Guo, Mingyang Geng, Rongshen Wang, Ting Huang, Quanzhi Ji, Zhenxing Liu, Yazhou Zhao","doi":"10.1002/arch.22129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In beekeeping, when natural nectar or pollen sources become limited, it is crucial to provide supplemental bee feed to maintain the viability of the bee colony. This study was conducted during the autumn food shortage season, during which bees were fed with different proportions of modified bee feed. We identified an optimal bee diet by evaluating honeybee longevity, food consumption, body weight, and gut microbe distribution, with natural pollen serving as a control diet. The results indicated that bees preferred a mixture of 65% defatted soy flour, 20% corn protein powder, 13% wheat germ flour, 2% yeast powder, and a 50% sucrose solution. This bee food recipe significantly increased the longevity, feed consumption, and body weight of bees. The group fed the natural pollen diet exhibited a greater abundance of essential intestinal bacteria. The bee diets used in this study contained higher protein levels and lower concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins than did the diets stored within the colonies. Therefore, we propose that incorporating both bee feed and natural pollen in beekeeping practices will achieve more balanced nutritional intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aphids are sap-sucking insects responsible for crop losses and a severe threat to crop production. Proteins in the aphid saliva are integral in establishing an interaction between aphids and plants and are responsible for host plant adaptation. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of Gossypium hirsutum. Despite extensive studies of the salivary proteins of various aphid species, the components of A. gossypii salivary glands are unknown. In this study, we identified 123,008 transcripts from the salivary gland of A. gossypii. Among those, 2933 proteins have signal peptides with no transmembrane domain known to be secreted from the cell upon feeding. The transcriptome includes proteins with more comprehensive functions such as digestion, detoxification, regulating host defenses, regulation of salivary glands, and a large set of uncharacterized proteins. Comparative analysis of salivary proteins of different aphids and other insects with A. gossypii revealed that 183 and 88 orthologous clusters were common in the Aphididae and non-Aphididae groups, respectively. The structure prediction for highly expressed salivary proteins indicated that most possess an intrinsically disordered region. These results provide valuable reference data for exploring novel functions of salivary proteins in A. gossypii with their host interactions. The identified proteins may help develop a sustainable way to manage aphid pests.
{"title":"Salivary gland transcriptomics of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and comparative analysis with other sap-sucking insects","authors":"Shanmugasundram Pavithran, Marimuthu Murugan, Jayakanthan Mannu, Chakkarai Sathyaseelan, Venkatasamy Balasubramani, Sankarasubramanian Harish, Senthil Natesan","doi":"10.1002/arch.22123","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aphids are sap-sucking insects responsible for crop losses and a severe threat to crop production. Proteins in the aphid saliva are integral in establishing an interaction between aphids and plants and are responsible for host plant adaptation. The cotton aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>. Despite extensive studies of the salivary proteins of various aphid species, the components of <i>A. gossypii</i> salivary glands are unknown. In this study, we identified 123,008 transcripts from the salivary gland of <i>A. gossypii</i>. Among those, 2933 proteins have signal peptides with no transmembrane domain known to be secreted from the cell upon feeding. The transcriptome includes proteins with more comprehensive functions such as digestion, detoxification, regulating host defenses, regulation of salivary glands, and a large set of uncharacterized proteins. Comparative analysis of salivary proteins of different aphids and other insects with <i>A. gossypii</i> revealed that 183 and 88 orthologous clusters were common in the Aphididae and non-Aphididae groups, respectively. The structure prediction for highly expressed salivary proteins indicated that most possess an intrinsically disordered region. These results provide valuable reference data for exploring novel functions of salivary proteins in <i>A. gossypii</i> with their host interactions. The identified proteins may help develop a sustainable way to manage aphid pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pesticides are widely used for pest control to promote sustained and stable growth of agricultural production. However, indiscriminate pesticide usage poses a great threat to environmental and human health. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown the ability to increase the performance of conventional pesticides and has great potential for improving adhesion to crop foliage, solubility, stability, targeted delivery, and so forth. This review discusses two types of nanopesticides, namely, carrier-free nanopesticides and carrier-based nanopesticides, that can precisely release necessary and sufficient amounts of active ingredients. At first, the basic characterization and preparation methods of these two distinct types of nanopesticides are briefly summarized. Subsequently, current applications and future perspectives on scientific examples and strategies for promoting the usage efficacy and reducing the environmental risks of these nanopesticides were also described. Overall, nanopesticides can promote higher crop yields and lay the foundation for sustainable agriculture and global food security.
{"title":"Fabrication and application of carrier-free and carrier-based nanopesticides in pest management","authors":"Wenhao Dong, Yipeng Ren, Huaijun Xue","doi":"10.1002/arch.22124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pesticides are widely used for pest control to promote sustained and stable growth of agricultural production. However, indiscriminate pesticide usage poses a great threat to environmental and human health. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown the ability to increase the performance of conventional pesticides and has great potential for improving adhesion to crop foliage, solubility, stability, targeted delivery, and so forth. This review discusses two types of nanopesticides, namely, carrier-free nanopesticides and carrier-based nanopesticides, that can precisely release necessary and sufficient amounts of active ingredients. At first, the basic characterization and preparation methods of these two distinct types of nanopesticides are briefly summarized. Subsequently, current applications and future perspectives on scientific examples and strategies for promoting the usage efficacy and reducing the environmental risks of these nanopesticides were also described. Overall, nanopesticides can promote higher crop yields and lay the foundation for sustainable agriculture and global food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Invasive insect pests, currently, pose a serious economic threat to several staple crops all over the world, one such being the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. It was first observed in Africa since 2016, outside of its natural habitat in the Americas. Subsequently, it invaded several countries in South and South East Asia and also very recently in Australia. In all the newly invaded regions, maize is the principal crop attacked causing a serious economic concern to the poor farmers, particularly in the developing countries. Owing to the innate genetic ability, it defies many of the management options that include insecticides, Bt transgenics, and so forth. This is due to its high mobility, polyphagy and ability for quick development of resistance to several classes of insecticides. At this critical juncture, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing has shown a lot of promise in developing a novel area-wide pest management strategy called precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT). pgSIT was initially demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster which holds a greater promise for the environmentally friendly management of several globally significant agricultural pests such as S. frugiperda. Therefore, before developing both sgRNA and Cas9 transgenic lines, we have validated the target gene such as tssk2 through a non-transgenic approach by microinjecting ribo nucleo protein complex (Cas9 protein and tssk2 sgRNA) into G0 eggs of S. frugiperda. In the current investigation, we have obtained five edited males with distinct mutations which were further used for crossing studies to ascertain the effect of tssk2 editing affecting egg hatchability.
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9 mediated validation of spermatogenesis-related gene, tssk2 as a component of genetic pest management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"Cholenahalli Narayanappa Anu, Karuppannasamy Ashok, Chikmagalur Nagaraja Bhargava, Yogi Dhawane, Maligeppagol Manamohan, Grish Kumar Jha, Ramasamy Asokan","doi":"10.1002/arch.22121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arch.22121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Invasive insect pests, currently, pose a serious economic threat to several staple crops all over the world, one such being the fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>. It was first observed in Africa since 2016, outside of its natural habitat in the Americas. Subsequently, it invaded several countries in South and South East Asia and also very recently in Australia. In all the newly invaded regions, maize is the principal crop attacked causing a serious economic concern to the poor farmers, particularly in the developing countries. Owing to the innate genetic ability, it defies many of the management options that include insecticides, Bt transgenics, and so forth. This is due to its high mobility, polyphagy and ability for quick development of resistance to several classes of insecticides. At this critical juncture, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing has shown a lot of promise in developing a novel area-wide pest management strategy called precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT). pgSIT was initially demonstrated in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> which holds a greater promise for the environmentally friendly management of several globally significant agricultural pests such as <i>S. frugiperda</i>. Therefore, before developing both sgRNA and Cas9 transgenic lines, we have validated the target gene such as <i>tssk2</i> through a non-transgenic approach by microinjecting ribo nucleo protein complex (Cas9 protein and <i>tssk2</i> sgRNA) into G<sub>0</sub> eggs of <i>S. frugiperda</i>. In the current investigation, we have obtained five edited males with distinct mutations which were further used for crossing studies to ascertain the effect of <i>tssk2</i> editing affecting egg hatchability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}