In a social network, adoption probability refers to the probability that a social entity will adopt a product, service, or opinion in the foreseeable future. Such probabilities are central to fundamental issues in social network analysis, including the influence maximization problem. In practice, adoption probabilities have significant implications for applications ranging from social network-based target marketing to political campaigns, yet predicting adoption probabilities has not received sufficient research attention. Building on relevant social network theories, we identify and operationalize key factors that affect adoption decisions: social influence, structural equivalence, entity similarity, and confounding factors. We then develop the locally weighted expectation-maximization method for Naive Bayesian learning to predict adoption probabilities on the basis of these factors. The principal challenge addressed in this study is how to predict adoption probabilities in the presence of confounding factors that are generally unobserved. Using data from two large-scale social networks, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The empirical results also suggest that cascade methods primarily using social influence to predict adoption probabilities offer limited predictive power and that confounding factors are critical to adoption probability predictions.
{"title":"Predicting Adoption Probabilities in Social Networks","authors":"Xiao Fang, P. H. Hu, Zhepeng Li, Weiyu Tsai","doi":"10.1287/isre.1120.0461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1120.0461","url":null,"abstract":"In a social network, adoption probability refers to the probability that a social entity will adopt a product, service, or opinion in the foreseeable future. Such probabilities are central to fundamental issues in social network analysis, including the influence maximization problem. In practice, adoption probabilities have significant implications for applications ranging from social network-based target marketing to political campaigns, yet predicting adoption probabilities has not received sufficient research attention. Building on relevant social network theories, we identify and operationalize key factors that affect adoption decisions: social influence, structural equivalence, entity similarity, and confounding factors. We then develop the locally weighted expectation-maximization method for Naive Bayesian learning to predict adoption probabilities on the basis of these factors. The principal challenge addressed in this study is how to predict adoption probabilities in the presence of confounding factors that are generally unobserved. Using data from two large-scale social networks, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The empirical results also suggest that cascade methods primarily using social influence to predict adoption probabilities offer limited predictive power and that confounding factors are critical to adoption probability predictions.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73863190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop direct and indirect analytical approaches to determine the parameters of a distribution using elicited fractile values in the presence of elicitation errors. Both approaches seek to minimize the variance on the errors in the estimation of the parameters of the distribution. In the indirect approach we obtainweights for the elicited fractile values to estimate the moments of the distribution; estimates for the probability distribution parameters can then be obtained indirectly from the moment estimates. The direct approach provides weights to estimate the parameters directly from the elicited fractile values. For both approaches, we show that the weights are independent of the actual parameter values and depend only on the fractile probabilities being elicited when the distribution is a location-scale distribution. We show numerically that both these approaches should be preferred over approaches that ignore elicitation error or elicit only a specific set of fractiles. The parameter invariant weights for an arbitrary set of fractile probabilities provide for a flexible elicitation of probability distributions. Subsequently, we extend the results to other non location-scale distributions including the Johnson family of distributions.
{"title":"Using Imperfectly Elicited Fractiles for the Estimation of Probability Distribution Parameters","authors":"S. Bansal, G. Gutierrez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2160349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2160349","url":null,"abstract":"We develop direct and indirect analytical approaches to determine the parameters of a distribution using elicited fractile values in the presence of elicitation errors. Both approaches seek to minimize the variance on the errors in the estimation of the parameters of the distribution. In the indirect approach we obtainweights for the elicited fractile values to estimate the moments of the distribution; estimates for the probability distribution parameters can then be obtained indirectly from the moment estimates. The direct approach provides weights to estimate the parameters directly from the elicited fractile values. For both approaches, we show that the weights are independent of the actual parameter values and depend only on the fractile probabilities being elicited when the distribution is a location-scale distribution. We show numerically that both these approaches should be preferred over approaches that ignore elicitation error or elicit only a specific set of fractiles. The parameter invariant weights for an arbitrary set of fractile probabilities provide for a flexible elicitation of probability distributions. Subsequently, we extend the results to other non location-scale distributions including the Johnson family of distributions.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77944480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Demand fluctuations lead to variations in the output levels affecting technical efficiency measures. The present study defines “effective production” and proposes a measure called “effectiveness” to separates the capacity construction and demand processes in a production system. The effectiveness measure complements the efficiency measure which does not capture the demand effect. The Malmquist productivity index is used to measure the demand effects characterized as the difference between the production function associated with efficiency and the demand-truncated production function associated with effectiveness. The proposed profit effectiveness also corrects the bias estimation of profit efficiency caused by ignoring demand. An empirical study about US airlines demonstrates these concepts can be used to describe the strategic positioning and to perform a dynamic analysis. These results show the concept of effectiveness is useful in modeling demand fluctuations and identifying the efforts in demand generation.
{"title":"Effectiveness: A Measure of Demand Effect in Productivity Analysis","authors":"Chia-Yen Lee, Andrew L. Johnson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2070290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2070290","url":null,"abstract":"Demand fluctuations lead to variations in the output levels affecting technical efficiency measures. The present study defines “effective production” and proposes a measure called “effectiveness” to separates the capacity construction and demand processes in a production system. The effectiveness measure complements the efficiency measure which does not capture the demand effect. The Malmquist productivity index is used to measure the demand effects characterized as the difference between the production function associated with efficiency and the demand-truncated production function associated with effectiveness. The proposed profit effectiveness also corrects the bias estimation of profit efficiency caused by ignoring demand. An empirical study about US airlines demonstrates these concepts can be used to describe the strategic positioning and to perform a dynamic analysis. These results show the concept of effectiveness is useful in modeling demand fluctuations and identifying the efforts in demand generation.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90479647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In any pool of ideas, it is often the case that a small fraction of top ideas have significantly higher quality, both in absolute terms and relative to other ideas in the pool. This study formulates a model of idea pools, and examines the impact of the “structure” of idea pools on the extent to which the top ideas in an idea pool are exceptional. Our results demonstrate that the dispersion of ideas in the pool (defined in terms of the dissimilarity between ideas in the pool) has a positive impact on the value derived from the top ideas. The empirical content of the model is assessed by examining the citations received by top patents in a patent pool, and results consistent with the theoretical model are found. Finally, the study examines the optimal design of idea pools, and managerial rules-of-thumb are derived for the optimal choice of idea pool size, and the dispersion of ideas within the pool.
{"title":"Making the Best Even Better: How Idea Pool Structure can make the Top Ideas Exceptional","authors":"Sanjiv Erat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1983389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1983389","url":null,"abstract":"In any pool of ideas, it is often the case that a small fraction of top ideas have significantly higher quality, both in absolute terms and relative to other ideas in the pool. This study formulates a model of idea pools, and examines the impact of the “structure” of idea pools on the extent to which the top ideas in an idea pool are exceptional. Our results demonstrate that the dispersion of ideas in the pool (defined in terms of the dissimilarity between ideas in the pool) has a positive impact on the value derived from the top ideas. The empirical content of the model is assessed by examining the citations received by top patents in a patent pool, and results consistent with the theoretical model are found. Finally, the study examines the optimal design of idea pools, and managerial rules-of-thumb are derived for the optimal choice of idea pool size, and the dispersion of ideas within the pool.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74879639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider a triadic supply chain, in which a manufacturer can sequentially source from two suppliers: a cheap primary supplier with yield uncertainty risk; and an expensive backup supplier with perfect reliability. After having a contract with the primary supplier, the manufacturer may offer a contract to the backup supplier to mitigate the yield uncertainty of the primary supplier. In such a setting, the backup supplier may have horizontal fairness concerns. We model the contract design problem using a Stackelberg game and characterize optimal decisions for the manufacturer. We provide empirical evidence of horizontal fairness concern from the backup supplier by conducting experiments. Furthermore, the impact of the fairness concern on the supply chain performance is analyzed. The results show that the manufacturer should pay close attention to the fairness concern of the backup supplier, and that the fairness concern does not always benefit the backup supplier.
{"title":"The Horizontal Fairness Concern of Backup Supplier in a Triadic Supply Chain","authors":"Junlin Chen, Xiaobo Zhao, Z. M. Shen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2015703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2015703","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a triadic supply chain, in which a manufacturer can sequentially source from two suppliers: a cheap primary supplier with yield uncertainty risk; and an expensive backup supplier with perfect reliability. After having a contract with the primary supplier, the manufacturer may offer a contract to the backup supplier to mitigate the yield uncertainty of the primary supplier. In such a setting, the backup supplier may have horizontal fairness concerns. We model the contract design problem using a Stackelberg game and characterize optimal decisions for the manufacturer. We provide empirical evidence of horizontal fairness concern from the backup supplier by conducting experiments. Furthermore, the impact of the fairness concern on the supply chain performance is analyzed. The results show that the manufacturer should pay close attention to the fairness concern of the backup supplier, and that the fairness concern does not always benefit the backup supplier.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81547790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x
Tim Schiederig, F. Tietze, C. Herstatt
The importance of green innovation management is growing both in practice and in academia. This paper provides a current overview of the existing body of literature in the field of green innovations, identifying the most active scholars, institutions and relevant publications. It also contributes to a clarification of the concept ‘green innovation’. The review explains that three different notions of green, eco/ecological and environmental innovation are used largely synonymously, while the notion of sustainable innovation broadens the concept and includes a social dimension. According to this review, the most active scholars are situated in Europe (especially the Netherlands, Italy and Germany). A ranking is provided of innovation management journals by their total number of green innovation publications. The paper stimulates discussion about the adequacy of research in this subject area (managing green innovation) and the dearth of comprehensive literature reviews.
{"title":"Green Innovation in Technology and Innovation Management – An Exploratory Literature Review","authors":"Tim Schiederig, F. Tietze, C. Herstatt","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of green innovation management is growing both in practice and in academia. This paper provides a current overview of the existing body of literature in the field of green innovations, identifying the most active scholars, institutions and relevant publications. It also contributes to a clarification of the concept ‘green innovation’. The review explains that three different notions of green, eco/ecological and environmental innovation are used largely synonymously, while the notion of sustainable innovation broadens the concept and includes a social dimension. According to this review, the most active scholars are situated in Europe (especially the Netherlands, Italy and Germany). A ranking is provided of innovation management journals by their total number of green innovation publications. The paper stimulates discussion about the adequacy of research in this subject area (managing green innovation) and the dearth of comprehensive literature reviews.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75521107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-17DOI: 10.1108/01443571111182173
David Xiaosong Peng, Genshen Liu, Gregory R. Heim
Purpose – The impact of information technology (IT) on mass customization (MC) capability has been implied in the literature but seldom subjected to empirical examination. This study theoretically relates four types of IT applications with MC capability and empirically examines these relationships. Design/methodology/approach – This study identifies four types of IT that potentially support MC capability, including product configurator IT, new product development IT, manufacturing IT, and supplier collaboration IT. Drawing on organizational information processing theory, this study associates the four IT types with a manufacturer’s MC capability. A structural equation model is tested using survey data collected from a sample of manufacturing plants that focus on product customization. Findings – The empirical results indicate that three of the four IT types either strongly or marginally support a manufacturer’s MC capability. Research limitations/implications – Data used in this study are cross-sectional in nature. Also, a set of refined IT measures should be developed in future studies. Practical implications – The paper identifies managerial opportunities for investing in IT to support or enhance MC capability.Originality/value – The study is one of the first efforts to empirically examine the impact of multiple types of IT applications on MC capability. The study also develops a classification framework of IT applications in manufacturing plants.
{"title":"Impacts of Information Technology on Mass Customization Capability of Manufacturing Plants","authors":"David Xiaosong Peng, Genshen Liu, Gregory R. Heim","doi":"10.1108/01443571111182173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443571111182173","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The impact of information technology (IT) on mass customization (MC) capability has been implied in the literature but seldom subjected to empirical examination. This study theoretically relates four types of IT applications with MC capability and empirically examines these relationships. Design/methodology/approach – This study identifies four types of IT that potentially support MC capability, including product configurator IT, new product development IT, manufacturing IT, and supplier collaboration IT. Drawing on organizational information processing theory, this study associates the four IT types with a manufacturer’s MC capability. A structural equation model is tested using survey data collected from a sample of manufacturing plants that focus on product customization. Findings – The empirical results indicate that three of the four IT types either strongly or marginally support a manufacturer’s MC capability. Research limitations/implications – Data used in this study are cross-sectional in nature. Also, a set of refined IT measures should be developed in future studies. Practical implications – The paper identifies managerial opportunities for investing in IT to support or enhance MC capability.Originality/value – The study is one of the first efforts to empirically examine the impact of multiple types of IT applications on MC capability. The study also develops a classification framework of IT applications in manufacturing plants.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76234616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firms that consider designing environmentally sustainable products face technical and market constraints that are not always easy to negotiate. Our goal in this paper is to identify approaches and policies that promote sustainable innovation, under which the design decisions of a firm both maximize its profit and improve the environmental quality of its product line. We model and analyze the problem, and identify three approaches that contribute to sustainable innovation by a firm faced with a heterogeneous market of customers. Our results show that firms are able to achieve the dual goals of profits and environmental quality when (a) the firm's investments in inter-temporal R&D are considered, (b) the environmental policies are more nuanced, and (c) products are designed to cater to the psycho-social needs of their customers.
{"title":"Designing Product Lines with Higher Aggregate Environmental Quality","authors":"V. Krishnan, Paul Lacourbe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1744301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1744301","url":null,"abstract":"Firms that consider designing environmentally sustainable products face technical and market constraints that are not always easy to negotiate. Our goal in this paper is to identify approaches and policies that promote sustainable innovation, under which the design decisions of a firm both maximize its profit and improve the environmental quality of its product line. We model and analyze the problem, and identify three approaches that contribute to sustainable innovation by a firm faced with a heterogeneous market of customers. Our results show that firms are able to achieve the dual goals of profits and environmental quality when (a) the firm's investments in inter-temporal R&D are considered, (b) the environmental policies are more nuanced, and (c) products are designed to cater to the psycho-social needs of their customers.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90242451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goker Aydin, V. Babich, D. Beil, Zhibin (Ben) Yang
In a 2008 survey of 138 companies, 58% reported that they suffered financial losses within the last year due to a supply disruption. This article emphasizes the challenges and opportunities in supply risk management arising from the decentralized nature of supply chains and highlight how supply risks influence the interactions among firms in supply networks, review insights into decentralized supply risk management from the extant academic research and point out important future research directions.
{"title":"Decentralized Supply Risk Management","authors":"Goker Aydin, V. Babich, D. Beil, Zhibin (Ben) Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1616969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1616969","url":null,"abstract":"In a 2008 survey of 138 companies, 58% reported that they suffered financial losses within the last year due to a supply disruption. This article emphasizes the challenges and opportunities in supply risk management arising from the decentralized nature of supply chains and highlight how supply risks influence the interactions among firms in supply networks, review insights into decentralized supply risk management from the extant academic research and point out important future research directions.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77342158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingxue Zhao, T. Choi, T. Cheng, S. Sethi, Shouyang Wang
We explore buyback contracts in a supplier–retailer supply chain where the retailer faces a price-dependent downward-sloping demand curve subject to uncertainty. Differentiated from the existing literature, this work focuses on analytically examining how the uncertainty level embedded in market demand affects the applicability of buyback contracts in supply chain management. To this end, we seek to characterize the buyback model in terms of only the demand uncertainty level (DUL). With this new research perspective, we have obtained some interesting new findings for buyback. For example, we find that (1) even though the supply chain’s efficiency will change over the DUL with a wholesale price-only contract, it will be maintained constantly at that of the corresponding deterministic demand setting with buyback, regardless of the DUL; (2) in the practice of buyback, the buyback issuer should adjust only the buyback price in reaction to different DULs while leave the wholesale price unchanged as that in the corresponding deterministic demand setting; (3) only in the demand setting with an intermediate level of the uncertainty (which is identified quantitatively in Theorem 5), buyback provision is beneficial simultaneously for the supplier, the retailer, and the supply chain system, while this is not the case in the other demand settings. This work reveals that DUL can be a critical factor affecting the applicability of supply chain contracts.
{"title":"Buyback Contracts with Price-Dependent Demands: Effects of Demand Uncertainty","authors":"Yingxue Zhao, T. Choi, T. Cheng, S. Sethi, Shouyang Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1559475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1559475","url":null,"abstract":"We explore buyback contracts in a supplier–retailer supply chain where the retailer faces a price-dependent downward-sloping demand curve subject to uncertainty. Differentiated from the existing literature, this work focuses on analytically examining how the uncertainty level embedded in market demand affects the applicability of buyback contracts in supply chain management. To this end, we seek to characterize the buyback model in terms of only the demand uncertainty level (DUL). With this new research perspective, we have obtained some interesting new findings for buyback. For example, we find that (1) even though the supply chain’s efficiency will change over the DUL with a wholesale price-only contract, it will be maintained constantly at that of the corresponding deterministic demand setting with buyback, regardless of the DUL; (2) in the practice of buyback, the buyback issuer should adjust only the buyback price in reaction to different DULs while leave the wholesale price unchanged as that in the corresponding deterministic demand setting; (3) only in the demand setting with an intermediate level of the uncertainty (which is identified quantitatively in Theorem 5), buyback provision is beneficial simultaneously for the supplier, the retailer, and the supply chain system, while this is not the case in the other demand settings. This work reveals that DUL can be a critical factor affecting the applicability of supply chain contracts.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72761455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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