Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000518
Suzanne C Harris, C. Hyatt
In transplant patients, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder and is associated with reduced quality of life, with prevalence rates of MDD in up to 25% of solid organ transplant (SOT) patients [1]. MDD can lead to medication nonadherence, which can cause rejection of the transplant organ. Additionally, antidepressant medications have a range of unique side effects and potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Many of the transplant medications are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, putting them at risk for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. In addition, these medications can have pharmacodynamic interactions with antidepressants. Corticosteroids can cause weight gain, leading to diabetes and obesity. Cyclosporine causes hypertension in 50% of kidney transplant patients. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been reported to have central nervous toxicity in one-third of patients. Corticosteroids, sirolimus, and cyclosporine have been associated with hyperlipidemia [2]. Hence, these interactions with antidepressants can result in altered concentrations of immunosuppressants or additive untoward side effects (Table 1).
{"title":"Role of the Pharmacist in Managing Antidepressant Drug Interactions in the Solid Organ Transplant Population","authors":"Suzanne C Harris, C. Hyatt","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000518","url":null,"abstract":"In transplant patients, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder and is associated with reduced quality of life, with prevalence rates of MDD in up to 25% of solid organ transplant (SOT) patients [1]. MDD can lead to medication nonadherence, which can cause rejection of the transplant organ. Additionally, antidepressant medications have a range of unique side effects and potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Many of the transplant medications are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, putting them at risk for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. In addition, these medications can have pharmacodynamic interactions with antidepressants. Corticosteroids can cause weight gain, leading to diabetes and obesity. Cyclosporine causes hypertension in 50% of kidney transplant patients. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been reported to have central nervous toxicity in one-third of patients. Corticosteroids, sirolimus, and cyclosporine have been associated with hyperlipidemia [2]. Hence, these interactions with antidepressants can result in altered concentrations of immunosuppressants or additive untoward side effects (Table 1).","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86833578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-09DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000517
Asli Buyukkoc
{"title":"Role of the Pharmacist in Managing Antidepressant Drug Interactions in the Solid Organ Transplant Population","authors":"Asli Buyukkoc","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77239645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.33552/appr.2019.01.000516
R. Skopec
Psychopathy of the careerist is a developmental disorder marked by emotional deficits and an increasedrisk for antisocial behavior. It is not equivalent to the diagnosis antisocial personality disorder, whichconcentrates only on the increased risk for antisocial behavior and not a specific cause, i.e., thereduced empathy and guilt that constitutes the emotional deficit. Our review considers data regardingthe neurobiology of this disorder. Dysfunction within the amygdala’s role in reinforcement learningand the role of ventromedial frontal cortex in the representation of reinforcement value is stressed.Data are also presented indicating potential difficulties within parts of temporal and posterior cingulatecortex. Suggestions are made with respect to why these deficits lead to the development of the disorder.Knowledge of recent neurobiology is proving our thesis that Darwin was wrong when formulated histheorem “Survival of the fittest.” Reality in the 21st century is showing that “Survival of the careerist”based on the quantum entanglement entropy (QEE) is more valid principle of social dynamics in ourdays. Careeristic competition is the main cause of the QEE, leading to increased complications throughcoincidences of social dynamics.
{"title":"Darwin’s Theorem Revised: Survival of The Careerist","authors":"R. Skopec","doi":"10.33552/appr.2019.01.000516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2019.01.000516","url":null,"abstract":"Psychopathy of the careerist is a developmental disorder marked by emotional deficits and an increasedrisk for antisocial behavior. It is not equivalent to the diagnosis antisocial personality disorder, whichconcentrates only on the increased risk for antisocial behavior and not a specific cause, i.e., thereduced empathy and guilt that constitutes the emotional deficit. Our review considers data regardingthe neurobiology of this disorder. Dysfunction within the amygdala’s role in reinforcement learningand the role of ventromedial frontal cortex in the representation of reinforcement value is stressed.Data are also presented indicating potential difficulties within parts of temporal and posterior cingulatecortex. Suggestions are made with respect to why these deficits lead to the development of the disorder.Knowledge of recent neurobiology is proving our thesis that Darwin was wrong when formulated histheorem “Survival of the fittest.” Reality in the 21st century is showing that “Survival of the careerist”based on the quantum entanglement entropy (QEE) is more valid principle of social dynamics in ourdays. Careeristic competition is the main cause of the QEE, leading to increased complications throughcoincidences of social dynamics.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90747297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-08DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000515
Dua-e- Noor, M. Qadir
The word pulse simply means the number of individual beats in a specified time period such as one minute. The word pulse is actually a rhythmical beating, vibration or sounding. Pulse is the elaboration of artery. This elaboration is due to the increase of blood pressure that is pushing against the walls of arteries. When the heart pumps the blood, these elaborations rise and fall in time. Pulse is often measured by feeling the arteries of wrist and neck. It is the rhythmical dilation of an artery that result from beating the heart. For an adult the ideal heart rate should be 60-100 beats in one minute. The person whose heart rate is lower than 60 beats is suffering from the disease of bradycardia. For adults the heart rate more than 100 beats is considered to be most fast which is dangerous heart rate. There are present some places where there is less chance to find the pulse and one of that places is on the top or inner side of the foot [1].
{"title":"Association of Pulse Rate with Cartoons Watching","authors":"Dua-e- Noor, M. Qadir","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2019.01.000515","url":null,"abstract":"The word pulse simply means the number of individual beats in a specified time period such as one minute. The word pulse is actually a rhythmical beating, vibration or sounding. Pulse is the elaboration of artery. This elaboration is due to the increase of blood pressure that is pushing against the walls of arteries. When the heart pumps the blood, these elaborations rise and fall in time. Pulse is often measured by feeling the arteries of wrist and neck. It is the rhythmical dilation of an artery that result from beating the heart. For an adult the ideal heart rate should be 60-100 beats in one minute. The person whose heart rate is lower than 60 beats is suffering from the disease of bradycardia. For adults the heart rate more than 100 beats is considered to be most fast which is dangerous heart rate. There are present some places where there is less chance to find the pulse and one of that places is on the top or inner side of the foot [1].","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83088490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000514
Xin Liu
Introduction Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is of great significance to the research and development of new drugs due to its various active components. Meanwhile, as the focus of current research, biotransformation greatly stimulates the investigation of TCM. Intestine is the primary place for the metabolism of oral drugs in the human body, where a number of parasite bacteria flora play an inevitable role in the biotransformation of drugs. Thus, it is obviously that the biotransformation based on intestinal flora is a powerful tool in the development of TCM.
{"title":"Role of Biotransformation Based on Intestinal Flora in the Research and Development of TCM","authors":"Xin Liu","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000514","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is of great significance to the research and development of new drugs due to its various active components. Meanwhile, as the focus of current research, biotransformation greatly stimulates the investigation of TCM. Intestine is the primary place for the metabolism of oral drugs in the human body, where a number of parasite bacteria flora play an inevitable role in the biotransformation of drugs. Thus, it is obviously that the biotransformation based on intestinal flora is a powerful tool in the development of TCM.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75892664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.33552/appr.2018.01.000513
Kshirsagar Sr
Present paper communicates potentially important medicinal plants with reference to their taxonomy, threats if any, precise locations, flowering and fruiting period, present status in the field, traditional uses, doses if any and ecology if any. Different parts of plant species are used as traditional medicines in the form of crude drugs by variety of doses to cure different ailments and diseases. These species are collected and studied from Khandesh region of the state of Maharashtra and Sahyadri ranges of Western Ghats in India and of them, some species are conserved in our botanical garden for research, multiplication and transfer to other botanical gardens.
{"title":"Taxonomy and Occurrence of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicines","authors":"Kshirsagar Sr","doi":"10.33552/appr.2018.01.000513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2018.01.000513","url":null,"abstract":"Present paper communicates potentially important medicinal plants with reference to their taxonomy, threats if any, precise locations, flowering and fruiting period, present status in the field, traditional uses, doses if any and ecology if any. Different parts of plant species are used as traditional medicines in the form of crude drugs by variety of doses to cure different ailments and diseases. These species are collected and studied from Khandesh region of the state of Maharashtra and Sahyadri ranges of Western Ghats in India and of them, some species are conserved in our botanical garden for research, multiplication and transfer to other botanical gardens.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"310 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73876956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.33552/appr.2018.01.000512
J. Allam
Induction of general anesthesia, direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation induce marked cardiovascular changes as well as autonomic reflex activity [1]. Laryngoscopy with or without tracheal intubation amounts to a highly noxious stimulus to the homeostasis of the patient. Many a time under lighter planes of anesthesia it elicits a defense mechanism in the form of hemodynamic response to stress, which involves activation of adrenocortical system [2]. The response may be particularly hazardous for patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [3].
{"title":"Effect of Oral Clonidine on Hemodynamic Changes due to Laryngoscopy, Intubation and Operative Procedures Stress Response","authors":"J. Allam","doi":"10.33552/appr.2018.01.000512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2018.01.000512","url":null,"abstract":"Induction of general anesthesia, direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation induce marked cardiovascular changes as well as autonomic reflex activity [1]. Laryngoscopy with or without tracheal intubation amounts to a highly noxious stimulus to the homeostasis of the patient. Many a time under lighter planes of anesthesia it elicits a defense mechanism in the form of hemodynamic response to stress, which involves activation of adrenocortical system [2]. The response may be particularly hazardous for patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [3].","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83672980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-13DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000511
Dimpy Rani, Sarb Sukhmani Kaur Dargan, Parnika Goyal, R. Chadha
The present research demonstrates the five novel cocrystals of glipizide (GPZ) with picolinic acid (PA), adipic acid (AA), isonicotinic acid (INA), fumaric acid (FA) and sorbic acid (SRA). The cocrystals were prepared via green supramolecular mechanosynthesis approach and exhibited 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The cocrystals were characterized by thermal (DSC) and spectroscopic (PXRD, FTIR and SSNMR) techniques. PXRD data was used to elucidate the crystal structure. GPZ-PA, GPZ-AA, GPZ-INA, GPZ-FA and GPZ-SRA were found to be crystallized in triclinic and monoclinic crystal systems, which exist in P-1, P1 and P21 space groups. Remarkable improvement in solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was observed along with significant reduction in rat blood serum glucose level and high Cmax in comparison to GPZ.
{"title":"Novel Cocrystals of Glipizide: Green Supramolecular Mechanosynthesis","authors":"Dimpy Rani, Sarb Sukhmani Kaur Dargan, Parnika Goyal, R. Chadha","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000511","url":null,"abstract":"The present research demonstrates the five novel cocrystals of glipizide (GPZ) with picolinic acid (PA), adipic acid (AA), isonicotinic acid (INA), fumaric acid (FA) and sorbic acid (SRA). The cocrystals were prepared via green supramolecular mechanosynthesis approach and exhibited 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The cocrystals were characterized by thermal (DSC) and spectroscopic (PXRD, FTIR and SSNMR) techniques. PXRD data was used to elucidate the crystal structure. GPZ-PA, GPZ-AA, GPZ-INA, GPZ-FA and GPZ-SRA were found to be crystallized in triclinic and monoclinic crystal systems, which exist in P-1, P1 and P21 space groups. Remarkable improvement in solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was observed along with significant reduction in rat blood serum glucose level and high Cmax in comparison to GPZ.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88221354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.33552/appr.2018.01.000510
J. Witkin
Epilepsy affects millions of people world-wide with wideranging health and economic consequences [1]. A first-line approach to the control of epilepsy is through the administration of anticonvulsant drugs sometimes referred to as antiepileptics [2]. These medicines help control seizure activity but the evidence for controlling disease progression in patients is not firmly established [3]. There are many antiepileptics approved for clinical use [2] that dampen excitatory neurotransmission through different mechanisms including positive allosteric modulation of GABA (e.g., diazepam, valproic acid) and blockade of ion channels (e.g., gabapentin, lacosamide).
{"title":"Increasing the Probability of Discovering Improved Antiepileptic Drugs through the Use of Human Epileptic Tissue","authors":"J. Witkin","doi":"10.33552/appr.2018.01.000510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/appr.2018.01.000510","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy affects millions of people world-wide with wideranging health and economic consequences [1]. A first-line approach to the control of epilepsy is through the administration of anticonvulsant drugs sometimes referred to as antiepileptics [2]. These medicines help control seizure activity but the evidence for controlling disease progression in patients is not firmly established [3]. There are many antiepileptics approved for clinical use [2] that dampen excitatory neurotransmission through different mechanisms including positive allosteric modulation of GABA (e.g., diazepam, valproic acid) and blockade of ion channels (e.g., gabapentin, lacosamide).","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84152871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-13DOI: 10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000507
N. Gloria
A cost effective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of paracetamol in pure and commercial forms. The method employed was charge transfer complexation. Paracetamol formed a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio with picric acid. The complex was quantified at 500nm. Beer –Lambert’s law was obeyed within a concentration range of 5-10μg/ml with molar absorptivity of 2.6 x104Lmol-1cm-1. The method was used for the determination paracetamol in pure and commercial forms with percentage mean recovery of 95%.
{"title":"A Charge Transfer Determination of Paracetamol with Picric Acid","authors":"N. Gloria","doi":"10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/APPR.2018.01.000507","url":null,"abstract":"A cost effective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of paracetamol in pure and commercial forms. The method employed was charge transfer complexation. Paracetamol formed a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio with picric acid. The complex was quantified at 500nm. Beer –Lambert’s law was obeyed within a concentration range of 5-10μg/ml with molar absorptivity of 2.6 x104Lmol-1cm-1. The method was used for the determination paracetamol in pure and commercial forms with percentage mean recovery of 95%.","PeriodicalId":8291,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89745316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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