Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)最新文献

英文中文

Patent Licensing and Entry Deterrence: The Role of Low Royalties 专利许可与进入威慑:低版税的作用

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2014-06-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1952764

A. Duchêne, D. Sen, Konstantinos Serfes

type="main" xml:id="ecca12141-abs-0001"> We study how an incumbent patent holder can use licensing strategically to reduce the threat of further entry, through a low royalty. This licensing strategy deters entry by making the terms of future licensing agreements less favourable to potential entrants. Strategic licensing induces a trade-off between a more concentrated market and a lower price. When this strategy is profitable for the patent holder, it is welfare enhancing if and only if the entry cost is high, or the efficiency edge of the technology is significant. Our analysis yields new policy implications (e.g. royalty floor) with respect to strategic licensing.

type="main" xml:id="ecca12141-abs-0001">我们研究现有专利持有人如何通过低版税战略性地使用许可来减少进一步进入的威胁。这种许可策略通过使未来许可协议的条款对潜在进入者不利来阻止进入。战略许可在更集中的市场和更低的价格之间产生了一种权衡。当该策略对专利权人有利时，当且仅当进入成本高或技术的效率优势显著时，该策略是福利增强的。我们的分析在战略许可方面产生了新的政策含义(例如版税下限)。

引用次数: 30

Managing Demand Forecasting with Moral Hazard and Demand Censoring 基于道德风险和需求审查的需求预测管理

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2014-06-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2450652

Zhaolin Li

Demand forecasting has recently become a prime candidate for outsourcing. This research investigates how to design an information quality incentive (IQI) mechanism to manage the quality of demand forecasting in a multi-stage model where the company uses a forecaster's demand forecast to manage the production activity. The posterior demand follows a normal distribution with a precision determined by the forecaster's effort. At the end of the planning horizon, the company conducts a review with the forecaster to determine the amount of a transfer payment. If the forecaster's ability is known and the company is allowed to charge a small penalty for any forecast that is out of an acceptable range, we propose an IQI contract that enables the company to achieve the first-best outcome by overcoming moral hazard and demand censoring. In a more difficult case where any negative transfer payment is banned, the company cannot avoid paying an information rent to the forecaster. We show that in terms of reducing information rents, a transfer payment function based on absolute forecast errors is more efficient than a counter part that is based on squared forecast errors. We also extend the analysis to the case where the forecaster's ability is private.

需求预测最近已成为外包的主要候选。本研究探讨了如何设计一种信息质量激励(IQI)机制来管理需求预测的质量，在多阶段模型中，公司使用预测者的需求预测来管理生产活动。后验需求服从正态分布，其精度由预测者的努力决定。在规划期结束时，公司与预测员进行审查，以确定转移支付的金额。如果预测者的能力是已知的，并且允许公司对任何超出可接受范围的预测收取小额罚款，我们提出一个IQI合同，使公司能够通过克服道德风险和需求审查来实现最佳结果。在禁止负转移支付的更困难的情况下，企业无法避免向预测者支付信息租金。研究表明，在降低信息租金方面，基于绝对预测误差的转移支付函数比基于预测误差平方的转移支付函数更有效。我们还将分析扩展到预测者能力是私有的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Eradication of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in burn wounds by antiseptic pulsed electric field. 抗菌脉冲电场根除烧伤创面耐多药鲍曼不动杆菌。

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2014-06-03 DOI: 10.1142/S2339547814500101

A. Golberg, G. F. Broelsch, D. Vecchio, Saiqa I. Khan, Michael R Hamblin, W. Austen, R. Sheridan, M. Yarmush

Emerging bacterial resistance to multiple drugs is an increasing problem in burn wound management. New non-pharmacologic interventions are needed for burn wound disinfection. Here we report on a novel physical method for disinfection: antiseptic pulsed electric field (PEF) applied externally to the infected burns. In a mice model, we show that PEF can reduce the load of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii present in a full thickness burn wound by more than four orders of magnitude, as detected by bioluminescence imaging. Furthermore, using a finite element numerical model, we demonstrate that PEF provides non-thermal, homogeneous, full thickness treatment for the burn wound, thus, overcoming the limitation of treatment depth for many topical antimicrobials. These modeling tools and our in vivo results will be extremely useful for further translation of the PEF technology to the clinical setting, as they provide the essential elements for planning of electrode design and treatment protocol.

新出现的细菌对多种药物的耐药性是烧伤创面管理中日益严重的问题。烧伤创面消毒需要新的非药物干预措施。在这里，我们报告了一种新的物理消毒方法:抗菌脉冲电场(PEF)应用于感染烧伤的外部。在小鼠模型中，我们发现PEF可以通过生物发光成像将全层烧伤创面中存在的多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的负荷降低4个数量级以上。此外，使用有限元数值模型，我们证明了PEF为烧伤创面提供非热、均匀、全层处理，从而克服了许多局部抗菌剂治疗深度的限制。这些建模工具和我们的体内结果将对PEF技术进一步转化为临床环境非常有用，因为它们为电极设计和治疗方案的规划提供了基本要素。

引用次数: 21

Will the Global Village Fracture into Tribes: Recommender Systems and Their Effects on Consumers 地球村是否会分裂成部落:推荐系统及其对消费者的影响

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2014-04-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1321962

K. Hosanagar, D. Fleder, Dokyun Lee, A. Buja

Personalization is becoming ubiquitous on the World Wide Web. Such systems use statistical techniques to infer a customer’s preferences and recommend content best suited to him (e.g., “Customers who liked this also liked…”). A debate has emerged as to whether personalization has drawbacks. By making the web hyper-specific to our interests, does it fragment internet users, reducing shared experiences and narrowing media consumption? We study whether personalization is in fact fragmenting the online population. Surprisingly, it does not appear to do so in our study. Personalization appears to be a tool that helps users widen their interests, which in turn creates commonality with others. This increase in commonality occurs for two reasons, which we term volume and product mix effects. The volume effect is that consumers simply consume more after personalized recommendations, increasing the chance of having more items in common. The product mix effect is that, conditional on volume, consumers buy a more similar mix of products after recommendations.

个性化在万维网上变得无处不在。这样的系统使用统计技术来推断客户的偏好，并推荐最适合他的内容(例如，“喜欢这个的客户也喜欢……”)。关于个性化是否有缺点的争论已经出现。通过使网络对我们的兴趣高度专门化，它是否分裂了互联网用户，减少了共享体验并缩小了媒体消费?我们研究的是，个性化是否真的在分化在线人群。令人惊讶的是，在我们的研究中似乎并没有这样做。个性化似乎是一种帮助用户扩大兴趣的工具，这反过来又创造了与其他人的共性。共同性的增加有两个原因，我们称之为数量效应和产品组合效应。数量效应是消费者在个性化推荐后消费更多，增加了拥有更多共同商品的机会。产品组合效应是指，在数量的条件下，消费者在推荐后购买更相似的产品组合。

引用次数: 12

Long-term time-lapse multimodal intravital imaging of regeneration and bone-marrow-derived cell dynamics in skin. 皮肤再生和骨髓源性细胞动力学的长期延时多模态活体成像。

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-09-24 DOI: 10.1142/S2339547813500027

Benedikt W Graf, Eric J Chaney, Marina Marjanovic, Steven G Adie, Michael De Lisio, M Carmen Valero, Marni D Boppart, Stephen A Boppart

A major challenge for translating cell-based therapies is understanding the dynamics of cells and cell populations in complex in vivo environments. Intravital microscopy has shown great promise for directly visualizing cell behavior in vivo. However, current methods are limited to relatively short imaging times (hours), by ways to track cell and cell population dynamics over extended time-lapse periods (days to weeks to months), and by relatively few imaging contrast mechanisms that persist over extended investigations. We present technology to visualize and quantify complex, multifaceted dynamic changes in natural deformable skin over long time periods using novel multimodal imaging and a non-rigid image registration method. These are demonstrated in green fluorescent protein (GFP) bone marrow (BM) transplanted mice to study dynamic skin regeneration. This technology provides a novel perspective for studying dynamic biological processes and will enable future studies of stem, immune, and tumor cell biology in vivo.

翻译细胞疗法的一个主要挑战是理解复杂体内环境中细胞和细胞群的动力学。活体显微术在直接观察细胞在体内的行为方面显示出很大的前景。然而，目前的方法仅限于相对较短的成像时间(小时)，通过在较长的时间间隔内(几天到几周到几个月)跟踪细胞和细胞群体动态的方法，以及相对较少的在长期调查中持续存在的成像对比机制。我们提出的技术可视化和量化复杂的，多方面的动态变化，自然变形的皮肤在很长一段时间内使用新颖的多模态成像和非刚性图像配准方法。这些在绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)骨髓(BM)移植小鼠中得到证实，以研究动态皮肤再生。这项技术为研究动态生物过程提供了一个新的视角，并将使未来的干细胞、免疫和肿瘤细胞生物学的体内研究成为可能。

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引用次数: 20

An albumin leader sequence coupled with a cleavage site modification enhances the yield of recombinant C-terminal Mullerian Inhibiting Substance. 白蛋白前导序列与切割位点修饰相结合可提高重组c端苗勒管抑制物质的产率。

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1142/S2339547813500076

D Pépin, M Hoang, F Nicolaou, K Hendren, L A Benedict, A Al-Moujahed, A Sosulski, A Marmalidou, D Vavvas, P K Donahoe

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) has been shown to inhibit ovarian cancer cells both in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that MIS may effectively target a putative ovarian cancer progenitor cell population enriched by a panel of CD44+, CD24+, Ep-CAM+, and E-cadherin-cell surface markers. In order to accommodate clinical testing of MIS in ovarian cancer patients, the production of recombinant human MIS must be optimized to increase yield and purity. Here we show that, compared to wild type, the substitution of the MIS leader sequence to that of human serum albumin, combined with a modification of the endogenous cleavage site from RAQR/S to a furin/kex2 RARR/S consensus site results in high expression, increased C-terminus cleavage and a reduction in unwanted cryptic internal cleavage products when produced in CHO cells. Purified MIS containing these alterations retains its capacity to induce regression of the Mullerian duct in fetal rat embryonic urogenital ridge assays.

缪勒管抑制物质(MIS)在体外和体内均有抑制卵巢癌细胞的作用。此外，最近的证据表明，MIS可能有效地靶向一组由CD44+、CD24+、Ep-CAM+和e -cadherin细胞表面标记物富集的假定的卵巢癌祖细胞群。为了适应卵巢癌患者MIS的临床试验，必须优化重组人MIS的生产，以提高产量和纯度。在这里，我们表明，与野生型相比，将MIS先导序列替换为人血清白蛋白序列，并将内源性裂解位点从RAQR/S修饰为furin/kex2 RARR/S共识位点，导致CHO细胞产生高表达，增加c端裂解，减少不需要的隐式内部裂解产物。在胎鼠胚胎泌尿生殖嵴试验中，含有这些改变的纯化MIS保留了诱导苗勒管退化的能力。

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引用次数: 3

Impact of Value-Added Service Features in E-Retailing Processes: An Econometric Analysis of Website Functions 电子零售过程中增值服务特征的影响:网站功能的计量经济分析

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/deci.12105

Howard Hao‐Chun Chuang, G. Lu, X. Peng, Gregory R. Heim

We examine the impact of three classes of website functions (foundational, customer-centered, and value-added) upon e-retailer performance. Using secondary panel data for 2007-2009 on operating characteristics of over 600 e-retailers, our econometric analysis finds that only the value-added service functions are positively associated with changes in e-retail sales revenues across time. We also observe a decreasing marginal impact of deploying additional value-added service features. To account for possible alternate explanations, we control for firm- and time-specific fixed effects, merchant types, merchandise categories, and order fulfillment strategies. By further decomposing e-retail sales revenues into website traffic, conversion rate, and average order value, we find that website functions affect e-retail sales revenues mainly through their impact on website traffic. Our investigation demonstrates the empirical research usefulness of the Voss (2003) conceptual e-service sand cone model. Our results identify for managers where to focus ongoing e-retailing system development efforts, yet suggest that focusing too many retailing capabilities on exploratory and experimental value-added service features may backfire, potentially leading to worsening e-retailer performance.

我们研究了三类网站功能(基础、以客户为中心和增值)对电子零售商绩效的影响。利用2007-2009年600多家电子零售商经营特征的二次面板数据，我们的计量分析发现，只有增值服务功能与电子零售销售收入随时间的变化呈正相关。我们还观察到，部署附加增值服务功能的边际影响正在减少。为了解释可能的替代解释，我们控制了公司和特定时间的固定效应、商人类型、商品类别和订单履行策略。通过进一步将电子零售销售收入分解为网站流量、转化率和平均订单值，我们发现网站功能主要通过对网站流量的影响来影响电子零售销售收入。我们的调查证明了Voss(2003)概念电子服务沙锥模型的实证研究有用性。我们的研究结果为管理者指明了应该将重点放在正在进行的电子零售系统开发工作的地方，但也表明，将过多的零售能力集中在探索性和实验性的增值服务功能上可能会适得其反，潜在地导致电子零售商业绩恶化。

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引用次数: 10

Do First Mover Advantages for Producers of Energy Efficient Appliances Exist? The Case of Refrigerators 节能电器生产商的先发优势存在吗?冰箱的案例

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-08-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2314353

Thomas Cleff, K. Rennings

Energy efficiency regulation is an important driver for innovations in environmental technologies. Improvements of energy efficiency do not only contribute to reach envi-ronmental policy targets, they can be furthermore economically profitable. E.g. private households can reduce their costs in the long term by using efficient household appli-ances. But how can the specific competitive position on this market be assessed for German producers, and how strong is the competitiveness from firms coming from emerging economies? We analyse - as an example - the global refrigerator market, using the lead market approach for environmental innovations. As our results show, Germany has the most lead market potentials for energy-efficient refrigerators, followed by Korea und Italy. First mover advantages for high-tech energy efficient appliances can be realised on the German market. This is backed by high en-ergy efficiency standards in Europe which diffuse after some years to other countries. Since the pay-off time for energy efficient household appliances is with 7 to 10 years quite long, also a cost strategy with low prices can be successful. Especially in the case when the price of electricity and the national income are low. Markets for such products are for example in Asia and Russia. Producers use the existence of both strategy options to operate with different brands and product lines in different market niches at the same time. For firms in countries that do not have sufficient lead market potentials, innovations in energy efficiency must be targeted to fit the preferences of users in the lead market. The screening of the lead market can take on varying degrees of intensity. A good way for a company to estab-lish ties with a lead market is via producers with long experience on the Lead Market. It can be realised through a simple sales cooperation with local producers or a merger with a local producer of the lead market.

能效监管是环境技术创新的重要推动力。提高能源效率不仅有助于实现环境政策目标，而且还能带来经济效益。例如，从长远来看，私人家庭可以通过使用高效的家用电器来降低成本。但是，如何评估德国生产商在这个市场上的具体竞争地位?来自新兴经济体的企业的竞争力有多强?我们以全球冰箱市场为例，采用领先市场的方法进行环境创新。我们的研究结果显示，德国在节能冰箱方面的市场潜力最大，其次是韩国和意大利。高科技节能电器的先发优势可以在德国市场实现。这是由欧洲的高能效标准支持的，这些标准在几年后扩散到其他国家。由于节能家电的回报期为7至10年，相当长，因此低价格的成本策略也可以取得成功。特别是在电力价格和国民收入较低的情况下。例如，此类产品的市场在亚洲和俄罗斯。生产商利用这两种战略选择的存在，在不同的利基市场同时经营不同的品牌和产品线。对于没有足够的铅市场潜力的国家的公司，必须有针对性地进行能源效率方面的创新，以适应铅市场用户的偏好。铅市场的筛选可以采取不同程度的强度。公司与领先市场建立联系的一个好方法是通过在领先市场上有长期经验的制作人。这可以通过与当地生产商进行简单的销售合作或与当地铅市场生产商合并来实现。

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引用次数: 2

The Evolution of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems as an IT Innovation: A Performative Perspective 企业资源规划系统作为IT创新的演变:一个绩效的视角

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-05-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2376024

A. Yeow, W. Lim

How can we improve theorizing on IT innovation? We first draw on theories from IS research and science and technology studies (STS) to explain IT innovation. By showing how limited these research streams can be because they have not accounted for the act of theorizing itself, we next turn to the theory of performativity as a candidate theory to extend our understanding of IT innovation. We use an exemplar of IT innovation, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, to develop a performative perspective of the IT innovation process. Based on our preliminary data collection and analysis, we surfaced the role of academics in shaping and driving IT innovation. We show how academics in their efforts to understand IT innovation, have in turned shaped the object of inquiry itself. We conclude this paper with our preliminary findings to illustrate the potential value of performativity to improve theorizing on IT innovation.

我们如何改进IT创新的理论化?我们首先利用信息技术研究和科学技术研究(STS)的理论来解释信息技术创新。通过展示这些研究流是多么的有限，因为它们没有考虑到理论化本身的行为，我们接下来转向表演性理论作为一个候选理论，以扩展我们对IT创新的理解。我们使用IT创新的一个范例，企业资源规划(ERP)系统，来开发一个IT创新过程的执行视角。根据我们的初步数据收集和分析，我们提出了学者在塑造和推动IT创新方面的作用。我们展示了学者如何在努力理解IT创新的过程中，反过来塑造了探究的对象本身。我们用我们的初步发现来总结本文，以说明绩效对改进IT创新理论的潜在价值。

引用次数: 0

Supply Chain Management: A Case of Foodworld, Bangalore 供应链管理:以食品世界为例，班加罗尔

Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)

Pub Date : 2013-05-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2291346

R. Sinha

One of the major challenges of Supply Chain Management is co-ordination of processes among different organisations that are part of supply chain. Managing inventory in different stages and at the same time providing cost effective services to the customer is of utmost importance. Supply chain management is a complex network of different organizations who are involved in fulfilling service/product requirement of customer. This exploratory study is about FoodWorld: pioneer in retail sector in India. The objective of the case is to discuss supply chain practices of FoodWorld and their challenges. As it is difficult to judge boundary of Supply Chain management (SCM), so proper forecasting is a tough exercise. Cooper et al. (1997), argues that, “research is needed to define and expand the boundaries of supply chain management.�? Smart and efficient supply chain is able to gain Supply Chain Surplus, which is one of the key objectives. The process of managing the inventory at FoodWorld is through perpetual inventory and demand forecasting. These processes are based on historical data and managing the inventory and manpower. ERP at FoodWorld is managing efficient flow of information all across its front and back office. The SCM at FoodWorld is a blend of use of technology as well as classical technique.

供应链管理的主要挑战之一是协调不同组织之间的流程，这些组织是供应链的一部分。管理不同阶段的库存，同时为客户提供具有成本效益的服务是至关重要的。供应链管理是一个由不同组织组成的复杂网络，这些组织参与实现客户的服务/产品需求。这个探索性研究是关于FoodWorld:印度零售业的先驱。本案例的目的是讨论FoodWorld的供应链实践及其挑战。由于供应链管理的边界难以判断，因此正确的预测是一项艰巨的任务。Cooper等人(1997)认为，“需要研究来定义和扩展供应链管理的边界。”智能高效的供应链是实现供应链盈余的关键目标之一。在FoodWorld管理库存的过程是通过永久的库存和需求预测。这些流程是基于历史数据和管理库存和人力。FoodWorld的ERP正在管理其前台和后台的高效信息流。在FoodWorld的供应链管理是一个混合使用的技术和传统的技术。

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引用次数: 0

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