Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000541
M. Hasan, I. Wahab, A. Adam
Plants are playing an important role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of life. Since their ancestors, many people from developing countries have been using traditionally plant-derived products, especially from forests, to treat human and livestock diseases Rao et al. A few countries such as China, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cuba, and a few others have sanctioned the official use of traditional of medicine in their healthcare programs Prajapati et al. [1]. Modern pharmacopoeia currently has about 25% of drugs obtained from plants and several others are synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from plants [2]. A study has been done on the Australian tropical forests on the pharmacological activities of 90 species of plants representing 19 families. 53 of the plant species examined indicated phytomedicinal potential for further investigation [3]. Most of the pharmacological effects of these plants are contributed to the presence of phenolic constituents which are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom. Many studies have found strong relationship between the presence of phenolic constituents (flavanoids, phenolic acids, diterpenes and tannins) in plants and their high antioxidant activities (Rice-Evans et al., 1995; Velioglu et al., 1998; Nakachi et al., 2000; Conforti et al., 2009). Some epidemiological studies have suggested an association between the consumption of phenolic-rich fruits and vegetables or beverages and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer [4-7]. These pathological conditions are connected with excessive free radical production that could also lead to various serious diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, cataracts and inflammation (Aruoma, 1998; Liu and Stern, 1998; Babior and Andreoli 2000). Iron can induce lipid peroxidation by the Fenton reaction, and also increase lipid peroxidation by highly reactive hydroxyl radical generated from biological systems (Liochev, 1999). Numerous studies confirmed the ability of plant polyphenols to scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions, established their potential act as chain-breaking antioxidants [8].
植物在维持人类健康和提高生活质量方面发挥着重要作用。自祖先以来，发展中国家的许多人一直在使用传统的植物衍生产品，特别是来自森林的植物衍生产品来治疗人类和牲畜疾病。一些国家，如中国、印度、泰国、斯里兰卡、古巴和其他一些国家，已经批准在他们的医疗保健计划中正式使用传统医学。现代药典中目前约有25%的药物是从植物中获得的，其他几种是基于从植物中分离的原型化合物构建的合成类似物。对澳大利亚热带森林19科90种植物的药理活性进行了研究。其中53种植物具有进一步研究的药用潜力。这些植物的大多数药理作用都是由于存在广泛分布于植物界的酚类成分。许多研究发现，植物中酚类成分(类黄酮、酚酸、二萜和单宁)的存在与其高抗氧化活性之间存在密切关系(Rice-Evans等人，1995;Velioglu et al.， 1998;Nakachi et al.， 2000;Conforti et al.， 2009)。一些流行病学研究表明，食用富含酚类的水果和蔬菜或饮料与预防心血管疾病和癌症之间存在关联[4-7]。这些病理状况与自由基产生过多有关，自由基产生过多还可能导致各种严重疾病，如神经退行性疾病、动脉粥样硬化、白内障和炎症(Aruoma, 1998年;Liu and Stern, 1998;Babior and Andreoli 2000)。铁可以通过Fenton反应诱导脂质过氧化，也可以通过生物系统产生的高活性羟基自由基增加脂质过氧化(Liochev, 1999)。大量研究证实了植物多酚具有清除自由基和螯合金属离子的能力，并确定了其作为断链抗氧化剂的潜在作用。
{"title":"Antioxidant Properties of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Intsia Palembanica (Merbau, Fabaceae)","authors":"M. Hasan, I. Wahab, A. Adam","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000541","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are playing an important role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of life. Since their ancestors, many people from developing countries have been using traditionally plant-derived products, especially from forests, to treat human and livestock diseases Rao et al. A few countries such as China, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cuba, and a few others have sanctioned the official use of traditional of medicine in their healthcare programs Prajapati et al. [1]. Modern pharmacopoeia currently has about 25% of drugs obtained from plants and several others are synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from plants [2]. A study has been done on the Australian tropical forests on the pharmacological activities of 90 species of plants representing 19 families. 53 of the plant species examined indicated phytomedicinal potential for further investigation [3]. Most of the pharmacological effects of these plants are contributed to the presence of phenolic constituents which are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom. Many studies have found strong relationship between the presence of phenolic constituents (flavanoids, phenolic acids, diterpenes and tannins) in plants and their high antioxidant activities (Rice-Evans et al., 1995; Velioglu et al., 1998; Nakachi et al., 2000; Conforti et al., 2009). Some epidemiological studies have suggested an association between the consumption of phenolic-rich fruits and vegetables or beverages and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer [4-7]. These pathological conditions are connected with excessive free radical production that could also lead to various serious diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, cataracts and inflammation (Aruoma, 1998; Liu and Stern, 1998; Babior and Andreoli 2000). Iron can induce lipid peroxidation by the Fenton reaction, and also increase lipid peroxidation by highly reactive hydroxyl radical generated from biological systems (Liochev, 1999). Numerous studies confirmed the ability of plant polyphenols to scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions, established their potential act as chain-breaking antioxidants [8].","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-21DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000540
K. Georgiev
Studying herb-drug interactions (HDIs) is extremely important for the clinical practice, as many patients with chronic diseases taking a number of conventional medicines, also take phytomedicines, decoyed by advertising, without realizing that these herbal products in some cases can be harmful instead of beneficial. Herbal extracts contain a very large range of substances (more than 200 sometimes) that can affect both the pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the conventional therapy. However, can these interactions be evaluated by in vitro and in silico methods in order to be highly informative without major clinical trial costs? What are the difficulties that must be taken into account in order to overcome the trade-offs that are being made? This mini-review aims to address briefly these issues and and the difficulty of building the models and the simulations with herbal drugs. More patients suffering from chronic diseases are taking herbal medicines, claiming them to be effective agents with little or negligible undesirable effects. Many of them, however, could lead to important clinical herb-drug interactions (HDIs) [1-3]. Herbal extracts contain many biologically active substances, with specific pharmacological characteristics, which in some cases may act in different directions. The most common form of interaction is the inhibition of the activity of the cytochrome enzymes and, therefore, this mechanism will be largely considered [4]. Evaluation of possible drug interactions is most commonly evaluated in vitro, using isolated liver microsomes or recombinant forms of cytochrome enzymes [5,6]. The mechanism of the inhibition can be – reversible competitive, and irreversible, mechanism-based. The values of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) are calculated, which subsequently, after clarifying the mechanism of action, recalculate the inhibition constants (Ki – for reversible, KI and kinact – for irreversible inhibition). So far, the processes are not complicated to perform. According to the guidelines for studying drug interactions, basic static models are used to evaluate the potential of the new drug to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, in addition to the inhibitory constant, it is necessary to know the plasma concentration of the drug, in the case of plant extracts and fractions, because of the many substances in them, which is a problem. Alternatively, each plant extract exhibiting inhibitory potential on CYP3A4 can be tentatively calculated for the potential for herb-drug interactions with substrates of enterocytic CYP3A4 isoenzymes, using the basic static equations, where plasma concentrations are exchanged with concentrations in GIT, namely:
{"title":"Study of Herbal-Drug Interactions (HDIs) Using in Silico Methods – Mission (Im)Possible","authors":"K. Georgiev","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000540","url":null,"abstract":"Studying herb-drug interactions (HDIs) is extremely important for the clinical practice, as many patients with chronic diseases taking a number of conventional medicines, also take phytomedicines, decoyed by advertising, without realizing that these herbal products in some cases can be harmful instead of beneficial. Herbal extracts contain a very large range of substances (more than 200 sometimes) that can affect both the pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the conventional therapy. However, can these interactions be evaluated by in vitro and in silico methods in order to be highly informative without major clinical trial costs? What are the difficulties that must be taken into account in order to overcome the trade-offs that are being made? This mini-review aims to address briefly these issues and and the difficulty of building the models and the simulations with herbal drugs. More patients suffering from chronic diseases are taking herbal medicines, claiming them to be effective agents with little or negligible undesirable effects. Many of them, however, could lead to important clinical herb-drug interactions (HDIs) [1-3]. Herbal extracts contain many biologically active substances, with specific pharmacological characteristics, which in some cases may act in different directions. The most common form of interaction is the inhibition of the activity of the cytochrome enzymes and, therefore, this mechanism will be largely considered [4]. Evaluation of possible drug interactions is most commonly evaluated in vitro, using isolated liver microsomes or recombinant forms of cytochrome enzymes [5,6]. The mechanism of the inhibition can be – reversible competitive, and irreversible, mechanism-based. The values of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) are calculated, which subsequently, after clarifying the mechanism of action, recalculate the inhibition constants (Ki – for reversible, KI and kinact – for irreversible inhibition). So far, the processes are not complicated to perform. According to the guidelines for studying drug interactions, basic static models are used to evaluate the potential of the new drug to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, in addition to the inhibitory constant, it is necessary to know the plasma concentration of the drug, in the case of plant extracts and fractions, because of the many substances in them, which is a problem. Alternatively, each plant extract exhibiting inhibitory potential on CYP3A4 can be tentatively calculated for the potential for herb-drug interactions with substrates of enterocytic CYP3A4 isoenzymes, using the basic static equations, where plasma concentrations are exchanged with concentrations in GIT, namely:","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81915829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.02.000538
R. Pinzon
{"title":"The Benefit of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review","authors":"R. Pinzon","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.02.000538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.02.000538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90084945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000539
Ayanwale O Abraham
The increasing resistance among virulent pathogens and the toxicity of synthetic antibiotic has led to the quest for bioactive natural products which are safe, potent, and affordable for therapeutic purpose. This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of polar and non-polar extracts from Andrographis paniculata leaf (80, 120, 160 and 200 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typhi . Phytochemicals screening were conducted using standard procedures while the antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion technique. Results revealed the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins in methanol extract while the N-Hexane extract contains alkaloids, phenols, and steroids. Cardiac glycosides and tannins were absent in both extracts. Both extracts exhibited increase growth inhibition of S. aureus , E. coli and S. typhi with increase extract concentration. Methanol extract exhibited higher activities (3.00±0.01 and 25.00±0.01 mm) than the hexane extract (3.00±0.01 and 20.00±0.01 mm). The MIC of methanol extract were 1.60, 0.32 and 0.32 mg/mL while hexane extract recorded MIC of 8.0, 2.60 and 2.60 mg/mL against S. aureus , E coli and S. typhi respectively. Thus, Andrographis paniculata leaf might be a useful tool in the future for pharmaceuticals antibiotics..
{"title":"Therapeutic Potency of the Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Against some Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates","authors":"Ayanwale O Abraham","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000539","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing resistance among virulent pathogens and the toxicity of synthetic antibiotic has led to the quest for bioactive natural products which are safe, potent, and affordable for therapeutic purpose. This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of polar and non-polar extracts from Andrographis paniculata leaf (80, 120, 160 and 200 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typhi . Phytochemicals screening were conducted using standard procedures while the antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion technique. Results revealed the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins in methanol extract while the N-Hexane extract contains alkaloids, phenols, and steroids. Cardiac glycosides and tannins were absent in both extracts. Both extracts exhibited increase growth inhibition of S. aureus , E. coli and S. typhi with increase extract concentration. Methanol extract exhibited higher activities (3.00±0.01 and 25.00±0.01 mm) than the hexane extract (3.00±0.01 and 20.00±0.01 mm). The MIC of methanol extract were 1.60, 0.32 and 0.32 mg/mL while hexane extract recorded MIC of 8.0, 2.60 and 2.60 mg/mL against S. aureus , E coli and S. typhi respectively. Thus, Andrographis paniculata leaf might be a useful tool in the future for pharmaceuticals antibiotics..","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73520433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000538
Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is the most common disorder of the peripheral nervous system in adults, and its prevalence increases with age. Estimating its prevalence in the general population is difficult because the documentation of this disease is often poor and insufficient. The available data often focus either on the prevalence in certain subgroups, for example patients with HIV, or cancer induced PN, or on neuropathic pain (NeP), which contributes to the variation [1]. In recent years, chemotherapy-induced neuropathies have also gained importance due to the increasing prevalence of cancer and the use of new chemotherapeutics and targeted agents like platinum derivatives, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, and antibody based drugs [2]. Several treatment options for PN are available, including pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and alternative options [3,4]. Patients suffering from severe and disabling symptoms (e.g. Neuropathic Pain) may require guideline treatments like pregabalin, duloxetine, or gabapentin initially until the symptoms are under control. These medications can symptomatically relieve the pain, but have significant side effects. These treatments are only symptoms control, and do not address the underlying cause [4,5].
{"title":"The Benefit of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review","authors":"Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000538","url":null,"abstract":"Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is the most common disorder of the peripheral nervous system in adults, and its prevalence increases with age. Estimating its prevalence in the general population is difficult because the documentation of this disease is often poor and insufficient. The available data often focus either on the prevalence in certain subgroups, for example patients with HIV, or cancer induced PN, or on neuropathic pain (NeP), which contributes to the variation [1]. In recent years, chemotherapy-induced neuropathies have also gained importance due to the increasing prevalence of cancer and the use of new chemotherapeutics and targeted agents like platinum derivatives, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, and antibody based drugs [2]. Several treatment options for PN are available, including pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and alternative options [3,4]. Patients suffering from severe and disabling symptoms (e.g. Neuropathic Pain) may require guideline treatments like pregabalin, duloxetine, or gabapentin initially until the symptoms are under control. These medications can symptomatically relieve the pain, but have significant side effects. These treatments are only symptoms control, and do not address the underlying cause [4,5].","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88661219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.02.000539
A. O. Abraham
{"title":"Therapeutic Potency of the Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Against some Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates","authors":"A. O. Abraham","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.02.000539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.02.000539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74264627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.02.000537
I. Tekko, O. Ali, T. Hatahet, M. Chehna
{"title":"Polyethylene Glycol-Based Solid Dispersions to Enhance Eprosartan Mesylate Dissolution and Bioavailability","authors":"I. Tekko, O. Ali, T. Hatahet, M. Chehna","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2019.02.000537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2019.02.000537","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79219028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000537
Ismaiel A Tekko
Cardiovascular diseases are the cause of most mortalities worldwide with a staggering 17 million deaths per year [1]. One of these lifelong cardiovascular diseases is hypertension. Hypertension has a silent mode of progression which results in only one out of four hypertensive people to seek medical care [1]. Hypertension can be controlled by different therapeutic strategies using one or combination of drugs that acts like beta blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptors antagonists [2]. Eprosartan mesylate (ESM) is a potent antihypertension drug marketed as oral tablets (Teventen®). It acts by antagonising the Angiotensin II receptors, resulting in peripheral blood vessels wideness and blood pressure reduction [3]. The drug decreases sympathetic norepinephrine production which also results in blood pressure reduction as well [4]. The drug is not only well-tolerated but it also presents effective benefit in the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events. ESM has a low potential for serious adverse events and has not been associated with any clinically significant drug interactions. All of these demonstrate ESM as a promising agent for solo or combination antihypertensive strategies [5]. The recommended daily starting and maintenance dose of ESM when used as monotherapy is 735.8 mg, equivalent to 600 mg Eprosartan, available as the commercial Teveten® 600 ISSN: 2641-2020 DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.02.000537
{"title":"Polyethylene Glycol-Based Solid Dispersions to Enhance Eprosartan Mesylate Dissolution and Bioavailability","authors":"Ismaiel A Tekko","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000537","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular diseases are the cause of most mortalities worldwide with a staggering 17 million deaths per year [1]. One of these lifelong cardiovascular diseases is hypertension. Hypertension has a silent mode of progression which results in only one out of four hypertensive people to seek medical care [1]. Hypertension can be controlled by different therapeutic strategies using one or combination of drugs that acts like beta blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptors antagonists [2]. Eprosartan mesylate (ESM) is a potent antihypertension drug marketed as oral tablets (Teventen®). It acts by antagonising the Angiotensin II receptors, resulting in peripheral blood vessels wideness and blood pressure reduction [3]. The drug decreases sympathetic norepinephrine production which also results in blood pressure reduction as well [4]. The drug is not only well-tolerated but it also presents effective benefit in the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events. ESM has a low potential for serious adverse events and has not been associated with any clinically significant drug interactions. All of these demonstrate ESM as a promising agent for solo or combination antihypertensive strategies [5]. The recommended daily starting and maintenance dose of ESM when used as monotherapy is 735.8 mg, equivalent to 600 mg Eprosartan, available as the commercial Teveten® 600 ISSN: 2641-2020 DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.02.000537","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86239467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000536
Jin-ting Gao
According to concept of ISEV (The international Society for Extracellular Vesicles), “extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as the particles naturally released from cells that are comprised of a lipid bilayer membrane [1]. Acting as important mediators between cells that regulate both physiological and pathological conditions in the living bodies, EVs are nanosized spherical compartments and contain lipids, proteins and various nucleic acids of their source cells [2,3]. Based on their biogenesis and sizes, EVs are generally categorized into three types, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. In general, sizes of EVs vary within the range 305000 nm [4,5]. Besides EVs derived from eukaryotes, prokaryotes also secrete EVs. It has been reported that Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria can both generate EVs [6-8]. The size of the outer membrane-derived vesicles (OMVs) from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was reported to be around 20–100 nm in diameter [8,9]. Inspired by the generation of naturally secreted EVs, scientists are also seeking to prepare biomimetic EVs by physical [10,11], and chemical [12] methods in recent years. In general, the artificial EVs exhibit similar properties to the natural ones. As a supplementary to the natural EVs, biomimetic EVs possess some advantages in some aspects, such as purity, yield, targeting ability, etc. Either EVs or OMVs can perform as vaccines without loading. They also can be loaded by bioactive ingredients as drug delivery carriers. In the past decades, a lot of efforts had been made to translate EVs for clinical use. However, there are many challenges existing at each stage of commercialization of EVs. One of them is quality control. Generally, to control the quality of EVs as drug carriers or vaccines, the following aspects should be taken into consideration. • Impurities. Safety is always the priority when quality is taken into consideration. Deriving from parent cells, EVs will unavoidably inherit some ingredients of their source cells. Obviously, some impurities, such as DNA [13] and RNA [14], are bioactive and may impair the functions of cargoes. Other potential impairments also need keeping an eye on include enzymes, kinases and some potential carcinoma-inducing agents especially when prepared from cancer source cells. Except endogenous impurities, the exogenous pathogens also need to be monitored when prepared from prokaryotic cells.
{"title":"Considerations in the Quality Control towards Translation of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells","authors":"Jin-ting Gao","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000536","url":null,"abstract":"According to concept of ISEV (The international Society for Extracellular Vesicles), “extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as the particles naturally released from cells that are comprised of a lipid bilayer membrane [1]. Acting as important mediators between cells that regulate both physiological and pathological conditions in the living bodies, EVs are nanosized spherical compartments and contain lipids, proteins and various nucleic acids of their source cells [2,3]. Based on their biogenesis and sizes, EVs are generally categorized into three types, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. In general, sizes of EVs vary within the range 305000 nm [4,5]. Besides EVs derived from eukaryotes, prokaryotes also secrete EVs. It has been reported that Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria can both generate EVs [6-8]. The size of the outer membrane-derived vesicles (OMVs) from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was reported to be around 20–100 nm in diameter [8,9]. Inspired by the generation of naturally secreted EVs, scientists are also seeking to prepare biomimetic EVs by physical [10,11], and chemical [12] methods in recent years. In general, the artificial EVs exhibit similar properties to the natural ones. As a supplementary to the natural EVs, biomimetic EVs possess some advantages in some aspects, such as purity, yield, targeting ability, etc. Either EVs or OMVs can perform as vaccines without loading. They also can be loaded by bioactive ingredients as drug delivery carriers. In the past decades, a lot of efforts had been made to translate EVs for clinical use. However, there are many challenges existing at each stage of commercialization of EVs. One of them is quality control. Generally, to control the quality of EVs as drug carriers or vaccines, the following aspects should be taken into consideration. • Impurities. Safety is always the priority when quality is taken into consideration. Deriving from parent cells, EVs will unavoidably inherit some ingredients of their source cells. Obviously, some impurities, such as DNA [13] and RNA [14], are bioactive and may impair the functions of cargoes. Other potential impairments also need keeping an eye on include enzymes, kinases and some potential carcinoma-inducing agents especially when prepared from cancer source cells. Except endogenous impurities, the exogenous pathogens also need to be monitored when prepared from prokaryotic cells.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80304939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：