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Environmental Control of Hypocotyl Elongation. 下胚轴伸长的环境控制。
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-023852
Johanna Krahmer, Christian Fankhauser

The hypocotyl is the embryonic stem connecting the primary root to the cotyledons. Hypocotyl length varies tremendously depending on the conditions. This developmental plasticity and the simplicity of the organ explain its success as a model for growth regulation. Light and temperature are prominent growth-controlling cues, using shared signaling elements. Mechanisms controlling hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings reaching the light differ from those in photoautotrophic seedlings. However, many common growth regulators intervene in both situations. Multiple photoreceptors including phytochromes, which also respond to temperature, control the activity of several transcription factors, thereby eliciting rapid transcriptional reprogramming. Hypocotyl growth often depends on sensing in green tissues and interorgan communication comprising auxin. Hypocotyl auxin, in conjunction with other hormones, determines epidermal cell elongation. Plants facing cues with opposite effects on growth control hypocotyl elongation through intricate mechanisms. We discuss the status of the field and end by highlighting open questions.

下胚轴是连接主根和子叶的胚茎。下胚轴长度随条件的不同而变化很大。这种发育可塑性和器官的简单性解释了它作为生长调节模型的成功。光和温度是重要的生长控制线索,使用共享的信号元件。控制黄化幼苗下胚轴伸长的机制与光自养幼苗不同。然而,许多常见的生长调节剂会在这两种情况下进行干预。包括光敏色素在内的多个光感受器也对温度作出反应,控制几种转录因子的活性,从而引发快速的转录重编程。下胚轴的生长通常依赖于绿色组织的感知和由生长素组成的器官间通讯。下胚轴生长素与其他激素一起决定表皮细胞的伸长。面对生长相反影响的线索,植物通过复杂的机制控制下胚轴伸长。我们讨论了该领域的现状,并以突出开放的问题结束。预计《植物生物学年鉴》第75卷的最终在线出版日期为2024年5月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Intercellular Communication in Shoot Meristems. 嫩枝分生组织中的细胞间通信
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-035342
Edgar Demesa-Arevalo, Madhumitha Narasimhan, Rüdiger Simon

The shoot meristem of land plants maintains the capacity for organ generation throughout its lifespan due to a group of undifferentiated stem cells. Most meristems are shaped like a dome with a precise spatial arrangement of functional domains, and, within and between these domains, cells interact through a network of interconnected signaling pathways. Intercellular communication in meristems is mediated by mobile transcription factors, small RNAs, hormones, and secreted peptides that are perceived by membrane-localized receptors. In recent years, we have gained deeper insight into the underlying molecular processes of the shoot meristem, and we discuss here how plants integrate internal and external inputs to control shoot meristem activities.

陆生植物的嫩枝分生组织由于有一组未分化的干细胞,在其整个生命周期中都能保持器官的生成能力。大多数分生组织的形状像一个穹顶,具有精确的功能域空间排列,在这些功能域内部和之间,细胞通过相互连接的信号通路网络进行互动。分生组织中的细胞间通信是由移动转录因子、小核糖核酸、激素和分泌肽介导的,这些信号由膜定位受体感知。近年来,我们对嫩枝分生组织的基本分子过程有了更深入的了解,我们在此讨论植物如何整合内部和外部输入来控制嫩枝分生组织的活动。植物生物学年刊》第 75 卷的最终在线出版日期预计为 2024 年 5 月。修订后的预计日期请参见 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Using Synthetic Biology to Understand the Function of Plant Specialized Metabolites. 利用合成生物学了解植物特化代谢物的功能。
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-013842
Yuechen Bai, Xinyu Liu, Ian T Baldwin

Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) are variably distributed across taxa, tissues, and ecological contexts; this variability has inspired many theories about PSM function, which, to date, remain poorly tested because predictions have outpaced the available data. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics have enabled unbiased PSM profiling, and molecular biology techniques have produced PSM-free plants; the combination of these methods has accelerated our understanding of the complex ecological roles that PSMs play in plants. Synthetic biology techniques and workflows are producing high-value, structurally complex PSMs in quantities and purities sufficient for both medicinal and functional studies. These workflows enable the reengineering of PSM transport, externalization, structural diversity, and production in novel taxa, facilitating rigorous tests of long-standing theoretical predictions about why plants produce so many different PSMs in particular tissues and ecological contexts. Plants use their chemical prowess to solve ecological challenges, and synthetic biology workflows are accelerating our understanding of these evolved functions.

植物专化代谢物(PSMs)在不同类群、组织和生态环境中的分布各不相同;这种差异性激发了许多有关 PSM 功能的理论,但由于预测超过了可用数据,这些理论至今仍未得到充分验证。基于质谱的代谢组学的进步实现了无偏见的 PSM 分析,而分子生物学技术则培育出了无 PSM 植物;这些方法的结合加速了我们对 PSM 在植物中发挥的复杂生态作用的理解。合成生物学技术和工作流程正在生产高价值、结构复杂的 PSM,其数量和纯度足以满足药用和功能研究的需要。这些工作流程能够重新设计 PSM 的运输、外化、结构多样性以及新型类群的生产,从而有助于严格检验长期以来的理论预测,即植物为什么会在特定组织和生态环境中产生如此多不同的 PSM。植物利用其化学能力解决生态挑战,而合成生物学工作流程正在加速我们对这些进化功能的理解。植物生物学年刊》第 75 卷的最终在线出版日期预计为 2024 年 5 月。修订后的预计日期请参见 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Fighting for Survival at the Stomatal Gate. 在气孔门为生存而战
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-091552
Maeli Melotto, Brianna Fochs, Zachariah Jaramillo, Olivier Rodrigues

Stomata serve as the battleground between plants and plant pathogens. Plants can perceive pathogens, inducing closure of the stomatal pore, while pathogens can overcome this immune response with their phytotoxins and elicitors. In this review, we summarize new discoveries in stomata-pathogen interactions. Recent studies have shown that stomatal movement continues to occur in a close-open-close-open pattern during bacterium infection, bringing a new understanding of stomatal immunity. Furthermore, the canonical pattern-triggered immunity pathway and ion channel activities seem to be common to plant-pathogen interactions outside of the well-studied Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas pathosystem. These developments can be useful to aid in the goal of crop improvement. New technologies to study intact leaves and advances in available omics data sets provide new methods for understanding the fight at the stomatal gate. Future studies should aim to further investigate the defense-growth trade-off in relation to stomatal immunity, as little is known at this time.

气孔是植物与植物病原体之间的战场。植物能感知病原体,促使气孔关闭,而病原体则能利用植物毒素和诱导剂克服这种免疫反应。在这篇综述中,我们总结了气孔与病原体相互作用方面的新发现。最近的研究表明,在细菌感染过程中,气孔运动继续以关闭-打开-关闭-打开的模式进行,这使我们对气孔免疫有了新的认识。此外,典型模式触发的免疫途径和离子通道活动似乎是植物与病原体相互作用的共同特点,而不是研究得很清楚的拟南芥-假单胞菌病理系统。这些进展有助于实现作物改良的目标。研究完整叶片的新技术和现有全息数据集的进步为了解气孔门的斗争提供了新方法。未来的研究应旨在进一步调查与气孔免疫有关的防御-生长权衡,因为目前所知甚少。
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引用次数: 0
Plant Cryopreservation: Principles, Applications, and Challenges of Banking Plant Diversity at Ultralow Temperatures. 植物低温保存:在超低温下保存植物多样性的原理、应用和挑战。
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-103551
Manuela Nagel, Valerie Pence, Daniel Ballesteros, Maurizio Lambardi, Elena Popova, Bart Panis

Progressive loss of plant diversity requires the protection of wild and agri-/horticultural species. For species whose seeds are extremely short-lived, or rarely or never produce seeds, or whose genetic makeup must be preserved, cryopreservation offers the only possibility for long-term conservation. At temperatures below freezing, most vegetative plant tissues suffer severe damage from ice crystal formation and require protection. In this review, we describe how increasing the concentration of cellular solutes by air drying or adding cryoprotectants, together with rapid cooling, results in a vitrified, highly viscous state in which cells can remain viable and be stored. On this basis, a range of dormant bud-freezing, slow-cooling, and (droplet-)vitrification protocols have been developed, but few are used to cryobank important agricultural/horticultural/timber and threatened species. To improve cryopreservation efficiency, the effects of cryoprotectants and molecular processes need to be understood and the costs for cryobanking reduced. However, overall, the long-term costs of cryopreservation are low, while the benefits are huge.

植物多样性的逐渐丧失要求对野生和农业/园艺物种进行保护。对于种子寿命极短,或很少或从未结籽,或其基因构成必须保存的物种来说,低温保存是长期保护的唯一可能。在低于冰点的温度下,大多数植物无性组织会因冰晶的形成而遭受严重破坏,因此需要保护。在这篇综述中,我们将介绍如何通过风干或添加低温保护剂来提高细胞溶质的浓度,再加上快速冷却,从而形成玻璃化的高粘度状态,使细胞保持活力并得以保存。在此基础上,开发了一系列休眠芽冷冻、缓慢冷却和(液滴)玻璃化方案,但很少用于重要的农业/园艺/木材和受威胁物种的冷冻保存。为了提高低温保存的效率,需要了解低温保护剂和分子过程的影响,并降低低温保存的成本。不过,总体而言,低温保存的长期成本较低,而收益巨大。植物生物学年刊》第 75 卷的最终在线出版日期预计为 2024 年 5 月。有关修订后的估算请参见 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Polyamines: Their Role in Plant Development and Stress. 多胺:多胺:它们在植物发育和胁迫中的作用
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-110056
Miguel A Blázquez

This review focuses on the intricate relationship between plant polyamines and the genetic circuits and signaling pathways that regulate various developmental programs and the defense responses of plants when faced with biotic and abiotic aggressions. Particular emphasis is placed on genetic evidence supporting the involvement of polyamines in specific processes, such as the pivotal role of thermospermine in regulating xylem cell differentiation and the significant contribution of polyamine metabolism in enhancing plant resilience to drought. Based on the numerous studies describing effects of the manipulation of plant polyamine levels, two conceptually different mechanisms for polyamine activity are discussed: direct participation of polyamines in translational regulation and the indirect production of hydrogen peroxide as a defensive mechanism against pathogens. By describing the multifaceted functions of polyamines, this review underscores the profound significance of these compounds in enabling plants to adapt and thrive in challenging environments.

本综述侧重于植物多胺与遗传回路和信号通路之间错综复杂的关系,这些回路和通路在植物面临生物和非生物侵袭时调控各种发育程序和防御反应。文章特别强调了支持多胺参与特定过程的遗传证据,例如热精胺在调节木质部细胞分化中的关键作用,以及多胺代谢在增强植物抗旱能力中的重要贡献。基于大量研究对操纵植物多胺水平的影响的描述,本文讨论了多胺活动的两种概念上不同的机制:多胺直接参与翻译调节和间接产生过氧化氢作为抵御病原体的防御机制。通过描述多胺的多方面功能,本综述强调了这些化合物在使植物适应并在具有挑战性的环境中茁壮成长方面的深远意义。植物生物学年刊》第 75 卷的最终在线出版日期预计为 2024 年 5 月。修订后的预计日期请参见 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Diving into the Water: Amphibious Plants as a Model for Investigating Plant Adaptations to Aquatic Environments. 潜入水中:两栖植物作为研究植物适应水生环境的模型。
IF 21.3 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-024919
Hiroyuki Koga, Shuka Ikematsu, Seisuke Kimura

Amphibious plants can grow and survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review explores the diverse adaptations that enable them to thrive in such contrasting habitats. Plants with amphibious lifestyles possess fascinating traits, and their phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in adaptations. Heterophylly, the ability to produce different leaf forms, is one such trait, with submerged leaves generally being longer, narrower, and thinner than aerial leaves. In addition to drastic changes in leaf contours, amphibious plants display significant anatomical and physiological changes, including a reduction in stomatal number and cuticle thickness and changes in photosynthesis mode. This review summarizes and compares the regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary origins of amphibious plants based on molecular biology studies actively conducted in recent years using novel model amphibious plant species. Studying amphibious plants will enhance our understanding of plant adaptations to aquatic environments.

两栖植物可以在水生和陆生环境中生长和生存。本综述探讨了使它们能够在这种截然不同的生境中茁壮成长的各种适应性。具有两栖生活方式的植物拥有迷人的特性,它们的表型可塑性在适应过程中发挥着重要作用。异叶性,即产生不同叶形的能力,就是这种特性之一,沉水叶通常比气生叶更长、更窄、更薄。除了叶片轮廓的剧烈变化外,水陆两栖植物在解剖学和生理学方面也表现出显著的变化,包括气孔数量和角质层厚度的减少以及光合作用模式的改变。本综述基于近年来利用新型模式两栖植物物种积极开展的分子生物学研究,总结和比较了两栖植物的调控机制和进化起源。研究两栖植物将加深我们对植物适应水生环境的理解。植物生物学年刊》第 75 卷的最终在线出版日期预计为 2024 年 5 月。修订后的预计日期请参见 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
LAFL Factors in Seed Development and Phase Transitions. 种子发育和阶段转换中的 LAFL 因素。
IF 23.9 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-111458
Sonia Gazzarrini, Liang Song
Development is a chain reaction in which one event leads to another until the completion of a life cycle. Phase transitions are milestone events in the cycle of life. LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and LEC2 proteins, collectively known as LAFL, are master transcription factors (TFs) regulating seed and other developmental processes. Since the initial characterization of the LAFL genes (44, 71, 98-100), more than three decades of active research has generated tremendous amounts of knowledge about these TFs, whose roles in seed development and germination have been comprehensively reviewed (63, 43, 65, 81). Recent advances in cell biology and genetic and genomic tools have allowed the characterization of the LAFL regulatory networks in previously challenging tissues at a higher throughput and resolution in reference species and crops. In this review, we provide a holistic perspective by integrating advances at the epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein levels to exemplify the spatiotemporal regulation of the LAFL networks in Arabidopsis seed development and phase transitions, and we briefly discuss the evolution of these TF networks.
发展是一个连锁反应,其中一个事件导致另一个事件,直至完成一个生命周期。阶段转换是生命周期中的里程碑事件。LEAFY COTYLEDON1(LEC1)、ABA INSENSITIVE3(ABI3)、FUSCA3(FUS3)和 LEC2 蛋白统称为 LAFL,是调节种子和其他发育过程的主转录因子(TFs)。自最初确定 LAFL 基因的特性(44、71、98-100)以来,三十多年的积极研究已产生了有关这些 TF 的大量知识,这些 TF 在种子发育和萌发中的作用已得到全面综述(63、43、65、81)。细胞生物学以及遗传和基因组学工具的最新进展使我们能够在参照物种和作物中以更高的通量和分辨率鉴定以前具有挑战性的组织中的 LAFL 调控网络。在本综述中,我们通过整合表观遗传、转录、转录后和蛋白质水平的研究进展,提供了一个整体视角,例证了拟南芥种子发育和阶段转换中 LAFL 网络的时空调控,并简要讨论了这些 TF 网络的演变。
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引用次数: 0
Conserving Evolutionary Potential: Combining Landscape Genomics with Established Methods to Inform Plant Conservation 保护进化潜力:将景观基因组学与现有方法相结合,为植物保护提供信息
IF 23.9 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-044239
Sally N. Aitken, Rebecca Jordan, Hayley R. Tumas
Biodiversity conservation requires conserving evolutionary potential—the capacity for wild populations to adapt. Understanding genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics is critical for informing conservation decisions that enhance adaptability and persistence under environmental change. We review how emerging landscape genomic methods provide plant conservation programs with insights into evolutionary dynamics, including local adaptation and its environmental drivers. Landscape genomic approaches that explore relationships between genomic variation and environments complement rather than replace established population genomic and common garden approaches for assessing adaptive phenotypic variation, population structure, gene flow, and demography. Collectively, these approaches inform conservation actions, including genetic rescue, maladaptation prediction, and assisted gene flow. The greatest on-the-ground impacts from such studies will be realized when conservation practitioners are actively engaged in research and monitoring. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics shaping the genetic diversity of wild plant populations will inform plant conservation decisions that enhance the adaptability and persistence of species in an uncertain future.
保护生物多样性需要保护进化潜力--野生种群的适应能力。了解遗传多样性和进化动态对于为保护决策提供信息、提高环境变化下的适应性和持久性至关重要。我们回顾了新兴的景观基因组学方法如何为植物保护计划提供有关进化动态的见解,包括当地适应性及其环境驱动因素。探索基因组变异与环境之间关系的景观基因组学方法可以补充而不是取代现有的种群基因组学和普通园林方法,以评估适应性表型变异、种群结构、基因流和人口统计。这些方法共同为保护行动提供信息,包括基因拯救、适应不良预测和辅助基因流。当保护工作者积极参与研究和监测时,这些研究将产生最大的实地影响。了解影响野生植物种群遗传多样性的进化动态将为植物保护决策提供信息,从而提高物种在不确定的未来的适应性和持久性。
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引用次数: 0
An RNA World. RNA世界。
IF 23.9 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070622-021021
David C Baulcombe

My research career started with an ambition to work out how genes are regulated in plants. I tried out various experimental systems-artichoke tissue culture in Edinburgh; soybean root nodules in Montreal; soybean hypocotyls in Athens, Georgia; and cereal aleurones in Cambridge-but eventually I discovered plant viruses. Viral satellite RNAs were my first interest, but I then explored transgenic and natural disease resistance and was led by curiosity into topics beyond virology, including RNA silencing, epigenetics, and more recently, genome evolution. On the way, I have learned about approaches to research, finding tractable systems, and taking academic research into the real world. I have always tried to consider the broader significance of our work, and my current projects address the definition of epigenetics, the arms race concept of disease resistance, and Darwin's abominable mystery.

我的研究生涯始于研究植物基因是如何调控的。我尝试了各种实验系统——在爱丁堡的洋蓟组织培养;蒙特利尔大豆根瘤;佐治亚州雅典的大豆下胚轴;和谷物糊粉,但最终我发现了植物病毒。病毒卫星RNA是我的第一个兴趣,但后来我探索了转基因和自然抗病,并被好奇心引导到病毒学以外的主题,包括RNA沉默,表观遗传学,以及最近的基因组进化。在此过程中,我学会了研究方法,找到可处理的系统,并将学术研究带入现实世界。我一直试图考虑我们工作的更广泛的意义,我目前的项目涉及表观遗传学的定义,抗病的军备竞赛概念,以及达尔文令人憎恶的奥秘。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Annual review of plant biology
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