Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3
Leandro B. Bernardo, Caio V. N. Borges, Pedro A. G. Buitrago, Kamil Kuča, Samir F. A. Cavalcante, Roberto B. Sousa, Antônio L. S. Lima, Daniel A. S. Kitagawa
The risk of the use of toxic chemicals for unlawful acts has been a matter of concern for different governments and multilateral agencies. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), considering recent events employing chemical warfare agents as means of assassination, has recently included in the CWC “Annex on Chemicals” some organophosphorus compounds that are regarded as acting in a similar fashion to the classical G- and V-series of nerve agents, inhibiting the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, knowledge of the activity of the pyridinium oximes, the sole class of clinically available acetylcholinesterase reactivators to date, is plainly justified. In this paper, continuing our research efforts in medicinal chemistry on this class of toxic chemicals, we synthesized an A-230 nerve agent surrogate and applied a modified Ellman’s assay to evaluate its ability to inhibit our enzymatic model, acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus eel, and if the clinically available antidotes are able to rescue the enzyme activity for the purpose of relating the findings to the previously disclosed in silico data for the authentic nerve agent and other studies with similar A-series surrogates. Our experimental data indicates that pralidoxime is the most efficient compound for reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-230 surrogate, which is the opposite of the in silico data previously disclosed.
将有毒化学品用于非法行为的风险一直是各国政府和多边机构关注的问题。负责监督《化学武器公约》(CWC)执行情况的禁止化学武器组织(OPCW)考虑到最近发生的使用化学战剂作为暗杀手段的事件,最近在《化学武器公约》的 "化学品附件 "中列入了一些有机磷化合物,这些化合物被认为具有与传统的 G 和 V 系列神经毒剂类似的作用,可抑制关键酶乙酰胆碱酯酶。因此,我们有必要了解吡啶肟类化合物的活性,这是迄今为止唯一一类可用于临床的乙酰胆碱酯酶再活化剂。在本文中,我们继续对这一类有毒化学品进行药物化学研究,合成了一种 A-230 神经毒剂替代物,并采用改良的埃尔曼试验来评估其对我们的酶模型--来自电鳗鲡的乙酰胆碱酯酶--的抑制能力,以及临床上可用的解毒剂是否能够挽救酶的活性,以便将研究结果与之前披露的真实神经毒剂的硅学数据及其他类似 A 系列替代物的研究结果联系起来。我们的实验数据表明,普拉唑肟是重新激活被 A-230 代用品抑制的乙酰胆碱酯酶最有效的化合物,这与之前披露的硅学数据相反。
{"title":"Synthesis and in vitro assessment of the reactivation profile of clinically available oximes on the acetylcholinesterase model inhibited by A-230 nerve agent surrogate","authors":"Leandro B. Bernardo, Caio V. N. Borges, Pedro A. G. Buitrago, Kamil Kuča, Samir F. A. Cavalcante, Roberto B. Sousa, Antônio L. S. Lima, Daniel A. S. Kitagawa","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The risk of the use of toxic chemicals for unlawful acts has been a matter of concern for different governments and multilateral agencies. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), considering recent events employing chemical warfare agents as means of assassination, has recently included in the CWC “Annex on Chemicals” some organophosphorus compounds that are regarded as acting in a similar fashion to the classical G- and V-series of nerve agents, inhibiting the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, knowledge of the activity of the pyridinium oximes, the sole class of clinically available acetylcholinesterase reactivators to date, is plainly justified. In this paper, continuing our research efforts in medicinal chemistry on this class of toxic chemicals, we synthesized an A-230 nerve agent surrogate and applied a modified Ellman’s assay to evaluate its ability to inhibit our enzymatic model, acetylcholinesterase from <i>Electrophorus eel</i>, and if the clinically available antidotes are able to rescue the enzyme activity for the purpose of relating the findings to the previously disclosed in silico data for the authentic nerve agent and other studies with similar A-series surrogates. Our experimental data indicates that pralidoxime is the most efficient compound for reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-230 surrogate, which is the opposite of the in silico data previously disclosed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03801-7
Danielle S. G. Harte, Anthony M. Lynch, Jatin Verma, Paul Rees, Andrew Filby, John W. Wills, George E. Johnson
Genetic toxicity testing assesses the potential of compounds to cause DNA damage. There are many genetic toxicology screening assays designed to assess the DNA damaging potential of chemicals in early drug development aiding the identification of promising drugs that have low-risk potential for causing genetic damage contributing to cancer risk in humans. Despite this, in vitro tests generate a high number of misleading positives, the consequences of which can lead to unnecessary animal testing and/or the abandonment of promising drug candidates. Understanding chemical Mode of Action (MoA) is vital to identifying the true genotoxic potential of substances and, therefore, the risk translation into the clinic. Here we demonstrate a simple, robust protocol for staining fixed, human-lymphoblast p53 proficient TK6 cells with antibodies against ɣH2AX, p53 and pH3S28 along with DRAQ5™ DNA staining that enables analysis of un-lysed cells via microscopy approaches such as imaging flow cytometry. Here, we used the Cytek® Amnis® ImageStream®X Mk II which provides a high-throughput acquisition platform with the sensitivity of flow cytometry and spatial morphological information associated with microscopy. Using the ImageStream manufacturer’s software (IDEAS® 6.2), a masking strategy was developed to automatically detect and quantify micronucleus events (MN) and characterise biomarker populations. The gating strategy developed enables the generation of a template capable of automatically batch processing data files quantifying cell-cycle, MN, ɣH2AX, p53 and pH3 populations simultaneously. In this way, we demonstrate how a multiplex system enables DNA damage assessment alongside MN identification using un-lysed cells on the imaging flow cytometry platform. As a proof-of-concept, we use the tool chemicals carbendazim and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) to demonstrate the assay’s ability to correctly identify clastogenic or aneugenic MoAs using the biomarker profiles established.
遗传毒性测试评估化合物造成 DNA 损伤的可能性。有许多遗传毒理学筛选试验旨在评估早期药物开发过程中化学品的 DNA 损伤潜力,以帮助识别有潜力的药物,这些药物在导致人类癌症风险的遗传损伤方面风险较低。尽管如此,体外试验仍会产生大量误导性阳性结果,其后果可能导致不必要的动物试验和/或放弃有前途的候选药物。了解化学作用模式(MoA)对于确定物质的真正遗传毒性潜力,从而将风险转化到临床中至关重要。在这里,我们展示了一种简单、稳健的方案,即用针对ɣH2AX、p53 和 pH3S28 的抗体对固定的、具有 p53 能力的人类淋巴细胞 TK6 细胞进行染色,同时进行 DRAQ5™ DNA 染色,从而通过成像流式细胞仪等显微镜方法对未裂解的细胞进行分析。在这里,我们使用了 Cytek® Amnis® ImageStream®X Mk II,它提供了一个高通量采集平台,具有流式细胞仪的灵敏度和显微镜的空间形态信息。利用 ImageStream 制造商的软件(IDEAS® 6.2),开发了一种屏蔽策略,用于自动检测和量化微核事件(MN),并描述生物标记群的特征。所开发的屏蔽策略能够生成一个模板,自动批量处理数据文件,同时量化细胞周期、MN、ɣH2AX、p53 和 pH3 群体。通过这种方式,我们展示了多重系统如何在成像流式细胞仪平台上使用未裂解细胞进行 DNA 损伤评估和 MN 鉴定。作为概念验证,我们使用工具化学品多菌灵和甲基甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)来证明该检测方法有能力利用所建立的生物标记图谱正确识别致克隆性或非遗传性MoAs。
{"title":"A multi-biomarker micronucleus assay using imaging flow cytometry","authors":"Danielle S. G. Harte, Anthony M. Lynch, Jatin Verma, Paul Rees, Andrew Filby, John W. Wills, George E. Johnson","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03801-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03801-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Genetic toxicity testing assesses the potential of compounds to cause DNA damage. There are many genetic toxicology screening assays designed to assess the DNA damaging potential of chemicals in early drug development aiding the identification of promising drugs that have low-risk potential for causing genetic damage contributing to cancer risk in humans. Despite this, in vitro tests generate a high number of misleading positives, the consequences of which can lead to unnecessary animal testing and/or the abandonment of promising drug candidates. Understanding chemical Mode of Action (MoA) is vital to identifying the true genotoxic potential of substances and, therefore, the risk translation into the clinic. Here we demonstrate a simple, robust protocol for staining fixed, human-lymphoblast p53 proficient TK6 cells with antibodies against ɣH2AX, p53 and pH3S28 along with DRAQ5™ DNA staining that enables analysis of un-lysed cells via microscopy approaches such as imaging flow cytometry. Here, we used the Cytek® Amnis® ImageStream®X Mk II which provides a high-throughput acquisition platform with the sensitivity of flow cytometry and spatial morphological information associated with microscopy. Using the ImageStream manufacturer’s software (IDEAS® 6.2), a masking strategy was developed to automatically detect and quantify micronucleus events (MN) and characterise biomarker populations. The gating strategy developed enables the generation of a template capable of automatically batch processing data files quantifying cell-cycle, MN, ɣH2AX, p53 and pH3 populations simultaneously. In this way, we demonstrate how a multiplex system enables DNA damage assessment alongside MN identification using un-lysed cells on the imaging flow cytometry platform. As a proof-of-concept, we use the tool chemicals carbendazim and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) to demonstrate the assay’s ability to correctly identify clastogenic or aneugenic MoAs using the biomarker profiles established.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic variants can affect gene expression by altering the level of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. A better understanding of the association of these genetic variants with susceptibility to cervical cancer (CC) can promote advances in disease screening and treatment. Genome-wide identification of m6A-associated functional SNPs for CC was performed using the TCGA and JENGER databases, incorporating the data from RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq. The screened risk-associated SNP rs1059288 (A>G), which is located in the 3′ UTR of TAPBP, was further validated in a case–control study involving 921 cases and 1077 controls. The results revealed a significant association between rs1059288 and the risk of CC (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13–1.92). Mechanistically, the presence of the risk G allele of rs1059288 was associated with increased m6A modification of TAPBP compared with the A allele. This modification was facilitated by the m6A methyltransferase METTL14 and the reading protein YTHDF2. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays containing 61 CC and 45 normal tissues showed an overexpression of TAPBP in CC. Furthermore, the upregulation of TAPBP promoted the growth and migration of CC cells as well as tumor-forming ability, inhibited apoptosis, and conferred increased resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as bleomycin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Knockdown of TAPBP inhibited the JAK/STAT/MICB signaling pathway in CC cells and upregulated certain immune genes including ISG15, IRF3, PTPN6, and HLA-A. These findings offer insights into the involvement of genetic variations in TAPBP in the development and progression of CC.
基因变异可通过改变 N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)修饰水平来影响基因表达。更好地了解这些基因变异与宫颈癌(CC)易感性的关系,可以促进疾病筛查和治疗的进步。我们利用 TCGA 和 JENGER 数据库,结合 RNA-seq 和 MeRIP-seq 数据,对与宫颈癌相关的 m6A 功能 SNPs 进行了全基因组鉴定。筛选出的风险相关 SNP rs1059288(A>G)位于 TAPBP 的 3' UTR,在一项涉及 921 例病例和 1077 例对照的病例对照研究中得到了进一步验证。结果显示,rs1059288 与 CC 风险之间存在明显关联(OR 1.48,95% CI 1.13-1.92)。从机理上讲,与 A 等位基因相比,rs1059288 的 G 等位基因与 TAPBP 的 m6A 修饰增加有关。这种修饰由 m6A 甲基转移酶 METTL14 和阅读蛋白 YTHDF2 促进。对含有61个CC和45个正常组织的组织芯片进行免疫组化染色显示,TAPBP在CC中过度表达。此外,TAPBP的上调促进了CC细胞的生长和迁移以及肿瘤形成能力,抑制了细胞凋亡,并增强了对博来霉素、顺铂和多柔比星等常用化疗药物的耐药性。敲除 TAPBP 可抑制 CC 细胞中的 JAK/STAT/MICB 信号通路,并上调某些免疫基因,包括 ISG15、IRF3、PTPN6 和 HLA-A。这些发现有助于深入了解TAPBP基因变异对CC发病和进展的影响。
{"title":"A genetic variant in the TAPBP gene enhances cervical cancer susceptibility by increasing m6A modification","authors":"Jing Hu, Shizhi Wang, Xing Zhang, Wenjing Yan, Haohan Liu, Xue Chen, Yamei Nie, Fengying Liu, Yun Zheng, Yiran Lu, Hua Jin","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03820-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03820-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Genetic variants can affect gene expression by altering the level of N6-methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) modifications. A better understanding of the association of these genetic variants with susceptibility to cervical cancer (CC) can promote advances in disease screening and treatment. Genome-wide identification of m<sup>6</sup>A-associated functional SNPs for CC was performed using the TCGA and JENGER databases, incorporating the data from RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq. The screened risk-associated SNP rs1059288 (A>G), which is located in the 3′ UTR of TAPBP, was further validated in a case–control study involving 921 cases and 1077 controls. The results revealed a significant association between rs1059288 and the risk of CC (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13–1.92). Mechanistically, the presence of the risk G allele of rs1059288 was associated with increased m<sup>6</sup>A modification of TAPBP compared with the A allele. This modification was facilitated by the m<sup>6</sup>A methyltransferase METTL14 and the reading protein YTHDF2. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays containing 61 CC and 45 normal tissues showed an overexpression of TAPBP in CC. Furthermore, the upregulation of TAPBP promoted the growth and migration of CC cells as well as tumor-forming ability, inhibited apoptosis, and conferred increased resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as bleomycin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Knockdown of TAPBP inhibited the JAK/STAT/MICB signaling pathway in CC cells and upregulated certain immune genes including ISG15, IRF3, PTPN6, and HLA-A. These findings offer insights into the involvement of genetic variations in TAPBP in the development and progression of CC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4
Daheng Zheng, Shikai Jin, Pu-Ste Liu, Jianping Ye, Xin Xie
Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is induced by iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of ferroptosis in different pathophysiological conditions has offered new perspectives on potential therapeutic interventions. Natural products, which are widely recognized for their significance in drug discovery and repurposing, have shown great promise in regulating ferroptosis by targeting various ferroptosis players. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications in different pathological conditions. We dissect the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, liver injury, and cardiomyopathy, with an emphasis on the relevance of ferroptosis players to disease targetability.
{"title":"Targeting ferroptosis by natural products in pathophysiological conditions","authors":"Daheng Zheng, Shikai Jin, Pu-Ste Liu, Jianping Ye, Xin Xie","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03812-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is induced by iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of ferroptosis in different pathophysiological conditions has offered new perspectives on potential therapeutic interventions. Natural products, which are widely recognized for their significance in drug discovery and repurposing, have shown great promise in regulating ferroptosis by targeting various ferroptosis players. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications in different pathological conditions. We dissect the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, liver injury, and cardiomyopathy, with an emphasis on the relevance of ferroptosis players to disease targetability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-07DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z
Junfeng Wu, Tao Chen, Minghang Zhang, Xing Li, Rongkun Fu, Jianzhong Xu, Andreas Nüssler, Chenxi Gu
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a prevalent form of osteonecrosis in young individuals. More efficacious clinical strategies must be used to prevent and treat this condition. One of the mechanisms through which SONFH operates is the disruption of normal differentiation in bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts due to prolonged and extensive use of glucocorticoids (GCs). In vitro, it was observed that atorvastatin (ATO) effectively suppressed the impact of dexamethasone (DEX) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), specifically by augmenting their lipogenic differentiation while impeding their osteogenic differentiation. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of BMSCs subjected to different treatments, leading to the identification of Wnt5a as a crucial gene regulated by ATO. The analyses showed that ATO exhibited the ability to enhance the expression of Wnt5a and modulate the MAPK pathway while regulating the Wnt canonical signaling pathway via the WNT5A/LRP5 pathway. Our experimental findings provide further evidence that the combined treatment of ATO and DEX effectively mitigates the effects of DEX, resulting in the upregulation of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Alpl, Tnfrsf11b, Ctnnb1, Col1a) and the downregulation of adipogenic genes (Pparg, Cebpb, Lpl), meanwhile leading to the upregulation of Wnt5a expression. So, this study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanism by which ATO can be utilized in the prevention of SONFH, thereby holding significant implications for the prevention and treatment of SONFH in clinical settings.
{"title":"Atorvastatin exerts a preventive effect against steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head by modulating Wnt5a release","authors":"Junfeng Wu, Tao Chen, Minghang Zhang, Xing Li, Rongkun Fu, Jianzhong Xu, Andreas Nüssler, Chenxi Gu","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03817-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a prevalent form of osteonecrosis in young individuals. More efficacious clinical strategies must be used to prevent and treat this condition. One of the mechanisms through which SONFH operates is the disruption of normal differentiation in bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts due to prolonged and extensive use of glucocorticoids (GCs). In vitro, it was observed that atorvastatin (ATO) effectively suppressed the impact of dexamethasone (DEX) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), specifically by augmenting their lipogenic differentiation while impeding their osteogenic differentiation. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of BMSCs subjected to different treatments, leading to the identification of Wnt5a as a crucial gene regulated by ATO. The analyses showed that ATO exhibited the ability to enhance the expression of Wnt5a and modulate the MAPK pathway while regulating the Wnt canonical signaling pathway via the WNT5A/LRP5 pathway. Our experimental findings provide further evidence that the combined treatment of ATO and DEX effectively mitigates the effects of DEX, resulting in the upregulation of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Alpl, Tnfrsf11b, Ctnnb1, Col1a) and the downregulation of adipogenic genes (Pparg, Cebpb, Lpl), meanwhile leading to the upregulation of Wnt5a expression. So, this study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanism by which ATO can be utilized in the prevention of SONFH, thereby holding significant implications for the prevention and treatment of SONFH in clinical settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03790-7
Yujie Gao, Kaiting Shi, Peipei Wang, Xinyu Liu, Chenxi Liu, Liya Luo, Yanchen Lin, Lin Yang, Rongji Yang, Linchuan Liao
5F-EDMB-PICA is a newly emerged synthetic cannabinoid which has been characterized in relevant literature in recent years. Although phase-I metabolites of 5F-EDMB-PICA have been partly reported, the phase-II metabolism of this synthetic cannabinoid has not been studied yet. In this study, we established a phase-I and phase-II metabolism model in vitro by using pooled human liver microsomes, NADPH regeneration system, and UGT incubation system, with 1 mg/ml 5F-EDMB-PICA added and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. The metabolites were analyzed by Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ Mass Spectrometer, via which we discovered and identified 14 phase-I metabolites and 4 phase-II metabolites of 5F-EDMB-PICA, involving pathways such as ester hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, hydrolytic defluorination, hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, glucuronidation, and combinations of the pathways mentioned above. We recommend considering the monohydroxylation metabolites (M9, M10) with higher content and intact ester and 5-fluoropentyl structures as potential biomarkers of 5F-EDMB-PICA.
5F-EDMB-PICA 是近年来新出现的一种合成大麻素,相关文献对其进行了表征。虽然 5F-EDMB-PICA 的 I 期代谢物已有部分报道,但这种合成大麻素的 II 期代谢尚未研究。在本研究中,我们利用汇集的人肝微粒体、NADPH 再生系统和 UGT 孵育系统建立了体外 I 期和 II 期代谢模型,加入 1 mg/ml 5F-EDMB-PICA 并在 37 °C 孵育 60 分钟。代谢物经 Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ Mass Spectrometer(Q Exactive™ 混合型四极杆-轨道阱™质谱仪)分析后,我们发现并鉴定了 5F-EDMB-PICA 的 14 种 I 期代谢物和 4 种 II 期代谢物,涉及的途径包括酯水解、脱氢、水解脱氟、羟基化、二羟基化、葡萄糖醛酸化以及上述途径的组合。我们建议将单羟基化代谢产物(M9、M10)作为 5F-EDMB-PICA 的潜在生物标记物,这些代谢产物具有较高的含量和完整的酯和 5-氟戊基结构。
{"title":"Identification of phase-I and phase-II metabolites and the metabolic pathway of the novel synthetic cannabinoid 5F-EDMB-PICA in vitro","authors":"Yujie Gao, Kaiting Shi, Peipei Wang, Xinyu Liu, Chenxi Liu, Liya Luo, Yanchen Lin, Lin Yang, Rongji Yang, Linchuan Liao","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03790-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03790-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>5F-EDMB-PICA is a newly emerged synthetic cannabinoid which has been characterized in relevant literature in recent years. Although phase-I metabolites of 5F-EDMB-PICA have been partly reported, the phase-II metabolism of this synthetic cannabinoid has not been studied yet. In this study, we established a phase-I and phase-II metabolism model in vitro by using pooled human liver microsomes, NADPH regeneration system, and UGT incubation system, with 1 mg/ml 5F-EDMB-PICA added and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. The metabolites were analyzed by Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ Mass Spectrometer, via which we discovered and identified 14 phase-I metabolites and 4 phase-II metabolites of 5F-EDMB-PICA, involving pathways such as ester hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, hydrolytic defluorination, hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, glucuronidation, and combinations of the pathways mentioned above. We recommend considering the monohydroxylation metabolites (M9, M10) with higher content and intact ester and 5-fluoropentyl structures as potential biomarkers of 5F-EDMB-PICA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2
Lackson Kashobwe, Faezeh Sadrabadi, Albert Braeuning, Pim E. G. Leonards, Thorsten Buhrke, Timo Hamers
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in many industrial applications. Exposure to PFAS is associated with several health risks, including a decrease in infant birth weight, hepatoxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism, and decreased immune response. We used the in vitro cell models to screen six less studied PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA)] for their capacity to activate nuclear receptors and to cause differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cytotoxicity assays were run in parallel to exclude that observed differential gene expression was due to cytotoxicity. Based on the cytotoxicity assays and gene expression studies, PFOSA was shown to be more potent than other tested PFAS. PFOSA decreased the gene expression of crucial genes involved in bile acid synthesis and detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, bile acid and cholesterol transport, and lipid metabolism regulation. Except for 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTSA, all tested PFAS downregulated PPARA gene expression. The reporter gene assay also showed that 8:2 FTSA transactivated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on this study, PFOSA, 6:2 FTSA, and 8:2 FTSA were prioritized for further studies to confirm and understand their possible effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
{"title":"In vitro screening of understudied PFAS with a focus on lipid metabolism disruption","authors":"Lackson Kashobwe, Faezeh Sadrabadi, Albert Braeuning, Pim E. G. Leonards, Thorsten Buhrke, Timo Hamers","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in many industrial applications. Exposure to PFAS is associated with several health risks, including a decrease in infant birth weight, hepatoxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism, and decreased immune response. We used the in vitro cell models to screen six less studied PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA)] for their capacity to activate nuclear receptors and to cause differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cytotoxicity assays were run in parallel to exclude that observed differential gene expression was due to cytotoxicity. Based on the cytotoxicity assays and gene expression studies, PFOSA was shown to be more potent than other tested PFAS. PFOSA decreased the gene expression of crucial genes involved in bile acid synthesis and detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, bile acid and cholesterol transport, and lipid metabolism regulation. Except for 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTSA, all tested PFAS downregulated <i>PPARA</i> gene expression. The reporter gene assay also showed that 8:2 FTSA transactivated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on this study, PFOSA, 6:2 FTSA, and 8:2 FTSA were prioritized for further studies to confirm and understand their possible effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11402862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03804-4
Rui Wang, Wei Lang, Qian Xue, Le Zhang, Yunzhu Xujia, Chaofan Wang, Xin Fang, Shidi Gao, Li Guo
{"title":"Correction to: Screening for ferroptosis genes related to endometrial carcinoma and predicting of targeted drugs based on bioinformatics","authors":"Rui Wang, Wei Lang, Qian Xue, Le Zhang, Yunzhu Xujia, Chaofan Wang, Xin Fang, Shidi Gao, Li Guo","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03804-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03804-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1
Adrian A. Doerr, Frederike Nordmeier, Nadja Walle, Matthias W. Laschke, Michael D. Menger, Markus R. Meyer, Peter H. Schmidt, Nadine Schaefer
Many fatal intoxications have been reported in connection with the consumption of newer, highly potent synthetic cannabinoids. Yet, a possible postmortem redistribution (PMR) might complicate reliable interpretation of analytical results. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the PMR-potential of new synthetic cannabinoids. The pig model has already proven to be suitable for this purpose. Hence, the aim of this study was to study the PMR of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite 5F-MDMB-P7AICA-dimethylbutanoic acid (DBA). 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (200 µg/kg body weight) was administered by inhalation to anesthetized and ventilated pigs. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and stored at room temperature for 3 days. Tissue and body fluid samples were taken daily. Specimens were analyzed after solid phase extraction using a standard addition method and LC–MS/MS, blood was quantified after protein precipitation using a validated method. In perimortem samples, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was found mainly in adipose tissue, bile fluid, and duodenum contents. Small amounts of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA were found in blood, muscle, brain, liver, and lung. High concentrations of DBA were found primarily in bile fluid, duodenum contents, urine, and kidney/perirenal fat tissue. In the remaining tissues, rather low amounts could be found. In comparison to older synthetic cannabinoids, PMR of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was less pronounced. Concentrations in blood also appear to remain relatively stable at a low level postmortem. Muscle, kidney, fat, and duodenum content are suitable alternative matrices for the detection of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and DBA, if blood specimens are not available. In conclusion, concentrations of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite DBA are not relevantly affected by PMR.
{"title":"Does a postmortem redistribution affect the concentrations of the 7 azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA in tissues and body fluids following pulmonary administration to pigs?","authors":"Adrian A. Doerr, Frederike Nordmeier, Nadja Walle, Matthias W. Laschke, Michael D. Menger, Markus R. Meyer, Peter H. Schmidt, Nadine Schaefer","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03815-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many fatal intoxications have been reported in connection with the consumption of newer, highly potent synthetic cannabinoids. Yet, a possible postmortem redistribution (PMR) might complicate reliable interpretation of analytical results. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the PMR-potential of new synthetic cannabinoids. The pig model has already proven to be suitable for this purpose. Hence, the aim of this study was to study the PMR of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite 5F-MDMB-P7AICA-dimethylbutanoic acid (DBA). 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (200 µg/kg body weight) was administered by inhalation to anesthetized and ventilated pigs. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and stored at room temperature for 3 days. Tissue and body fluid samples were taken daily. Specimens were analyzed after solid phase extraction using a standard addition method and LC–MS/MS, blood was quantified after protein precipitation using a validated method. In perimortem samples, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was found mainly in adipose tissue, bile fluid, and duodenum contents. Small amounts of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA were found in blood, muscle, brain, liver, and lung. High concentrations of DBA were found primarily in bile fluid, duodenum contents, urine, and kidney/perirenal fat tissue. In the remaining tissues, rather low amounts could be found. In comparison to older synthetic cannabinoids, PMR of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA was less pronounced. Concentrations in blood also appear to remain relatively stable at a low level postmortem. Muscle, kidney, fat, and duodenum content are suitable alternative matrices for the detection of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and DBA, if blood specimens are not available. In conclusion, concentrations of 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and its main metabolite DBA are not relevantly affected by PMR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11402846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z
Nathalia Santos Carvalho, Viviani Nardini, Raul Moyses Veronezes, Jéssica Burlamaque Maciel, Amanda Cristina Trabuco, Mirian Félix De Carvalho, Caroline Fontanari, Marco Aurélio Sartim, Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes, Lúcia Helena Faccioli
Snake venoms are complex mixtures majorly composed of proteins with well-studied biological effects. However, the exploration of non-protein components, especially lipids, remains limited despite their potential for discovering bioactive molecules. This study compares three liquid–liquid lipid extraction methods for both chemical and biological analyses of Bothrops moojeni snake venom. The methods evaluated include the Bligh and Dyer method (methanol, chloroform, water), considered standard; the Acunha method, a modification of the Bligh and Dyer protocol; and the Matyash method (MTBE/methanol/water), featuring an organic phase less dense than the aqueous phase. Lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) system revealed comparable values of lipid constituents’ peak intensity across different extraction methods. Our results show that all methods effectively extracted a similar quantity of lipid species, yielding approximately 17–18 subclasses per method. However, the Matyash and Acunha methods exhibited notably higher proportions of biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method, particularly in extracting lipid species crucial for cellular structure and function, such as sphingomyelins and phosphatidylinositol-phosphate. In conclusion, when selecting a lipid extraction method, it is essential to consider the study's objectives. For a biological approach, it is crucial to evaluate not only the total quantity of extracted lipids but also their quality and biological activity. The Matyash and Acunha methods show promise in this regard, potentially offering a superior option for extracting biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method.
{"title":"Characterizing lipid constituents of B. moojeni snake venom: a comparative approach for chemical and biological investigations","authors":"Nathalia Santos Carvalho, Viviani Nardini, Raul Moyses Veronezes, Jéssica Burlamaque Maciel, Amanda Cristina Trabuco, Mirian Félix De Carvalho, Caroline Fontanari, Marco Aurélio Sartim, Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes, Lúcia Helena Faccioli","doi":"10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00204-024-03809-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Snake venoms are complex mixtures majorly composed of proteins with well-studied biological effects. However, the exploration of non-protein components, especially lipids, remains limited despite their potential for discovering bioactive molecules. This study compares three liquid–liquid lipid extraction methods for both chemical and biological analyses of <i>Bothrops moojeni</i> snake venom. The methods evaluated include the Bligh and Dyer method (methanol, chloroform, water), considered standard; the Acunha method, a modification of the Bligh and Dyer protocol; and the Matyash method (MTBE/methanol/water), featuring an organic phase less dense than the aqueous phase. Lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) system revealed comparable values of lipid constituents’ peak intensity across different extraction methods. Our results show that all methods effectively extracted a similar quantity of lipid species, yielding approximately 17–18 subclasses per method. However, the Matyash and Acunha methods exhibited notably higher proportions of biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method, particularly in extracting lipid species crucial for cellular structure and function, such as sphingomyelins and phosphatidylinositol-phosphate. In conclusion, when selecting a lipid extraction method, it is essential to consider the study's objectives. For a biological approach, it is crucial to evaluate not only the total quantity of extracted lipids but also their quality and biological activity. The Matyash and Acunha methods show promise in this regard, potentially offering a superior option for extracting biologically active lipids compared to the Bligh and Dyer method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8329,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141475802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}