P. Lukeneder, Irene Liebhart, F. Ottner, Anika Mikes, P. Heinz, Radek Polách
The scientific world of the nineteenth century was shaped by far-reaching discoveries, expeditions, travel and collection activities as well as by the development of extensive natural scientific social networking. During the 1840s, Dominik Bilimek (1813–1884) arose as a key personality in European natural sciences, with a significant impact on the biological, geoscientific and even archaeological communities. The Bilimek collection at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna encompasses thousands of specimens and provides a large number of original labels with date, locality and companions in the field. This set of collection labels was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to its historical value to increase our knowledge about the explorer's life and his social network. The study also focuses on Bilimek's so far unknown social links, which were recovered by the processing of the collection, probably resulting in the use of these data for a social network analysis of a nineteenth-century scientific network.
{"title":"The historical power of the natural science collection of Dominik Bilimek at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)","authors":"P. Lukeneder, Irene Liebhart, F. Ottner, Anika Mikes, P. Heinz, Radek Polách","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0051","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific world of the nineteenth century was shaped by far-reaching discoveries, expeditions, travel and collection activities as well as by the development of extensive natural scientific social networking. During the 1840s, Dominik Bilimek (1813–1884) arose as a key personality in European natural sciences, with a significant impact on the biological, geoscientific and even archaeological communities. The Bilimek collection at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna encompasses thousands of specimens and provides a large number of original labels with date, locality and companions in the field. This set of collection labels was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to its historical value to increase our knowledge about the explorer's life and his social network. The study also focuses on Bilimek's so far unknown social links, which were recovered by the processing of the collection, probably resulting in the use of these data for a social network analysis of a nineteenth-century scientific network.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79888972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In honour of the two hundredth birthday of naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) we present a transcription and analysis of the plan for Wallace's unrealized final book. Recently come to light, Darwin and Wallace was to have been a volume of eight chapters published by the well-known London publishing house of John Murray in the spring of 1915, a project derailed by Wallace's death at the age of 90 in November 1913. Drawing on letters, manuscripts and contemporary published works, we show how the chapter outlines illuminate Wallace's late-life thinking about his and Darwin's working methods, the factors contributing to their independent discovery of natural selection and contemporary challenges to Darwin–Wallace evolutionary gradualism and natural selection by the neo-Lamarckian, mutationist and early Mendelian schools during the period dubbed the ‘eclipse of Darwinism’. Wallace's planned book provides insight into how the co-founder of modern evolutionary biology saw his legacy in relation to Darwin's, and his role as fierce and eloquent defender of his and Darwin's theory during a fascinating period in the history of evolutionary biology. In the emergence of neo-Darwinism in the ‘Modern Synthesis’ period, Wallace's contributions were largely omitted, an oversight that Darwin and Wallace may have prevented had it been realized.
{"title":"Alfred Russel Wallace's Unrealized Last Book: Insights from the Plan for Darwin and Wallace","authors":"J. Costa, G. Beccaloni","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0053","url":null,"abstract":"In honour of the two hundredth birthday of naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) we present a transcription and analysis of the plan for Wallace's unrealized final book. Recently come to light, Darwin and Wallace was to have been a volume of eight chapters published by the well-known London publishing house of John Murray in the spring of 1915, a project derailed by Wallace's death at the age of 90 in November 1913. Drawing on letters, manuscripts and contemporary published works, we show how the chapter outlines illuminate Wallace's late-life thinking about his and Darwin's working methods, the factors contributing to their independent discovery of natural selection and contemporary challenges to Darwin–Wallace evolutionary gradualism and natural selection by the neo-Lamarckian, mutationist and early Mendelian schools during the period dubbed the ‘eclipse of Darwinism’. Wallace's planned book provides insight into how the co-founder of modern evolutionary biology saw his legacy in relation to Darwin's, and his role as fierce and eloquent defender of his and Darwin's theory during a fascinating period in the history of evolutionary biology. In the emergence of neo-Darwinism in the ‘Modern Synthesis’ period, Wallace's contributions were largely omitted, an oversight that Darwin and Wallace may have prevented had it been realized.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"66 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82464374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper gives the results of a successful search to uncover new biographical details about Margaret Bryan, the English author of several textbooks intended to educate young women: A compendious system of astronomy (editions in 1797, 1799 and 1805), Lectures on natural philosophy (1806) and Astronomical and geographical class book for schools (1815). Among the hitherto unknown information collected from contemporary wills, parish records, civil records and newspapers in England are the names of her parents and other family members, the year and place of her baptism, the year and place of her marriage, the names of her husband and two daughters and a possible year and place of her death.
{"title":"Margaret Bryan: Newly Discovered Biographical Information about the Author of A Compendious System of Astronomy (1797)","authors":"G. Girolami","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives the results of a successful search to uncover new biographical details about Margaret Bryan, the English author of several textbooks intended to educate young women: A compendious system of astronomy (editions in 1797, 1799 and 1805), Lectures on natural philosophy (1806) and Astronomical and geographical class book for schools (1815). Among the hitherto unknown information collected from contemporary wills, parish records, civil records and newspapers in England are the names of her parents and other family members, the year and place of her baptism, the year and place of her marriage, the names of her husband and two daughters and a possible year and place of her death.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88951481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the later stages of his life, Christiaan Huygens semi-empirically derived a set of relations between the objective focus and diameter, the eyepiece focus, and the magnification that resulted from combining the two lenses. These relations were used by him and his brother to build what he believed were optimized telescopes. When comparing these equations to the ones derived from modern optical principles, Huygens' telescopes were in fact far from optimal. While there are several potential reasons for this discrepancy, one possible reason, explored in this work, is that Huygens might have suffered from a mild case of myopia (or near-sightedness) and that he compensated this condition by building telescopes that overmagnified by a factor of 3.5. Based on this hypothesis, Huygens' visual acuity is estimated to be around 20/70, which on average corresponds to an optical prescription of −1.5 diopters.
{"title":"Did Christiaan Huygens need glasses? A study of Huygens' telescope equations and tables","authors":"A. G. M. Pietrow","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0054","url":null,"abstract":"In the later stages of his life, Christiaan Huygens semi-empirically derived a set of relations between the objective focus and diameter, the eyepiece focus, and the magnification that resulted from combining the two lenses. These relations were used by him and his brother to build what he believed were optimized telescopes. When comparing these equations to the ones derived from modern optical principles, Huygens' telescopes were in fact far from optimal. While there are several potential reasons for this discrepancy, one possible reason, explored in this work, is that Huygens might have suffered from a mild case of myopia (or near-sightedness) and that he compensated this condition by building telescopes that overmagnified by a factor of 3.5. Based on this hypothesis, Huygens' visual acuity is estimated to be around 20/70, which on average corresponds to an optical prescription of −1.5 diopters.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83211731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article brings attention to three manuscript letters by Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton in the Darmstaedter collection at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, two of which are published here for the first time. Of principal interest is a 1678 letter from Hooke to Newton, which concerns the controversy with Anthony Lucas over Newton's prism experiments and Hooke's disinclination ‘to print transactions’ on behalf of the Royal Society. A second Hooke letter, written to the French savant Nicolas Toinard in 1680, sends some astronomical observations together with English mathematician Robert Wood's book on a proposed calendrical reform. While the text of the third item, a 1706 letter by Newton welcoming its addressee into the Royal Society, has long been available in draft form, the Darmstaedter manuscript allows the recipient to be identified as a Savoyard diplomat, the Comte de Briançon, who can further be recognized as the intended addressee of another Newton letter.
{"title":"Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton and the Royal Society: three unnoticed letters at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin","authors":"T. Vozar","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0041","url":null,"abstract":"This article brings attention to three manuscript letters by Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton in the Darmstaedter collection at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, two of which are published here for the first time. Of principal interest is a 1678 letter from Hooke to Newton, which concerns the controversy with Anthony Lucas over Newton's prism experiments and Hooke's disinclination ‘to print transactions’ on behalf of the Royal Society. A second Hooke letter, written to the French savant Nicolas Toinard in 1680, sends some astronomical observations together with English mathematician Robert Wood's book on a proposed calendrical reform. While the text of the third item, a 1706 letter by Newton welcoming its addressee into the Royal Society, has long been available in draft form, the Darmstaedter manuscript allows the recipient to be identified as a Savoyard diplomat, the Comte de Briançon, who can further be recognized as the intended addressee of another Newton letter.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82323905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kant's legacy in the history of life sciences has notoriously included a critique of the use of soul and ‘vital force’ (Lebenskraft). In this paper I focus on a less-known side of this legacy, i.e. Kant's late critique of vital materialism and its impact on nineteenth-century German science and philosophy. I show that Kant considered materialism as a kind of metaphysical hypothesis since the 1760s and pointed out that it was empirically impossible to distinguish it from different kinds of hypotheses (such as monadology). I focus on Kant's late essay on Samuel Sömmering (1796), arguing that the critical rejection of materialism and the notion of Lebenskraft belonged to an anti-reductive program for life sciences. I maintain that Kant's views influenced Alexander von Humboldt's turn concerning vitalism in the late 1790s and the anti-metaphysical and physicalist epistemology of Hermann von Helmholtz. I follow this Kantian legacy in the works of Friedrich Lange, Emil du Bois-Reymond and Erich Adickes. Finally, I argue that this tradition provides a vantage point to reconsider contemporary debates over materialism and panpsychism.
{"title":"Materialism, Lebenskraft and the limits of science: metaphysical vitalism in post-Kantian scenarios","authors":"P. Pecere","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2021.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2021.0078","url":null,"abstract":"Kant's legacy in the history of life sciences has notoriously included a critique of the use of soul and ‘vital force’ (Lebenskraft). In this paper I focus on a less-known side of this legacy, i.e. Kant's late critique of vital materialism and its impact on nineteenth-century German science and philosophy. I show that Kant considered materialism as a kind of metaphysical hypothesis since the 1760s and pointed out that it was empirically impossible to distinguish it from different kinds of hypotheses (such as monadology). I focus on Kant's late essay on Samuel Sömmering (1796), arguing that the critical rejection of materialism and the notion of Lebenskraft belonged to an anti-reductive program for life sciences. I maintain that Kant's views influenced Alexander von Humboldt's turn concerning vitalism in the late 1790s and the anti-metaphysical and physicalist epistemology of Hermann von Helmholtz. I follow this Kantian legacy in the works of Friedrich Lange, Emil du Bois-Reymond and Erich Adickes. Finally, I argue that this tradition provides a vantage point to reconsider contemporary debates over materialism and panpsychism.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80414999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review article covers close to 45 years of free-electron laser (FEL) activity in the UK from the mid 1970s until 2022. Technical details of the projects are given together with personal insights provided by those who worked on specific projects. Both funded and unfunded projects are included to highlight the breadth of ideas generated over the years; this approach also clearly reveals the evolution in FEL activities from the early imperative to reproduce and understand first results at long wavelength towards the development of ever-higher-quality FEL output at very short wavelengths. Also included are the longer-term and broader benefits of the early projects. One aspect of this is the many years of UK experience in the design, operation and use of FEL facilities (in the UK and abroad) which reveal the wider value, financial and intellectual, of much of the work that has been undertaken and that is often not apparent. Continuous development of the UK technological base in this area has led to innovative contributions on a global scale and considerable financial return.
{"title":"The Origins and Development of Free-Electron Lasers in the UK","authors":"E. Seddon, M. Poole","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0038","url":null,"abstract":"This review article covers close to 45 years of free-electron laser (FEL) activity in the UK from the mid 1970s until 2022. Technical details of the projects are given together with personal insights provided by those who worked on specific projects. Both funded and unfunded projects are included to highlight the breadth of ideas generated over the years; this approach also clearly reveals the evolution in FEL activities from the early imperative to reproduce and understand first results at long wavelength towards the development of ever-higher-quality FEL output at very short wavelengths. Also included are the longer-term and broader benefits of the early projects. One aspect of this is the many years of UK experience in the design, operation and use of FEL facilities (in the UK and abroad) which reveal the wider value, financial and intellectual, of much of the work that has been undertaken and that is often not apparent. Continuous development of the UK technological base in this area has led to innovative contributions on a global scale and considerable financial return.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88721987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historians have long debated the origins of modern science in early modern Europe. Recently, however, scholars pointed to our need to understand how the ‘new philosophy’ became a sustained movement, which did not dissipate over the course of a few generations, as had previous scientific renaissances in other civilizations. This article suggests that the mediations of the printed book allowed a broader public to engage with the astronomical ideas at the core of scientific transformations. This article examines the interactions that the world of the book generated between authors at the ‘core’ of early modern science and ‘amateurs’ who were interested in recent cosmological discussion around the notion of the ‘system of the world’. It argues that this concept served simultaneously to discuss mathematico-physical problems, to make claims for authorship and to provide cultural orientation, which made it amenable to appropriation and dialogue across a range of genres. The new social interactions around the ‘system of the world’ allowed a heavily mathematical science to become a viable and sustainable cultural phenomenon, a veritable building-block of a new scientific culture at the heart of European modernity.
{"title":"The ‘system of the world’ and the scientific culture of early modern France","authors":"O. Rabinovitch","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have long debated the origins of modern science in early modern Europe. Recently, however, scholars pointed to our need to understand how the ‘new philosophy’ became a sustained movement, which did not dissipate over the course of a few generations, as had previous scientific renaissances in other civilizations. This article suggests that the mediations of the printed book allowed a broader public to engage with the astronomical ideas at the core of scientific transformations. This article examines the interactions that the world of the book generated between authors at the ‘core’ of early modern science and ‘amateurs’ who were interested in recent cosmological discussion around the notion of the ‘system of the world’. It argues that this concept served simultaneously to discuss mathematico-physical problems, to make claims for authorship and to provide cultural orientation, which made it amenable to appropriation and dialogue across a range of genres. The new social interactions around the ‘system of the world’ allowed a heavily mathematical science to become a viable and sustainable cultural phenomenon, a veritable building-block of a new scientific culture at the heart of European modernity.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82808501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The early microscopist Robert Hooke (1653–1703) is commonly credited with the discovery and naming of biological cells in the course of his studies of plant tissues. Surprisingly, the theoretical context of this apparent discovery is rarely evaluated when Hooke's contribution to the development of modern biology is discussed. Hooke worked within the conceptual framework of the developing fibre doctrine, and consequently interpreted plant and animal structures as solid yet porous materials that directed and regulated the movements of fluids. The strength of his theory-derived expectations is exemplified by his postulate of valve-like passages in plant cell walls despite his admitted inability to detect any. Neglecting Hooke's theoretical background, modern commentators regularly misread important parts of his anatomical works. This shows, for instance, in the common assertion that Hooke used pore and cell interchangeably when in fact they represented the whole and its part, or in the claim that his cells were closed structures. Here I present a reconstruction of what Hooke and contemporary scholars meant when they spoke of cells in plant materials, namely elements of continuous pipes for fluid transport, and evaluate alternative interpretations.
{"title":"The cells of Robert Hooke: pores, fibres, diaphragms and the cell theory that wasn't","authors":"W. Peters","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0049","url":null,"abstract":"The early microscopist Robert Hooke (1653–1703) is commonly credited with the discovery and naming of biological cells in the course of his studies of plant tissues. Surprisingly, the theoretical context of this apparent discovery is rarely evaluated when Hooke's contribution to the development of modern biology is discussed. Hooke worked within the conceptual framework of the developing fibre doctrine, and consequently interpreted plant and animal structures as solid yet porous materials that directed and regulated the movements of fluids. The strength of his theory-derived expectations is exemplified by his postulate of valve-like passages in plant cell walls despite his admitted inability to detect any. Neglecting Hooke's theoretical background, modern commentators regularly misread important parts of his anatomical works. This shows, for instance, in the common assertion that Hooke used pore and cell interchangeably when in fact they represented the whole and its part, or in the claim that his cells were closed structures. Here I present a reconstruction of what Hooke and contemporary scholars meant when they spoke of cells in plant materials, namely elements of continuous pipes for fluid transport, and evaluate alternative interpretations.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83453200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1963, at the height of the Cold War, R. W. Stewart visited the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Moscow for three months, including a side trip to a field station on the River Don. The visit followed on from discussions at scientific meetings on the topic of turbulence in fluid flows. Major theoretical advances had been made in the USSR, while Stewart's group in Canada had conducted a key observational programme in turbulent tidal currents off the coast of British Columbia. During his visit, Stewart was able to show how some Soviet observations were in accord with others after correction for instrument size and, most importantly, with Evgeny Novikov he pioneered a new approach to the theory of turbulence to allow for intermittency. His report contains observations of the style of science in the USSR in that era, as well as interesting comments on food and culture. The visit produced lasting dividends in scientific collaboration, particularly in international programmes related to climate.
1963年，在冷战最激烈的时候，r·w·斯图尔特(R. W. Stewart)访问了莫斯科的大气物理研究所(Institute of Atmospheric Physics)三个月，其中包括到顿河上的一个野外观测站进行了一次短途旅行。这次访问是在有关流体流动中的湍流问题的科学会议讨论之后进行的。主要的理论进展是在苏联取得的，而斯图尔特在加拿大的小组在不列颠哥伦比亚海岸外的湍流潮汐中进行了一个关键的观测方案。在他的访问期间，斯图尔特能够展示一些苏联的观测结果在校正仪器尺寸后是如何与其他观测结果一致的，最重要的是，他与叶夫根尼·诺维科夫一起开创了一种新的方法来考虑间歇性的湍流理论。他的报告包含了对那个时代苏联科学风格的观察，以及对食物和文化的有趣评论。这次访问为科学合作，特别是与气候有关的国际项目带来了持久的红利。
{"title":"A scientific visit to the USSR in 1963","authors":"C. Garrett","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"In 1963, at the height of the Cold War, R. W. Stewart visited the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Moscow for three months, including a side trip to a field station on the River Don. The visit followed on from discussions at scientific meetings on the topic of turbulence in fluid flows. Major theoretical advances had been made in the USSR, while Stewart's group in Canada had conducted a key observational programme in turbulent tidal currents off the coast of British Columbia. During his visit, Stewart was able to show how some Soviet observations were in accord with others after correction for instrument size and, most importantly, with Evgeny Novikov he pioneered a new approach to the theory of turbulence to allow for intermittency. His report contains observations of the style of science in the USSR in that era, as well as interesting comments on food and culture. The visit produced lasting dividends in scientific collaboration, particularly in international programmes related to climate.","PeriodicalId":82881,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania notes and records","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73639264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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