Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03824-0
F R S Andrade, E L da Silva, A D Marinho, A C X Oliveira, D Sánchez-Porras, F Bermejo-Casares, R C Montenegro, V Carriel, H S A Monteiro, R J B Jorge
In Brazil, around 80% of snakebites are caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops. A three-dimensional culture model was standardized and used to perform treatments with Bothrops erythromelas venom (BeV) and its antivenom (AV). The MRC-5 and L929 cell lines were cultured at increasing cell densities. Morphometric parameters were evaluated through images obtained from an inverted microscope: solidity, circularity, and Feret diameter. L929 microtissues (MT) showed better morphometric data, and thus they were used for further analysis. MT viability was assessed using the acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining method, which showed viable cells in the MT on days 5, 7, and 10 of cultivation. Histochemical and histological analyses were performed, including hematoxylin/eosin staining, which showed a good structure of the spheroids. Alcian blue staining revealed the presence of acid proteoglycans. Immunohistochemical analysis with ki-67 showed different patterns of cell proliferation. The MT were also subjected to pharmacological tests using the BeV, in the presence or absence of its AV. The results showed that the venom was not cytotoxic, but it caused morphological changes. The MT showed cell detachment, losing their structure. The antivenom was able to partially prevent the venom activities.
{"title":"A new 3D model of L929 fibroblasts microtissues uncovers the effects of Bothrops erythromelas venom and its antivenom.","authors":"F R S Andrade, E L da Silva, A D Marinho, A C X Oliveira, D Sánchez-Porras, F Bermejo-Casares, R C Montenegro, V Carriel, H S A Monteiro, R J B Jorge","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03824-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03824-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Brazil, around 80% of snakebites are caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops. A three-dimensional culture model was standardized and used to perform treatments with Bothrops erythromelas venom (BeV) and its antivenom (AV). The MRC-5 and L929 cell lines were cultured at increasing cell densities. Morphometric parameters were evaluated through images obtained from an inverted microscope: solidity, circularity, and Feret diameter. L929 microtissues (MT) showed better morphometric data, and thus they were used for further analysis. MT viability was assessed using the acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining method, which showed viable cells in the MT on days 5, 7, and 10 of cultivation. Histochemical and histological analyses were performed, including hematoxylin/eosin staining, which showed a good structure of the spheroids. Alcian blue staining revealed the presence of acid proteoglycans. Immunohistochemical analysis with ki-67 showed different patterns of cell proliferation. The MT were also subjected to pharmacological tests using the BeV, in the presence or absence of its AV. The results showed that the venom was not cytotoxic, but it caused morphological changes. The MT showed cell detachment, losing their structure. The antivenom was able to partially prevent the venom activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03823-1
Katarina Matković, Marko Gerić, Luka Kazensky, Mirta Milić, Vilena Kašuba, Ante Cvitković, Mandica Sanković, Antun Šumanovac, Peter Møller, Goran Gajski
The use of the comet assay in large biomonitoring studies may present logistical and technical challenges because of the processing of numerous samples. Proper sample preservation becomes imperative to prevent spurious DNA breakage. Previous research has shown the feasibility of conducting the comet assay on frozen blood samples, highlighting the potential of freezing at - 80 °C in preserving DNA integrity. Nonetheless, this approach presents challenges, including potential DNA damage during freezing and thawing, variability in processing, and the need for standardized protocols. Our objective was to evaluate whether there are comparable results in DNA migration assessed by the comet assay between fresh and frozen blood samples on a larger scale (N = 373). In our findings, elevated DNA migration was evident in frozen samples relative to fresh ones. Additionally, smoking, alcohol consumption, and season were linked to increased DNA damage levels in whole blood cells. Based on our results and available literature, conducting the comet assay on frozen blood samples emerges as a practical and efficient approach for biomonitoring and epidemiological research. This method enables the assessment of DNA damage in large populations over time, with samples, if properly cryopreserved, that may be used for years, possibly even decades. These observations hold significant implications for large-scale human biomonitoring and long-term epidemiological studies, particularly when samples are collected during fieldwork or obtained from biobanks. Continued method optimization and validation efforts are essential to enhance the utility of this approach in environmental and occupational health studies, emphasizing caution when comparing data obtained between fresh and frozen blood samples.
在大型生物监测研究中使用彗星试验可能会面临后勤和技术方面的挑战,因为需要处理大量样本。为了防止假性 DNA 断裂,必须妥善保存样本。先前的研究表明,在冷冻血液样本上进行彗星测定是可行的,这突出表明了在零下 80 °C 的温度下冷冻样本在保持 DNA 完整性方面的潜力。然而,这种方法也面临着挑战,包括冷冻和解冻过程中 DNA 的潜在损伤、处理过程中的可变性以及对标准化方案的需求。我们的目的是在更大范围内(N = 373)评估通过彗星试验评估的新鲜和冷冻血液样本的 DNA 迁移结果是否具有可比性。根据我们的研究结果,与新鲜样本相比,冷冻样本的 DNA 迁移率明显升高。此外,吸烟、饮酒和季节也与全血细胞中 DNA 损伤水平的增加有关。根据我们的研究结果和现有文献,对冷冻血液样本进行彗星测定是一种实用、高效的生物监测和流行病学研究方法。这种方法可以评估大量人群在一段时间内的 DNA 损伤情况,如果样本冷冻保存得当,可以使用数年甚至数十年。这些观察结果对大规模人类生物监测和长期流行病学研究具有重要意义,尤其是在实地工作中收集样本或从生物库中获取样本时。要提高这种方法在环境和职业健康研究中的实用性,必须继续进行方法优化和验证工作,同时强调在比较新鲜和冷冻血液样本之间获得的数据时要小心谨慎。
{"title":"Comparison of DNA damage in fresh and frozen blood samples: implications for the comet assay in human biomonitoring studies.","authors":"Katarina Matković, Marko Gerić, Luka Kazensky, Mirta Milić, Vilena Kašuba, Ante Cvitković, Mandica Sanković, Antun Šumanovac, Peter Møller, Goran Gajski","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03823-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03823-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of the comet assay in large biomonitoring studies may present logistical and technical challenges because of the processing of numerous samples. Proper sample preservation becomes imperative to prevent spurious DNA breakage. Previous research has shown the feasibility of conducting the comet assay on frozen blood samples, highlighting the potential of freezing at - 80 °C in preserving DNA integrity. Nonetheless, this approach presents challenges, including potential DNA damage during freezing and thawing, variability in processing, and the need for standardized protocols. Our objective was to evaluate whether there are comparable results in DNA migration assessed by the comet assay between fresh and frozen blood samples on a larger scale (N = 373). In our findings, elevated DNA migration was evident in frozen samples relative to fresh ones. Additionally, smoking, alcohol consumption, and season were linked to increased DNA damage levels in whole blood cells. Based on our results and available literature, conducting the comet assay on frozen blood samples emerges as a practical and efficient approach for biomonitoring and epidemiological research. This method enables the assessment of DNA damage in large populations over time, with samples, if properly cryopreserved, that may be used for years, possibly even decades. These observations hold significant implications for large-scale human biomonitoring and long-term epidemiological studies, particularly when samples are collected during fieldwork or obtained from biobanks. Continued method optimization and validation efforts are essential to enhance the utility of this approach in environmental and occupational health studies, emphasizing caution when comparing data obtained between fresh and frozen blood samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3
Leandro B Bernardo, Caio V N Borges, Pedro A G Buitrago, Kamil Kuča, Samir F A Cavalcante, Roberto B Sousa, Antônio L S Lima, Daniel A S Kitagawa
The risk of the use of toxic chemicals for unlawful acts has been a matter of concern for different governments and multilateral agencies. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), considering recent events employing chemical warfare agents as means of assassination, has recently included in the CWC "Annex on Chemicals" some organophosphorus compounds that are regarded as acting in a similar fashion to the classical G- and V-series of nerve agents, inhibiting the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, knowledge of the activity of the pyridinium oximes, the sole class of clinically available acetylcholinesterase reactivators to date, is plainly justified. In this paper, continuing our research efforts in medicinal chemistry on this class of toxic chemicals, we synthesized an A-230 nerve agent surrogate and applied a modified Ellman's assay to evaluate its ability to inhibit our enzymatic model, acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus eel, and if the clinically available antidotes are able to rescue the enzyme activity for the purpose of relating the findings to the previously disclosed in silico data for the authentic nerve agent and other studies with similar A-series surrogates. Our experimental data indicates that pralidoxime is the most efficient compound for reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-230 surrogate, which is the opposite of the in silico data previously disclosed.
将有毒化学品用于非法行为的风险一直是各国政府和多边机构关注的问题。负责监督《化学武器公约》(CWC)执行情况的禁止化学武器组织(OPCW)考虑到最近发生的使用化学战剂作为暗杀手段的事件,最近在《化学武器公约》的 "化学品附件 "中列入了一些有机磷化合物,这些化合物被认为具有与传统的 G 和 V 系列神经毒剂类似的作用,可抑制关键酶乙酰胆碱酯酶。因此,我们有必要了解吡啶肟类化合物的活性,这是迄今为止唯一一类可用于临床的乙酰胆碱酯酶再活化剂。在本文中,我们继续对这一类有毒化学品进行药物化学研究,合成了一种 A-230 神经毒剂替代物,并采用改良的埃尔曼试验来评估其对我们的酶模型--来自电鳗鲡的乙酰胆碱酯酶--的抑制能力,以及临床上可用的解毒剂是否能够挽救酶的活性,以便将研究结果与之前披露的真实神经毒剂的硅学数据及其他类似 A 系列替代物的研究结果联系起来。我们的实验数据表明,普拉唑肟是重新激活被 A-230 代用品抑制的乙酰胆碱酯酶最有效的化合物,这与之前披露的硅学数据相反。
{"title":"Synthesis and in vitro assessment of the reactivation profile of clinically available oximes on the acetylcholinesterase model inhibited by A-230 nerve agent surrogate.","authors":"Leandro B Bernardo, Caio V N Borges, Pedro A G Buitrago, Kamil Kuča, Samir F A Cavalcante, Roberto B Sousa, Antônio L S Lima, Daniel A S Kitagawa","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The risk of the use of toxic chemicals for unlawful acts has been a matter of concern for different governments and multilateral agencies. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), considering recent events employing chemical warfare agents as means of assassination, has recently included in the CWC \"Annex on Chemicals\" some organophosphorus compounds that are regarded as acting in a similar fashion to the classical G- and V-series of nerve agents, inhibiting the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, knowledge of the activity of the pyridinium oximes, the sole class of clinically available acetylcholinesterase reactivators to date, is plainly justified. In this paper, continuing our research efforts in medicinal chemistry on this class of toxic chemicals, we synthesized an A-230 nerve agent surrogate and applied a modified Ellman's assay to evaluate its ability to inhibit our enzymatic model, acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus eel, and if the clinically available antidotes are able to rescue the enzyme activity for the purpose of relating the findings to the previously disclosed in silico data for the authentic nerve agent and other studies with similar A-series surrogates. Our experimental data indicates that pralidoxime is the most efficient compound for reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-230 surrogate, which is the opposite of the in silico data previously disclosed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic variants can affect gene expression by altering the level of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. A better understanding of the association of these genetic variants with susceptibility to cervical cancer (CC) can promote advances in disease screening and treatment. Genome-wide identification of m6A-associated functional SNPs for CC was performed using the TCGA and JENGER databases, incorporating the data from RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq. The screened risk-associated SNP rs1059288 (A>G), which is located in the 3' UTR of TAPBP, was further validated in a case-control study involving 921 cases and 1077 controls. The results revealed a significant association between rs1059288 and the risk of CC (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13-1.92). Mechanistically, the presence of the risk G allele of rs1059288 was associated with increased m6A modification of TAPBP compared with the A allele. This modification was facilitated by the m6A methyltransferase METTL14 and the reading protein YTHDF2. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays containing 61 CC and 45 normal tissues showed an overexpression of TAPBP in CC. Furthermore, the upregulation of TAPBP promoted the growth and migration of CC cells as well as tumor-forming ability, inhibited apoptosis, and conferred increased resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as bleomycin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Knockdown of TAPBP inhibited the JAK/STAT/MICB signaling pathway in CC cells and upregulated certain immune genes including ISG15, IRF3, PTPN6, and HLA-A. These findings offer insights into the involvement of genetic variations in TAPBP in the development and progression of CC.
基因变异可通过改变 N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)修饰水平来影响基因表达。更好地了解这些基因变异与宫颈癌(CC)易感性的关系,可以促进疾病筛查和治疗的进步。我们利用 TCGA 和 JENGER 数据库,结合 RNA-seq 和 MeRIP-seq 数据,对与宫颈癌相关的 m6A 功能 SNPs 进行了全基因组鉴定。筛选出的风险相关 SNP rs1059288(A>G)位于 TAPBP 的 3' UTR,在一项涉及 921 例病例和 1077 例对照的病例对照研究中得到了进一步验证。结果显示,rs1059288 与 CC 风险之间存在明显关联(OR 1.48,95% CI 1.13-1.92)。从机理上讲,与 A 等位基因相比,rs1059288 的 G 等位基因与 TAPBP 的 m6A 修饰增加有关。这种修饰由 m6A 甲基转移酶 METTL14 和阅读蛋白 YTHDF2 促进。对含有61个CC和45个正常组织的组织芯片进行免疫组化染色显示,TAPBP在CC中过度表达。此外,TAPBP的上调促进了CC细胞的生长和迁移以及肿瘤形成能力,抑制了细胞凋亡,并增强了对博来霉素、顺铂和多柔比星等常用化疗药物的耐药性。敲除 TAPBP 可抑制 CC 细胞中的 JAK/STAT/MICB 信号通路,并上调某些免疫基因,包括 ISG15、IRF3、PTPN6 和 HLA-A。这些发现有助于深入了解TAPBP基因变异对CC发病和进展的影响。
{"title":"A genetic variant in the TAPBP gene enhances cervical cancer susceptibility by increasing m<sup>6</sup>A modification.","authors":"Jing Hu, Shizhi Wang, Xing Zhang, Wenjing Yan, Haohan Liu, Xue Chen, Yamei Nie, Fengying Liu, Yun Zheng, Yiran Lu, Hua Jin","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03820-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03820-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic variants can affect gene expression by altering the level of N6-methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) modifications. A better understanding of the association of these genetic variants with susceptibility to cervical cancer (CC) can promote advances in disease screening and treatment. Genome-wide identification of m<sup>6</sup>A-associated functional SNPs for CC was performed using the TCGA and JENGER databases, incorporating the data from RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq. The screened risk-associated SNP rs1059288 (A>G), which is located in the 3' UTR of TAPBP, was further validated in a case-control study involving 921 cases and 1077 controls. The results revealed a significant association between rs1059288 and the risk of CC (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13-1.92). Mechanistically, the presence of the risk G allele of rs1059288 was associated with increased m<sup>6</sup>A modification of TAPBP compared with the A allele. This modification was facilitated by the m<sup>6</sup>A methyltransferase METTL14 and the reading protein YTHDF2. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays containing 61 CC and 45 normal tissues showed an overexpression of TAPBP in CC. Furthermore, the upregulation of TAPBP promoted the growth and migration of CC cells as well as tumor-forming ability, inhibited apoptosis, and conferred increased resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as bleomycin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Knockdown of TAPBP inhibited the JAK/STAT/MICB signaling pathway in CC cells and upregulated certain immune genes including ISG15, IRF3, PTPN6, and HLA-A. These findings offer insights into the involvement of genetic variations in TAPBP in the development and progression of CC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4
Daheng Zheng, Shikai Jin, Pu-Ste Liu, Jianping Ye, Xin Xie
Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is induced by iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of ferroptosis in different pathophysiological conditions has offered new perspectives on potential therapeutic interventions. Natural products, which are widely recognized for their significance in drug discovery and repurposing, have shown great promise in regulating ferroptosis by targeting various ferroptosis players. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications in different pathological conditions. We dissect the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, liver injury, and cardiomyopathy, with an emphasis on the relevance of ferroptosis players to disease targetability.
{"title":"Targeting ferroptosis by natural products in pathophysiological conditions.","authors":"Daheng Zheng, Shikai Jin, Pu-Ste Liu, Jianping Ye, Xin Xie","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is induced by iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of ferroptosis in different pathophysiological conditions has offered new perspectives on potential therapeutic interventions. Natural products, which are widely recognized for their significance in drug discovery and repurposing, have shown great promise in regulating ferroptosis by targeting various ferroptosis players. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications in different pathological conditions. We dissect the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, liver injury, and cardiomyopathy, with an emphasis on the relevance of ferroptosis players to disease targetability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-07DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z
Junfeng Wu, Tao Chen, Minghang Zhang, Xing Li, Rongkun Fu, Jianzhong Xu, Andreas Nüssler, Chenxi Gu
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a prevalent form of osteonecrosis in young individuals. More efficacious clinical strategies must be used to prevent and treat this condition. One of the mechanisms through which SONFH operates is the disruption of normal differentiation in bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts due to prolonged and extensive use of glucocorticoids (GCs). In vitro, it was observed that atorvastatin (ATO) effectively suppressed the impact of dexamethasone (DEX) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), specifically by augmenting their lipogenic differentiation while impeding their osteogenic differentiation. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of BMSCs subjected to different treatments, leading to the identification of Wnt5a as a crucial gene regulated by ATO. The analyses showed that ATO exhibited the ability to enhance the expression of Wnt5a and modulate the MAPK pathway while regulating the Wnt canonical signaling pathway via the WNT5A/LRP5 pathway. Our experimental findings provide further evidence that the combined treatment of ATO and DEX effectively mitigates the effects of DEX, resulting in the upregulation of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Alpl, Tnfrsf11b, Ctnnb1, Col1a) and the downregulation of adipogenic genes (Pparg, Cebpb, Lpl), meanwhile leading to the upregulation of Wnt5a expression. So, this study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanism by which ATO can be utilized in the prevention of SONFH, thereby holding significant implications for the prevention and treatment of SONFH in clinical settings.
{"title":"Atorvastatin exerts a preventive effect against steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head by modulating Wnt5a release.","authors":"Junfeng Wu, Tao Chen, Minghang Zhang, Xing Li, Rongkun Fu, Jianzhong Xu, Andreas Nüssler, Chenxi Gu","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a prevalent form of osteonecrosis in young individuals. More efficacious clinical strategies must be used to prevent and treat this condition. One of the mechanisms through which SONFH operates is the disruption of normal differentiation in bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts due to prolonged and extensive use of glucocorticoids (GCs). In vitro, it was observed that atorvastatin (ATO) effectively suppressed the impact of dexamethasone (DEX) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), specifically by augmenting their lipogenic differentiation while impeding their osteogenic differentiation. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of BMSCs subjected to different treatments, leading to the identification of Wnt5a as a crucial gene regulated by ATO. The analyses showed that ATO exhibited the ability to enhance the expression of Wnt5a and modulate the MAPK pathway while regulating the Wnt canonical signaling pathway via the WNT5A/LRP5 pathway. Our experimental findings provide further evidence that the combined treatment of ATO and DEX effectively mitigates the effects of DEX, resulting in the upregulation of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Alpl, Tnfrsf11b, Ctnnb1, Col1a) and the downregulation of adipogenic genes (Pparg, Cebpb, Lpl), meanwhile leading to the upregulation of Wnt5a expression. So, this study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanism by which ATO can be utilized in the prevention of SONFH, thereby holding significant implications for the prevention and treatment of SONFH in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2
Lackson Kashobwe, Faezeh Sadrabadi, Albert Braeuning, Pim E G Leonards, Thorsten Buhrke, Timo Hamers
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in many industrial applications. Exposure to PFAS is associated with several health risks, including a decrease in infant birth weight, hepatoxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism, and decreased immune response. We used the in vitro cell models to screen six less studied PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA)] for their capacity to activate nuclear receptors and to cause differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cytotoxicity assays were run in parallel to exclude that observed differential gene expression was due to cytotoxicity. Based on the cytotoxicity assays and gene expression studies, PFOSA was shown to be more potent than other tested PFAS. PFOSA decreased the gene expression of crucial genes involved in bile acid synthesis and detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, bile acid and cholesterol transport, and lipid metabolism regulation. Except for 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTSA, all tested PFAS downregulated PPARA gene expression. The reporter gene assay also showed that 8:2 FTSA transactivated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on this study, PFOSA, 6:2 FTSA, and 8:2 FTSA were prioritized for further studies to confirm and understand their possible effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
{"title":"In vitro screening of understudied PFAS with a focus on lipid metabolism disruption.","authors":"Lackson Kashobwe, Faezeh Sadrabadi, Albert Braeuning, Pim E G Leonards, Thorsten Buhrke, Timo Hamers","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in many industrial applications. Exposure to PFAS is associated with several health risks, including a decrease in infant birth weight, hepatoxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism, and decreased immune response. We used the in vitro cell models to screen six less studied PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA)] for their capacity to activate nuclear receptors and to cause differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cytotoxicity assays were run in parallel to exclude that observed differential gene expression was due to cytotoxicity. Based on the cytotoxicity assays and gene expression studies, PFOSA was shown to be more potent than other tested PFAS. PFOSA decreased the gene expression of crucial genes involved in bile acid synthesis and detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, bile acid and cholesterol transport, and lipid metabolism regulation. Except for 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTSA, all tested PFAS downregulated PPARA gene expression. The reporter gene assay also showed that 8:2 FTSA transactivated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on this study, PFOSA, 6:2 FTSA, and 8:2 FTSA were prioritized for further studies to confirm and understand their possible effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1
Adrian A Doerr, Frederike Nordmeier, Nadja Walle, Matthias W Laschke, Michael D Menger, Markus R Meyer, Peter H Schmidt, Nadine Schaefer
Many fatal intoxications have been reported in connection with the consumption of newer, highly potent synthetic cannabinoids. Yet, a possible postmortem redistribution (PMR) might complicate reliable interpretation of analytical results. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the PMR-potential of new synthetic cannabinoids. The pig model has already proven to be suitable for this purpose. Hence, the aim of this study was to study the PMR of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite 5F-MDMB-P7AICA-dimethylbutanoic acid (DBA). 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (200 µg/kg body weight) was administered by inhalation to anesthetized and ventilated pigs. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and stored at room temperature for 3 days. Tissue and body fluid samples were taken daily. Specimens were analyzed after solid phase extraction using a standard addition method and LC-MS/MS, blood was quantified after protein precipitation using a validated method. In perimortem samples, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was found mainly in adipose tissue, bile fluid, and duodenum contents. Small amounts of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA were found in blood, muscle, brain, liver, and lung. High concentrations of DBA were found primarily in bile fluid, duodenum contents, urine, and kidney/perirenal fat tissue. In the remaining tissues, rather low amounts could be found. In comparison to older synthetic cannabinoids, PMR of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was less pronounced. Concentrations in blood also appear to remain relatively stable at a low level postmortem. Muscle, kidney, fat, and duodenum content are suitable alternative matrices for the detection of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and DBA, if blood specimens are not available. In conclusion, concentrations of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite DBA are not relevantly affected by PMR.
{"title":"Does a postmortem redistribution affect the concentrations of the 7 azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA in tissues and body fluids following pulmonary administration to pigs?","authors":"Adrian A Doerr, Frederike Nordmeier, Nadja Walle, Matthias W Laschke, Michael D Menger, Markus R Meyer, Peter H Schmidt, Nadine Schaefer","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many fatal intoxications have been reported in connection with the consumption of newer, highly potent synthetic cannabinoids. Yet, a possible postmortem redistribution (PMR) might complicate reliable interpretation of analytical results. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the PMR-potential of new synthetic cannabinoids. The pig model has already proven to be suitable for this purpose. Hence, the aim of this study was to study the PMR of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite 5F-MDMB-P7AICA-dimethylbutanoic acid (DBA). 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (200 µg/kg body weight) was administered by inhalation to anesthetized and ventilated pigs. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and stored at room temperature for 3 days. Tissue and body fluid samples were taken daily. Specimens were analyzed after solid phase extraction using a standard addition method and LC-MS/MS, blood was quantified after protein precipitation using a validated method. In perimortem samples, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was found mainly in adipose tissue, bile fluid, and duodenum contents. Small amounts of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA were found in blood, muscle, brain, liver, and lung. High concentrations of DBA were found primarily in bile fluid, duodenum contents, urine, and kidney/perirenal fat tissue. In the remaining tissues, rather low amounts could be found. In comparison to older synthetic cannabinoids, PMR of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was less pronounced. Concentrations in blood also appear to remain relatively stable at a low level postmortem. Muscle, kidney, fat, and duodenum content are suitable alternative matrices for the detection of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and DBA, if blood specimens are not available. In conclusion, concentrations of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite DBA are not relevantly affected by PMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z
Nathalia Santos Carvalho, Viviani Nardini, Raul Moyses Veronezes, Jéssica Burlamaque Maciel, Amanda Cristina Trabuco, Mirian Félix De Carvalho, Caroline Fontanari, Marco Aurélio Sartim, Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes, Lúcia Helena Faccioli
Snake venoms are complex mixtures majorly composed of proteins with well-studied biological effects. However, the exploration of non-protein components, especially lipids, remains limited despite their potential for discovering bioactive molecules. This study compares three liquid-liquid lipid extraction methods for both chemical and biological analyses of Bothrops moojeni snake venom. The methods evaluated include the Bligh and Dyer method (methanol, chloroform, water), considered standard; the Acunha method, a modification of the Bligh and Dyer protocol; and the Matyash method (MTBE/methanol/water), featuring an organic phase less dense than the aqueous phase. Lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) system revealed comparable values of lipid constituents' peak intensity across different extraction methods. Our results show that all methods effectively extracted a similar quantity of lipid species, yielding approximately 17-18 subclasses per method. However, the Matyash and Acunha methods exhibited notably higher proportions of biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method, particularly in extracting lipid species crucial for cellular structure and function, such as sphingomyelins and phosphatidylinositol-phosphate. In conclusion, when selecting a lipid extraction method, it is essential to consider the study's objectives. For a biological approach, it is crucial to evaluate not only the total quantity of extracted lipids but also their quality and biological activity. The Matyash and Acunha methods show promise in this regard, potentially offering a superior option for extracting biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method.
{"title":"Characterizing lipid constituents of B. moojeni snake venom: a comparative approach for chemical and biological investigations.","authors":"Nathalia Santos Carvalho, Viviani Nardini, Raul Moyses Veronezes, Jéssica Burlamaque Maciel, Amanda Cristina Trabuco, Mirian Félix De Carvalho, Caroline Fontanari, Marco Aurélio Sartim, Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes, Lúcia Helena Faccioli","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snake venoms are complex mixtures majorly composed of proteins with well-studied biological effects. However, the exploration of non-protein components, especially lipids, remains limited despite their potential for discovering bioactive molecules. This study compares three liquid-liquid lipid extraction methods for both chemical and biological analyses of Bothrops moojeni snake venom. The methods evaluated include the Bligh and Dyer method (methanol, chloroform, water), considered standard; the Acunha method, a modification of the Bligh and Dyer protocol; and the Matyash method (MTBE/methanol/water), featuring an organic phase less dense than the aqueous phase. Lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) system revealed comparable values of lipid constituents' peak intensity across different extraction methods. Our results show that all methods effectively extracted a similar quantity of lipid species, yielding approximately 17-18 subclasses per method. However, the Matyash and Acunha methods exhibited notably higher proportions of biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method, particularly in extracting lipid species crucial for cellular structure and function, such as sphingomyelins and phosphatidylinositol-phosphate. In conclusion, when selecting a lipid extraction method, it is essential to consider the study's objectives. For a biological approach, it is crucial to evaluate not only the total quantity of extracted lipids but also their quality and biological activity. The Matyash and Acunha methods show promise in this regard, potentially offering a superior option for extracting biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141475802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03736-z
Miriam N Jacobs, Sebastian Hoffmann, Heli M Hollnagel, Petra Kern, Susanne N Kolle, Andreas Natsch, Robert Landsiedel
The ongoing transition from chemical hazard and risk assessment based on animal studies to assessment relying mostly on non-animal data, requires a multitude of novel experimental methods, and this means that guidance on the validation and standardisation of test methods intended for international applicability and acceptance, needs to be updated. These so-called new approach methodologies (NAMs) must be applicable to the chemical regulatory domain and provide reliable data which are relevant to hazard and risk assessment. Confidence in and use of NAMs will depend on their reliability and relevance, and both are thoroughly assessed by validation. Validation is, however, a time- and resource-demanding process. As updates on validation guidance are conducted, the valuable components must be kept: Reliable data are and will remain fundamental. In 2016, the scientific community was made aware of the general crisis in scientific reproducibility-validated methods must not fall into this. In this commentary, we emphasize the central importance of ring trials in the validation of experimental methods. Ring trials are sometimes considered to be a major hold-up with little value added to the validation. Here, we clarify that ring trials are indispensable to demonstrate the robustness and reproducibility of a new method. Further, that methods do fail in method transfer and ring trials due to different stumbling blocks, but these provide learnings to ensure the robustness of new methods. At the same time, we identify what it would take to perform ring trials more efficiently, and how ring trials fit into the much-needed update to the guidance on the validation of NAMs.
{"title":"Avoiding a reproducibility crisis in regulatory toxicology-on the fundamental role of ring trials.","authors":"Miriam N Jacobs, Sebastian Hoffmann, Heli M Hollnagel, Petra Kern, Susanne N Kolle, Andreas Natsch, Robert Landsiedel","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03736-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03736-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing transition from chemical hazard and risk assessment based on animal studies to assessment relying mostly on non-animal data, requires a multitude of novel experimental methods, and this means that guidance on the validation and standardisation of test methods intended for international applicability and acceptance, needs to be updated. These so-called new approach methodologies (NAMs) must be applicable to the chemical regulatory domain and provide reliable data which are relevant to hazard and risk assessment. Confidence in and use of NAMs will depend on their reliability and relevance, and both are thoroughly assessed by validation. Validation is, however, a time- and resource-demanding process. As updates on validation guidance are conducted, the valuable components must be kept: Reliable data are and will remain fundamental. In 2016, the scientific community was made aware of the general crisis in scientific reproducibility-validated methods must not fall into this. In this commentary, we emphasize the central importance of ring trials in the validation of experimental methods. Ring trials are sometimes considered to be a major hold-up with little value added to the validation. Here, we clarify that ring trials are indispensable to demonstrate the robustness and reproducibility of a new method. Further, that methods do fail in method transfer and ring trials due to different stumbling blocks, but these provide learnings to ensure the robustness of new methods. At the same time, we identify what it would take to perform ring trials more efficiently, and how ring trials fit into the much-needed update to the guidance on the validation of NAMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11169035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140851194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}