Applied Organometallic Chemistry最新文献

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted considerable scholarly attention owing to their unique properties and extensive applicability across diverse domains. The exceptional characteristics of ILs present numerous avenues for the conception and progression of various avant-garde materials, including highly proficient catalysts. In recent years, a substantial body of research has been conducted on the synthesis and application of different categories of catalytic materials within chemical reactions. This has resulted in the topic becoming very captivating and worthy of study. This work presents a thorough examination of the process of producing catalytic materials by utilizing ILs as either the medium or functional components. Our primary focus is on thoroughly researched themes such as metal nanocatalysts/IL, functional IL/support, metals or metal oxides/IL/support, and polymeric ILs (PILs) catalysts. Moreover, we place particular emphasis on the efficiency of these catalytic systems.

In this study, we combined NiCl₂ and CuCl₂ with levofloxacin (LEV) in the presence of 2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (DPP) to generate two novel NiLEVDPP and CuLEVDPP mixed-ligand complexes. Evaluating their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties was the goal. Numerous analytical methods, such as elemental analysis, molar conductivity, electronic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis, were used to confirm the chelation process and determine the structures of these complexes. The findings demonstrated that the carbonyl and carboxylic oxygen atoms in LEV and the –C=N– nitrogen of DPP's pyridine and pyrazole rings facilitate coordination between LEV and the metal ions. The octahedral geometries of the Ni(II) (NiLEVDPP) and Cu(II) (CuLEVDPP) complexes were proposed and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, metrics including energy gaps, chemical hardness, softness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index were studied. Frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were also investigated. The synthesized compounds showed remarkable efficiency when tested in vitro against a variety of harmful bacteria and fungi for their antibacterial activities. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects were studied, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH test. The results showed that these novel complexes outperformed the free ligands in terms of antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking experiments further supported the in vitro results by demonstrating the strong binding affinity and activity of the Ni(II) (NiLEVDPP) and Cu(II) (CuLEVDPP) complexes towards the target receptors 1HNJ, 5IJT, and 5IKT.

The aim of this study is to prepare novel, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly composites for treating the pollutants in the wastewater. In this study, sodium phthalocyanine cobalt sulfonate (CoSPc) composite was synthesized using cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) and liquid sulfur trioxide as raw materials, and then the CoSPc was loaded on porous γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) through the ultrasonic impregnation method for the first time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms analysis were adopted to analyze the synthesized composite. Rhodamine B (RhB) as the model pollution was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the CoSPc/Al₂O₃ composite. The result showed that the CoSPc/Al₂O₃ composite exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation under potassium persulfate (PMS)-assisted and visible light illumination. Specifically, RhB was degraded by 95.5% within 12 min. Even after 3 cycles, it manages to degrade approximately 90% of RhB within 12 min. In addition, only a very small amount of PMS (0.01 mmol/L) can achieve the excellent photocatalytic effects. In conclusion, CoSPc/Al₂O₃ composite has great potential for industrial application in the elimination of organic dye pollutants in wastewater.

A new hybrid inorganic–organic probe, phenylphosphonothioic salicylic dihydrazone (PPSD), was designed, synthesized, and characterized as Schiff base via simple condensation reaction using two units of salicylaldehyde with phenylphosphonothioic dihydrazide (PPDH). In the colorimetric studies, PPSD in methanol medium responded as probe to detect cations iron (Fe²⁺) and zinc (Zn²⁺). During attempts to venture PPSD as probe with series of cations (Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Li⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Na⁺, Al³⁺, and Ce²⁺), detection of cations was observed specifically with Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ cations. Herein, the colorless probe medium was identified to turn into dark blue with Fe²⁺ cations, whereas Zn²⁺ cations showed fluorescent green under UV light. To validate these colorimetric detections, Fe²⁺ cations were studied by UV-vis and Zn²⁺ cations by photoluminescence. To validate the colorimetric detection of Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ cations, UV-vis absorbance analysis was performed for Fe²⁺ cations while Zn²⁺ cations found to be supported by photoluminescence data. Based on absorbance and fluorescence titration studies, the detection limits (limit of detection [LOD]) for Fe²⁺ (9.7789 × 10⁻⁵ M) and Zn²⁺ (9.6340 × 10⁻⁵ M) cations were established, respectively. The binding constants for Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ cations were determined to be 7.92 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ and 2.76 × 10⁸ M⁻¹, from the Benesi–Hildebrand (B-H) equation. Consequently, PPSD showed a photoluminescence quantum yield (ɸ = 0.038), which increased approximately 11-fold (ɸ = 0.417) due to its interaction with Zn²⁺ cations. FTIR, multinuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P), photoluminescence, UV-vis, NMR titration, HRSEM, EDS, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT studies were used to characterize structures, sensing abilities and binding studies of PPSD with Fe²⁺/Zn²⁺ cations.

In this study, N2,N4-Bis[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]pyrimidine-2,4,6-triamine ligand (DBPT) derived from 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde, and 2,4,6-triaminepyrimidine. Mn (II) (M1), Co (II) (M2), Ni (II) (M3), and Co (II) (M4) complexes of DBPT were also prepared together. Different analytical and spectroscopic methods including molar conductance, melting point determination, magnetic moment measurement, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, mass, EPR, and UV–Visible spectroscopic analyses were employed to characterize all synthesized compounds. Synthesized ligand and their complexes were tested against various microorganisms, B.subtilis, S.typhi bacterial, and A.flavus, M.phaseolina fungal strains to determine their potential as antimicrobial agents, using the well-diffusion method. Gentamycin and Amphotericin B were used as reference drugs. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using DPPH assay using ascorbic acid as a standard drug. Molecular docking was carried out using iGEMDOCK software. Theoretical calculations of density function theory (DFT) at the LANL2DZ level were performed using Gaussian 09 software. Furthermore, the Lipinski guideline and ADMET characteristics were also assessed using SwissADME, ProTox-II, PASS, and Molinspiration online software. The Cu (II) complex exhibited superior biological efficacy based on both in vitro and computer-based theoretical investigations.

Palladium complexes of the novel halogenated Schiff bases bearing chromone and antipyrine heterocyclic rings were conventionally synthesized. Their structural characterization was done by mass spectrometry, FT-IR, electronic, and ¹H-NMR spectral techniques. The metal complex stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 having a square planar geometry. The intercalative binding between CT-DNA and the novel palladium complexes was investigated by using absorption, emission spectroscopy, and viscometry. These complexes also revealed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Macrophomena species.

Ferrocenyl chalcone complex (Fc₂L) has been synthesized from the condensation of 3,4:10,11-dibenzo-1,13[N,N′-bis{(3-formyl-2-hydroxy-5-methyl)benzyl}]-5,9-dioxocyclohexa decane (the precursor compound) with acetyl ferrocene. The Co(II) and Cu(II) Complexes (CoFc₂L [1] and CuFc₂L [2]) were synthesized from the ferrocenyl chalcone (Fc₂L) with metal chloride salts and characterized by various physicochemical techniques (UV–Vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, ESI-MS, and TGA). The electrochemical studies exhibit a quasireversible reduction wave with E_pc near −1.02 V for Complex 1 and −0.95 V for Complex 2. TGA analysis proposed that Complexes 1 and 2 showed thermal stability. The calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) binding studies of the complexes were examined by spectral studies and electrochemical measurements. The absorption spectrum analyses demonstrated that Complexes 1 and 2 have intrinsic binding strengths of 7.5 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ and 9.18 × 10⁵ M⁻¹, respectively, and bind to CT-DNA via an intercalative binding mechanism. The pUC19 DNA cleavage studies of the complexes using gel electrophoresis assay were performed in the presence of MPA for Complex 1 and in the presence of Asc for Complex 2. After radiation exposure, the plasmid SC DNA in both complexes was completely cleaved into NC DNA and photo nick DNA via a singlet oxygen pathway. The antimicrobial activity of Complexes 1 and 2 exhibits better bacterial and fungal growth inhibition at the higher study concentration. The complexes' cytotoxicity was evaluated on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, exhibiting IC₅₀ values of 10, 50, and 5, 25 μg/mL under dark and light irradiation, respectively. The fluorescence microscopy analysis of cell morphology studies using AO/EB dual labeling, propidium iodide (PI) staining, and the Hoechst staining on MDA-MB-231 cancer cells revealed a significant increase in cell mortality during irradiation due to the photodynamic effect. The present study demonstrates that Complexes 1 and 2 without radiation in breast cancer cells stimulate intrinsically mediated apoptosis. In the meantime, radiation triggers Complexes 1 and 2 intrinsic- and extrinsic-mediated apoptosis pathways. The biotoxicity assay using Artemia nauplii was evaluated for Complexes 1 and 2 to identify its biocompatibility.

Cancer is a significant global public health concern, being the second leading cause of mortality, accounting for one in six cases worldwide. Researchers have employed various approaches in cancer treatment, with nanobiotechnology emerging as a standout technique for developing anticancer agents. This study assessed the anticancer activity of chitosan (CS)-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a combination of AuNPs–papain (Pap)–folic acid (FA) nanomaterial platforms against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. A range of methods, including ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and zeta potential, were used to characterize the prepared nanomaterials. AuNPs and AuNPs–Pap–FA exhibited UV–Vis absorption at 525 and 558 nm, respectively. In the XRD test, the AuNPs peaks were found at 32°, 39°, 45°, 65°, and 78.5°, and the AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA peaks were identified at 29, 37°, 45°, 65°, and 78.5°. SEM revealed irregularly dispensed oval shapes of AuNPs. TEM images confirmed the shape of the AuNPs before and after the coating with Pap and FA. The mean diameter of the AuNPs was 15 nm, and for the AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA, it was 22.5 nm. Acridine orange–ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, flow cytometry assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and in vitro hemolysis assays were conducted. The maximum scavenging activity was observed with AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA, reaching up to 90%. In the in vitro hemolytic rate test, AuNPs–Pap–FA at low concentrations (3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 μg mL⁻¹) was within the permissible levels. The AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA at a concentration of 100 μg mL⁻¹ reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells to 10% when compared to nontreated cells. The highest expression of caspase-8 was achieved after treating the cell line with AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA. The AuNPs–CS–Pap–FA nanopreparation exhibited remarkable in vitro activity and holds promise as a potential candidate for further development towards clinical applications as an anticancer agent.

In order to cure diabetes and atherosclerosis, we have investigated iron nanoparticles that were created using green chemistry principles and an extract from Trifolium repens leaves. Characterization of the green-synthesized iron nanoparticles was carried out using FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, UV–Vis, EDX, and TEM. The spherical form of the nanoparticles, which range in size from 20 to 50 nm, is confirmed by the results of morphological examinations. In the in vivo study, the iron nanoparticles were administered intragastrically in diabetic rats. The iron nanoparticles demonstrate the capability to lower the increased levels of GGT, ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes and blood glucose. The blood glucose levels of the untreated diabetic animals increased by almost 500% (p ≤ 0.05). When streptozotocin-diabetic rats were given iron nanoparticles at both dose levels, their fasting blood sugar levels were decreased (p ≤ 0.05), which was similar to what happened when glibenclamide was administered. Following treatment with iron nanoparticles, a marked decrease in the liver and its subcompartments' volume was observed. In another part of the in vivo design, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL were assessed in Wistar rats with hypercholesterolemic diet-induced atherosclerosis. The findings showed that the iron nanoparticles shielded the vessel wall against early atherosclerotic alterations. The sham group had increased vascular wall thickness and smooth muscle cell proliferation, but the groups treated with iron nanoparticles did not exhibit similar pathological alterations. This study highlights the anti-diabetic and anti-atherosclerotic properties of iron nanoparticles, suggesting their potential as a supplementary measure to prevent atherosclerosis and gestational diabetes mellitus while simultaneously providing benefits for liver protection.