Pub Date : 2015-12-23DOI: 10.1142/S2339547815500065
Jungwoon Lee, Nathaniel F. Kohl, Sachin Shanbhang, B. Parekkadan
Microfluidic technologies have substantially advanced cancer research by enabling the isolation of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The characterization of isolated CTCs has been limited due to the difficulty in recovering and growing isolated cells with high fidelity. Here, we present a strategy that uses a 3D scaffold, integrated into a microfludic device, as a transferable substrate that can be readily isolated after device operation for serial use in vivo as a transplanted tissue bed. Hydrogel scaffolds were incorporated into a PDMS fluidic chamber prior to bonding and were rehydrated in the chamber after fluid contact. The hydrogel matrix completely filled the fluid chamber, significantly increasing the surface area to volume ratio, and could be directly visualized under a microscope. Computational modeling defined different flow and pressure regimes that guided the conditions used to operate the chip. As a proof of concept using a model cell line, we confirmed human prostate tumor cell attachment in the microfluidic scaffold chip, retrieval of the scaffold en masse, and serial implantation of the scaffold to a mouse model with preserved xenograft development. With further improvement in capture efficiency, this approach can offer an end-to-end platform for the continuous study of isolated cancer cells from a biological fluid to a xenograft in mice.
{"title":"Scaffold-integrated microchips for end-to-end in vitro tumor cell attachment and xenograft formation.","authors":"Jungwoon Lee, Nathaniel F. Kohl, Sachin Shanbhang, B. Parekkadan","doi":"10.1142/S2339547815500065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2339547815500065","url":null,"abstract":"Microfluidic technologies have substantially advanced cancer research by enabling the isolation of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The characterization of isolated CTCs has been limited due to the difficulty in recovering and growing isolated cells with high fidelity. Here, we present a strategy that uses a 3D scaffold, integrated into a microfludic device, as a transferable substrate that can be readily isolated after device operation for serial use in vivo as a transplanted tissue bed. Hydrogel scaffolds were incorporated into a PDMS fluidic chamber prior to bonding and were rehydrated in the chamber after fluid contact. The hydrogel matrix completely filled the fluid chamber, significantly increasing the surface area to volume ratio, and could be directly visualized under a microscope. Computational modeling defined different flow and pressure regimes that guided the conditions used to operate the chip. As a proof of concept using a model cell line, we confirmed human prostate tumor cell attachment in the microfluidic scaffold chip, retrieval of the scaffold en masse, and serial implantation of the scaffold to a mouse model with preserved xenograft development. With further improvement in capture efficiency, this approach can offer an end-to-end platform for the continuous study of isolated cancer cells from a biological fluid to a xenograft in mice.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"102 1","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77573128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-23DOI: 10.1142/S2339547815500089
M. A. Mahmood, Mohammad R. Hasan, Umair J. M. Khan, P. Allen, Young-tae Kim, A. Ellington, S. Iqbal
In this paper, we report a one-step tumor cell detection approach based on the dynamic morphological behavior tracking of cancer cells on a ligand modified surface. Every cell on the surface was tracked in real time for several minutes immediately after seeding until these were finally attached. Cancer cells were found to be very active in the aptamer microenvironment, changing their shapes rapidly from spherical to semi-elliptical, with much flatter spread and extending pseudopods at regular intervals. When incubated on a functionalized surface, the balancing forces between cell surface molecules and the surface-bound aptamers, together with the flexibility of the membranes, caused cells to show these distinct dynamic activities and variations in their morphologies. On the other hand, healthy cells remained distinguishingly inactive on the surface over the same period. The quantitative image analysis of cell morphologies provided feature vectors that were statistically distinct between normal and cancer cells.
{"title":"One-step tumor detection from dynamic morphology tracking on aptamer-grafted surfaces.","authors":"M. A. Mahmood, Mohammad R. Hasan, Umair J. M. Khan, P. Allen, Young-tae Kim, A. Ellington, S. Iqbal","doi":"10.1142/S2339547815500089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2339547815500089","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report a one-step tumor cell detection approach based on the dynamic morphological behavior tracking of cancer cells on a ligand modified surface. Every cell on the surface was tracked in real time for several minutes immediately after seeding until these were finally attached. Cancer cells were found to be very active in the aptamer microenvironment, changing their shapes rapidly from spherical to semi-elliptical, with much flatter spread and extending pseudopods at regular intervals. When incubated on a functionalized surface, the balancing forces between cell surface molecules and the surface-bound aptamers, together with the flexibility of the membranes, caused cells to show these distinct dynamic activities and variations in their morphologies. On the other hand, healthy cells remained distinguishingly inactive on the surface over the same period. The quantitative image analysis of cell morphologies provided feature vectors that were statistically distinct between normal and cancer cells.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"46 1","pages":"194-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78534460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-23DOI: 10.1142/S2339547815200034
S. S. Bale, G. Sridharan, I. Golberg, L. Prodanov, W. McCarty, O. B. Usta, Rohit Jindal, M. Yarmush
To evaluate drug and metabolite efficacy on a target organ, it is essential to include metabolic function of hepatocytes, and to evaluate metabolite influence on both hepatocytes and the target of interest. Herein, we have developed a two-chamber microfabricated device separated by a membrane enabling communication between hepatocytes and cancer cells. The microscale environment created enables cell co-culture in a low media-to-cell ratio leading to higher metabolite formation and rapid accumulation, which is lost in traditional plate cultures or other interconnected models due to higher culture volumes. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system by metabolism of tegafur by hepatocytes resulting in cancer cell toxicity.
{"title":"A novel low-volume two-chamber microfabricated platform for evaluating drug metabolism and toxicity.","authors":"S. S. Bale, G. Sridharan, I. Golberg, L. Prodanov, W. McCarty, O. B. Usta, Rohit Jindal, M. Yarmush","doi":"10.1142/S2339547815200034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2339547815200034","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate drug and metabolite efficacy on a target organ, it is essential to include metabolic function of hepatocytes, and to evaluate metabolite influence on both hepatocytes and the target of interest. Herein, we have developed a two-chamber microfabricated device separated by a membrane enabling communication between hepatocytes and cancer cells. The microscale environment created enables cell co-culture in a low media-to-cell ratio leading to higher metabolite formation and rapid accumulation, which is lost in traditional plate cultures or other interconnected models due to higher culture volumes. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system by metabolism of tegafur by hepatocytes resulting in cancer cell toxicity.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"52 1","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76385704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sourcing from multiple suppliers with different characteristics is common in practice for various reasons. This paper studies a dynamic procurement planning problem in which the firm can replenish inventory from a fast and a slow supplier, both with uncertain capacities. The optimal policy is characterized by two reorder points, one for each supplier. Whenever the pre-order inventory level is below the reorder point, a replenishment order is issued to the corresponding supplier. Interestingly, the reorder point for the slow supplier can be higher than that of the fast even if the former has a higher cost, lower reliability, and smaller capacity than the latter, suggesting the possibility of ordering exclusively from an inferior slow supplier in the short term. Moreover, the firm may allocate a larger portion of the long-term total order quantity to the slow supplier than to the fast, even if the former does not possess any cost or reliability advantage over the latter. Such phenomena, different from the observations made in previous studies, happen when the demand is uncertain and the supply is limited or unreliable. Our observations highlight the importance of incorporating both demand uncertainty and supplier characteristics (i.e., cost, lead time, capacity and uncertainty) in a unified framework when formulating supplier selection and order allocation strategies.
{"title":"Dual Sourcing Under Random Supply Capacities: The Role of the Slow Supplier","authors":"B. Tan, Q. Feng, Wen Chen","doi":"10.1111/POMS.12548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/POMS.12548","url":null,"abstract":"Sourcing from multiple suppliers with different characteristics is common in practice for various reasons. This paper studies a dynamic procurement planning problem in which the firm can replenish inventory from a fast and a slow supplier, both with uncertain capacities. The optimal policy is characterized by two reorder points, one for each supplier. Whenever the pre-order inventory level is below the reorder point, a replenishment order is issued to the corresponding supplier. Interestingly, the reorder point for the slow supplier can be higher than that of the fast even if the former has a higher cost, lower reliability, and smaller capacity than the latter, suggesting the possibility of ordering exclusively from an inferior slow supplier in the short term. Moreover, the firm may allocate a larger portion of the long-term total order quantity to the slow supplier than to the fast, even if the former does not possess any cost or reliability advantage over the latter. Such phenomena, different from the observations made in previous studies, happen when the demand is uncertain and the supply is limited or unreliable. Our observations highlight the importance of incorporating both demand uncertainty and supplier characteristics (i.e., cost, lead time, capacity and uncertainty) in a unified framework when formulating supplier selection and order allocation strategies.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87307908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the influence of capital flow and trade credit to the production planning problems. That is, when a company starts to produce a certain number of products, its present capital quantity should be no less than the total production cost, but it could delay payment using trade credit. We formulate the mathematical model of this problem and propose a polynomial recursive algorithm to solve it based on dynamic programming. Under certain conditions, the algorithm could get optimal solutions. And it could get a good feasible solution in other conditions. Numerical analysis shows that our algorithm could solve the problem in short time and the computational errors are rather small compared with optimal solutions in most situations. With a heuristic adjustment step, the computational error is even lower. It also shows that using trade credit could benefit a company’s production plan and increase the capital quantity.
{"title":"A Single Item Lot Sizing Problem Considering Capital Flow and Trade Credit","authors":"Chen Zhen, Zhang Renqian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2716525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2716525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the influence of capital flow and trade credit to the production planning problems. That is, when a company starts to produce a certain number of products, its present capital quantity should be no less than the total production cost, but it could delay payment using trade credit. We formulate the mathematical model of this problem and propose a polynomial recursive algorithm to solve it based on dynamic programming. Under certain conditions, the algorithm could get optimal solutions. And it could get a good feasible solution in other conditions. Numerical analysis shows that our algorithm could solve the problem in short time and the computational errors are rather small compared with optimal solutions in most situations. With a heuristic adjustment step, the computational error is even lower. It also shows that using trade credit could benefit a company’s production plan and increase the capital quantity.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75499554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gray markets are created by those unauthorized retailers selling manufacturer's branded products. Similar to international gray markets, domestic gray markets are a growing phenomenon whose impact on supply chains is not clear. Based on this observation and our own experience, we consider a supply chain with one manufacturer and several authorized retailers who face a newsvendor problem and a domestic gray market. While a gray market provides an opportunity for these retailers to clear their excess inventory (inventory-correction effect), it also can be a threat to their demand (demand-cannibalization effect). We first characterize the emerging equilibrium by assuming an MSRP environment, where the authorized retailers cannot change the primary market price. Comparing a decentralized and centralized system, we show that a wholesale pricing contract is quite efficient in a gray market environment; we explain the underlying mechanism and note some of the operational decisions that could hurt that efficiency. We also derive the conditions under which a gray market emerges and the condition under which gray market does not emerge. We show that the gray market price determines the degree of both the negative effects of demand-cannibalization and the positive effects of inventory correction, which in turn determines the net impact of gray markets on the retailer's stocking choice and, ultimately, the manufacturer's profit. We then study the authorized retailers' problem as a price-setting newsvendor. We observe that the gray market creates price competition between the authorized and unauthorized retailers, causing a drop in the primary market price. However, this price competition can be counteracted by the authorized retailers' stocking decision. Interestingly, we observe that the overall supply chain becomes even more efficient when the authorized retailers optimize not only their stocking decision but also their prices. Finally, we extend our model to consider the cases where the demand can be correlated across retailers.
{"title":"The Dynamics of Domestic Gray Markets and Its Impact on Supply Chains","authors":"M. Altug","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2829408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2829408","url":null,"abstract":"Gray markets are created by those unauthorized retailers selling manufacturer's branded products. Similar to international gray markets, domestic gray markets are a growing phenomenon whose impact on supply chains is not clear. Based on this observation and our own experience, we consider a supply chain with one manufacturer and several authorized retailers who face a newsvendor problem and a domestic gray market. While a gray market provides an opportunity for these retailers to clear their excess inventory (inventory-correction effect), it also can be a threat to their demand (demand-cannibalization effect). We first characterize the emerging equilibrium by assuming an MSRP environment, where the authorized retailers cannot change the primary market price. Comparing a decentralized and centralized system, we show that a wholesale pricing contract is quite efficient in a gray market environment; we explain the underlying mechanism and note some of the operational decisions that could hurt that efficiency. We also derive the conditions under which a gray market emerges and the condition under which gray market does not emerge. We show that the gray market price determines the degree of both the negative effects of demand-cannibalization and the positive effects of inventory correction, which in turn determines the net impact of gray markets on the retailer's stocking choice and, ultimately, the manufacturer's profit. We then study the authorized retailers' problem as a price-setting newsvendor. We observe that the gray market creates price competition between the authorized and unauthorized retailers, causing a drop in the primary market price. However, this price competition can be counteracted by the authorized retailers' stocking decision. Interestingly, we observe that the overall supply chain becomes even more efficient when the authorized retailers optimize not only their stocking decision but also their prices. Finally, we extend our model to consider the cases where the demand can be correlated across retailers.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82963486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boeing 787, the Dreamliner, was the fastest-selling plane ever in the commercial aviation industry. However, its development was a nightmare – the first flight was delayed by 26 months, and the first delivery was delayed by 40 months with a cost overrun of at least $11 billion. By a comprehensive empirical study of the actual events and facts, we find strong evidence to suggest that a majority of the delays were intentional. An economic analysis of incentives and gaming behaviors in joint development projects discovers that the 787’s risk-sharing partnership forced Boeing and its partners to share the “wrong” risk. This led the firms into a Prisoner’s Dilemma, where delays were in the best interests of these firms, although doing so drove them into a disaster. We reconcile the economic analysis with the empirical evidence to reveal the rationale behind many seemingly irrational behaviors that delayed this program. Finally, we suggest a new “fair sharing” partnership to share the “right” risk and greatly alleviate delays for development programs of this kind.
{"title":"Why 787 Delays Were Inevitable?","authors":"Yao Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2647588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2647588","url":null,"abstract":"Boeing 787, the Dreamliner, was the fastest-selling plane ever in the commercial aviation industry. However, its development was a nightmare – the first flight was delayed by 26 months, and the first delivery was delayed by 40 months with a cost overrun of at least $11 billion. By a comprehensive empirical study of the actual events and facts, we find strong evidence to suggest that a majority of the delays were intentional. An economic analysis of incentives and gaming behaviors in joint development projects discovers that the 787’s risk-sharing partnership forced Boeing and its partners to share the “wrong” risk. This led the firms into a Prisoner’s Dilemma, where delays were in the best interests of these firms, although doing so drove them into a disaster. We reconcile the economic analysis with the empirical evidence to reveal the rationale behind many seemingly irrational behaviors that delayed this program. Finally, we suggest a new “fair sharing” partnership to share the “right” risk and greatly alleviate delays for development programs of this kind.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80793956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author propose a triple hazard model to analyze a phenomenon that occurs for information and high-technology new products that face short life cycles: the sales crash, the price crash, and the sales recovery. The model can untangle three important sources of variation in these interdependent events: i) lagged-event causality, ii) heterogeneity due to observed factors, and iii) heterogeneity due to unobserved (and possibly) correlated factors.Results suggest that the price crash involves a 23% drop in the introductory price. The sales crash amounts to 60% drop in peak introductory unit sales. The occurrence of a price crash significantly decreases the hazard of a sales crash whereas the occurrence of a sales crash significantly increases the hazard of a price crash. The latter effect is significantly stronger than the former. The price crash significantly increases the hazard rate of a sales recovery whereas the sales recovery has a positive but insignificant effect on the occurrence of a price crash. The findings and model have important implications for managers of information and technology new products.
{"title":"A Triple Hazard Model for Price and Sales Crashes of New High-Technology Products","authors":"Carlos H. Mireles, Georgios Effraimidis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2631705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2631705","url":null,"abstract":"The author propose a triple hazard model to analyze a phenomenon that occurs for information and high-technology new products that face short life cycles: the sales crash, the price crash, and the sales recovery. The model can untangle three important sources of variation in these interdependent events: i) lagged-event causality, ii) heterogeneity due to observed factors, and iii) heterogeneity due to unobserved (and possibly) correlated factors.Results suggest that the price crash involves a 23% drop in the introductory price. The sales crash amounts to 60% drop in peak introductory unit sales. The occurrence of a price crash significantly decreases the hazard of a sales crash whereas the occurrence of a sales crash significantly increases the hazard of a price crash. The latter effect is significantly stronger than the former. The price crash significantly increases the hazard rate of a sales recovery whereas the sales recovery has a positive but insignificant effect on the occurrence of a price crash. The findings and model have important implications for managers of information and technology new products.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82408066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeroen de Jong, E. von Hippel, F. Gault, J. Kuusisto, C. Raasch
Empirical studies have shown that millions of individual users develop new products and services to serve their own needs. The economic impact of this phenomenon increases if and as adopters in addition to the initial innovators also gain benefits from those user-developed innovations. It has been argued that the diffusion of user-developed innovations is negatively affected by a new type of market failure: value that others may gain from a user-developed product can often be an externality to consumer-developers. As a result, consumer innovators may not invest in supporting diffusion to the extent that would be socially optimal. In this paper, we utilize a broad sample of consumers in Finland to explore the extent to which innovations developed by individual users are deemed of potential value to others, and the extent to which they diffuse as a function of perceived general value. Our empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that a market failure is affecting the diffusion of user innovations developed by consumers for their own use. Implications and possible remedies are discussed.
{"title":"Market Failure in the Diffusion of Consumer-Developed Innovations: Patterns in Finland","authors":"Jeroen de Jong, E. von Hippel, F. Gault, J. Kuusisto, C. Raasch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2426498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2426498","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical studies have shown that millions of individual users develop new products and services to serve their own needs. The economic impact of this phenomenon increases if and as adopters in addition to the initial innovators also gain benefits from those user-developed innovations. It has been argued that the diffusion of user-developed innovations is negatively affected by a new type of market failure: value that others may gain from a user-developed product can often be an externality to consumer-developers. As a result, consumer innovators may not invest in supporting diffusion to the extent that would be socially optimal. In this paper, we utilize a broad sample of consumers in Finland to explore the extent to which innovations developed by individual users are deemed of potential value to others, and the extent to which they diffuse as a function of perceived general value. Our empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that a market failure is affecting the diffusion of user innovations developed by consumers for their own use. Implications and possible remedies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83495421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poaching is the prevalent practice of recruiting workers who are already employed elsewhere. Economy-wide, it represents the primary mode by which workers flow directly from one firm to another. In this paper, we examine the interaction between the flow of goods and the flow of workers (via poaching) between firms linked in a supply chain. We find that the direction of worker poaching between supply chain partners can run counter to classical labor economics results. Specifically, in a supply chain, the less productive firm may offer its workers higher wages and poach workers from the more productive firm. We also find that worker flows accomplished via poaching impact supply chain management. First, we find that the identity of supply chain bottleneck may depend on whether poaching is available as a means to accomplish worker flows. Next, we find that the benefits of worker flows between supply chain partners in some cases outweigh the costs incurred, so no-poaching agreements would be worse for some supply chains. This net benefit of poaching between members of a supply chain is robust to the presence of outside labor market competitors as long as the competitors do not have high productivity. Thus, poaching workers from supply chain partners can often increase the benefit of operating in manufacturing hubs for all supply chain members.
{"title":"Poaching Workers in a Supply Chain: Enemy from Within?","authors":"Evan Barlow, Gad Allon, Achal Bassamboo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2560084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2560084","url":null,"abstract":"Poaching is the prevalent practice of recruiting workers who are already employed elsewhere. Economy-wide, it represents the primary mode by which workers flow directly from one firm to another. In this paper, we examine the interaction between the flow of goods and the flow of workers (via poaching) between firms linked in a supply chain. We find that the direction of worker poaching between supply chain partners can run counter to classical labor economics results. Specifically, in a supply chain, the less productive firm may offer its workers higher wages and poach workers from the more productive firm. We also find that worker flows accomplished via poaching impact supply chain management. First, we find that the identity of supply chain bottleneck may depend on whether poaching is available as a means to accomplish worker flows. Next, we find that the benefits of worker flows between supply chain partners in some cases outweigh the costs incurred, so no-poaching agreements would be worse for some supply chains. This net benefit of poaching between members of a supply chain is robust to the presence of outside labor market competitors as long as the competitors do not have high productivity. Thus, poaching workers from supply chain partners can often increase the benefit of operating in manufacturing hubs for all supply chain members.","PeriodicalId":82888,"journal":{"name":"Technology (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72720223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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