Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.2017074
Roxana Ledesma, S. Bravo, C. Kunst, Antonio Elías, J. Godoy, Víctor Navarrete
Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the root distribution of grasses and shrubs, at different soil depths, in two ecological sites (ES): highland (forest) and lowland (grassland). The root density (RD) estimation was used as a proxy to test the two-layer hypothesis. Three trenches were dug in both ES and the number of roots m−2 was registered at different depth classes. The roots were classified in categories: (a) life forms (LF), grasses and shrubs and (b) root size (diameter): fine (<0.1 cm), small (0.11–0.5 cm); medium (0.51–1.5 cm) and large (>1.51 cm). Soil bulk density (Bd) was assessed by gravimetric method and its relation with RD was determined by regression analysis. RD was analyzed by using ANOVA with the factors: ES, LF, depth and root size. There were no significant differences in RD between the ES but RD significantly decreased with depth in both ES. In the upper horizons of the forest, there was higher shrubs RD (764 roots m2) than grass RD (128 roots m2) (p < 0.0001). In grassland, grass RD was registered in all the depths. Mean fine root density was greater than the mean of other root size categories. The relationship between RD and Bd was negative and only significant in the forest (p = 0.009). The distribution of roots of both LF in the soil profile of both ES did not respond completely to the two-layer hypothesis since in upper horizons an overlap was observed.
{"title":"Grass-shrub coexistence: understanding root distribution in ecological sites of the Semiarid Chaco, Argentina","authors":"Roxana Ledesma, S. Bravo, C. Kunst, Antonio Elías, J. Godoy, Víctor Navarrete","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.2017074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.2017074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the root distribution of grasses and shrubs, at different soil depths, in two ecological sites (ES): highland (forest) and lowland (grassland). The root density (RD) estimation was used as a proxy to test the two-layer hypothesis. Three trenches were dug in both ES and the number of roots m−2 was registered at different depth classes. The roots were classified in categories: (a) life forms (LF), grasses and shrubs and (b) root size (diameter): fine (<0.1 cm), small (0.11–0.5 cm); medium (0.51–1.5 cm) and large (>1.51 cm). Soil bulk density (Bd) was assessed by gravimetric method and its relation with RD was determined by regression analysis. RD was analyzed by using ANOVA with the factors: ES, LF, depth and root size. There were no significant differences in RD between the ES but RD significantly decreased with depth in both ES. In the upper horizons of the forest, there was higher shrubs RD (764 roots m2) than grass RD (128 roots m2) (p < 0.0001). In grassland, grass RD was registered in all the depths. Mean fine root density was greater than the mean of other root size categories. The relationship between RD and Bd was negative and only significant in the forest (p = 0.009). The distribution of roots of both LF in the soil profile of both ES did not respond completely to the two-layer hypothesis since in upper horizons an overlap was observed.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"51 1","pages":"331 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79108879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.2012728
Bhuwnesh Goswami, B. R. Gadi, S. Rao
Abstract Morphological and molecular markers are useful in genetic diversity assessment and improvement of plants. In the present study, five morphological traits, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for genetic diversity evaluation of Sewan grass (Lasiurus sindicus Henr.), a valuable endemic plant of Indian Thar desert. Accessions collected from 14 different sites were used for measuring morphological traits, namely plant height (PH), number of tillers (NT), number of nodes (NN), leaf length (LL) and spike length (SL) which showed large variations among populations; particularly PH, NT and LL. Ward’s linkage hierarchical cluster analysis exhibited two major clusters and Cluster I contained two minor clusters. The percentage polymorphic bands (PPB) produced were 89.64% and 64.51% for RAPD and SCoT respectively. RAPD markers based dendrogram revealed three clades while there was no clear clade formation with SCoT markers. Single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) analysis with combined data of RAPD + SCoT showed more similarity with SCoT than with RAPD clusters. AMOVA revealed higher variation within population (90%) than among populations (10%) of L. sindicus. The Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also supported this result. There was no correlation between morphological and molecular data confirming environmental impact on morphological variation. SCoT and SPAR markers have clearly identified a novel genotype (LS JS 3) which has high values of PH, NN and LL. This study suggests that morphological data combined with molecular data can alone help in the identification of novel genotypes of L. sindicus among its populations.
{"title":"Morphological and molecular markers based assessment of genetic diversity of a valuable endemic plant Lasiurus sindicus Henr. in the arid region of Rajasthan, India","authors":"Bhuwnesh Goswami, B. R. Gadi, S. Rao","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.2012728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.2012728","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morphological and molecular markers are useful in genetic diversity assessment and improvement of plants. In the present study, five morphological traits, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for genetic diversity evaluation of Sewan grass (Lasiurus sindicus Henr.), a valuable endemic plant of Indian Thar desert. Accessions collected from 14 different sites were used for measuring morphological traits, namely plant height (PH), number of tillers (NT), number of nodes (NN), leaf length (LL) and spike length (SL) which showed large variations among populations; particularly PH, NT and LL. Ward’s linkage hierarchical cluster analysis exhibited two major clusters and Cluster I contained two minor clusters. The percentage polymorphic bands (PPB) produced were 89.64% and 64.51% for RAPD and SCoT respectively. RAPD markers based dendrogram revealed three clades while there was no clear clade formation with SCoT markers. Single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) analysis with combined data of RAPD + SCoT showed more similarity with SCoT than with RAPD clusters. AMOVA revealed higher variation within population (90%) than among populations (10%) of L. sindicus. The Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also supported this result. There was no correlation between morphological and molecular data confirming environmental impact on morphological variation. SCoT and SPAR markers have clearly identified a novel genotype (LS JS 3) which has high values of PH, NN and LL. This study suggests that morphological data combined with molecular data can alone help in the identification of novel genotypes of L. sindicus among its populations.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"242 1","pages":"298 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75036815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.2007428
Fernando Ayala-Niño, Yolanda Maya-Delgado, E. Troyo-Diéguez, P. P. Garcillán
Abstract Soil respiration is a critical ecological process and is a hierarchical component of ecosystem respiration that regulates the global carbon cycle. But there is scarce knowledge on respiration dynamics in water-stressed ecosystems and the influence of biocrusts. Soil respiration-values varied from 0.099 to 0.828 µmol s−1 m−2 after extraordinary rains; after this period, recorded values were null or negative at the most (0.000 to −0.055 µmol s−1 m−2). Shrubland soil with and without biocrusts showed the highest net CO2 exchange values and in disturbed soil with and without biocrusts (0.067; 0.059; 0.048, and 0.023 µmol s−1 m−2). The results showed that shrubland soil with BSC absorbed more CO2 than the rest of the experimental variants. Accordingly, the observed low precipitation combined with high temperatures and evapotranspiration could not activate the BSC respiration process. Such an event seemed to occur under specific temperature and moisture conditions, anyhow related to extraordinary rain events to emit CO2 to the atmosphere. Reports of negative soil respiration values in drylands are very scarce, so we discuss the possible processes that could cause this phenomenon for our study area.
{"title":"Biocrust contribution to soil CO2 flux in desert shrubland ecosystem of northwest Mexico","authors":"Fernando Ayala-Niño, Yolanda Maya-Delgado, E. Troyo-Diéguez, P. P. Garcillán","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.2007428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.2007428","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil respiration is a critical ecological process and is a hierarchical component of ecosystem respiration that regulates the global carbon cycle. But there is scarce knowledge on respiration dynamics in water-stressed ecosystems and the influence of biocrusts. Soil respiration-values varied from 0.099 to 0.828 µmol s−1 m−2 after extraordinary rains; after this period, recorded values were null or negative at the most (0.000 to −0.055 µmol s−1 m−2). Shrubland soil with and without biocrusts showed the highest net CO2 exchange values and in disturbed soil with and without biocrusts (0.067; 0.059; 0.048, and 0.023 µmol s−1 m−2). The results showed that shrubland soil with BSC absorbed more CO2 than the rest of the experimental variants. Accordingly, the observed low precipitation combined with high temperatures and evapotranspiration could not activate the BSC respiration process. Such an event seemed to occur under specific temperature and moisture conditions, anyhow related to extraordinary rain events to emit CO2 to the atmosphere. Reports of negative soil respiration values in drylands are very scarce, so we discuss the possible processes that could cause this phenomenon for our study area.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"35 1","pages":"314 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72939863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1994482
Petterson Costa Conceiç, A. Silvaa, A. D. A. Netob, H. R. Gheyia, R. F. Ribasc, C. R. R. Silvad
Abstract Salinity commonly affects photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. However, some studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide seed priming can increase the tolerance of plants to salt stress. In this context, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the H2O2 seed priming can improve photosynthetic efficiency in sunflower plants under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. Six treatments were tested: control (deionized water); salt control (100 mM NaCl); 0.1 mM H2O2 (36 h) + 100 mM NaCl; 1 mM H2O2 (24 h) + 100 mM NaCl; 10 mM H2O2 (12 h) + 100 mM NaCl; and 100 mM H2O2 (12 h) + 100 mM NaCl. Compared to the control treatment, leaf, stem and root dry mass of stressed plants showed 73, 76, and 71% reduction, respectively. However, this effect was less pronounced in plants whose seeds were primed with H2O2. After five weeks, H2O2 seed priming increased the CO2 assimilation rate by 26%, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency by 38%, potential quantum yield and quantum yield of photochemical quenching of photosystems II by 22%, electron rate transport by 43%, and the chlorophyll b content by 71%. In addition, it reduced the non-photochemical quenching parameters by 22% compared to plants under salt control treatment.
盐度通常影响全球的光合作用和作物生产。然而，一些研究表明，过氧化氢种子激发可以提高植物对盐胁迫的耐受性。在此背景下，本研究旨在验证H2O2种子激发可以提高盐胁迫下向日葵植株光合效率的假设。试验采用完全随机设计，共设4个重复。试验了六种处理:对照(去离子水);盐控制(100 mM NaCl);0.1 mM H2O2 (36 h) + 100 mM NaCl;1 mM H2O2 (24 h) + 100 mM NaCl;10mm H2O2 (12h) + 100mm NaCl;100mm H2O2 (12h) + 100mm NaCl。与对照处理相比，胁迫植株叶片、茎和根的干质量分别降低了73%、76%和71%。然而，在种子被H2O2激发的植物中，这种效果不那么明显。5周后，H2O2种子注入使CO2同化率提高了26%，瞬时羧化效率提高了38%，光系统II的潜在量子产率和光化学猝灭量子产率提高了22%，电子速率传递提高了43%，叶绿素b含量提高了71%。此外，与盐控处理相比，其非光化学淬火参数降低了22%。
{"title":"Seed priming with H2O2 improves photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production in sunflower plants under salt stress","authors":"Petterson Costa Conceiç, A. Silvaa, A. D. A. Netob, H. R. Gheyia, R. F. Ribasc, C. R. R. Silvad","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.1994482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.1994482","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Salinity commonly affects photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. However, some studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide seed priming can increase the tolerance of plants to salt stress. In this context, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the H2O2 seed priming can improve photosynthetic efficiency in sunflower plants under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. Six treatments were tested: control (deionized water); salt control (100 mM NaCl); 0.1 mM H2O2 (36 h) + 100 mM NaCl; 1 mM H2O2 (24 h) + 100 mM NaCl; 10 mM H2O2 (12 h) + 100 mM NaCl; and 100 mM H2O2 (12 h) + 100 mM NaCl. Compared to the control treatment, leaf, stem and root dry mass of stressed plants showed 73, 76, and 71% reduction, respectively. However, this effect was less pronounced in plants whose seeds were primed with H2O2. After five weeks, H2O2 seed priming increased the CO2 assimilation rate by 26%, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency by 38%, potential quantum yield and quantum yield of photochemical quenching of photosystems II by 22%, electron rate transport by 43%, and the chlorophyll b content by 71%. In addition, it reduced the non-photochemical quenching parameters by 22% compared to plants under salt control treatment.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"146 1","pages":"283 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85292663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1981488
Lu Zhang, F. Yang, Zhichun Wang, T. Tóth, F. An, Jianbo Liu, Zhaoyang Nie
Abstract The amelioration of saline-sodic soil and the rational utilization of irrigation water resources are important environmental problems worldwide, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. In order to study the water-salt dynamics and reclamation effects of CaCl2-amended brackish ice on saline-sodic soils, we conducted a laboratory experiment to study the salinity fractionation of brackish ice and the amelioration effects in different saline-sodic soils (ESP 20, 40, and 70) under four salinity levels (1, 1.6, 2.2, and 2.8 g/L) of brackish ice. Based on the analysis of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), alkalinity, infiltration depth, and ionome, the results showed that the pH, SAR, and alkalinity of ESP 20 soil with a higher salinity (2.2 g/L, Na/Ca ≤ 1.14) of brackish ice could be improved. However, for high ESP soils (ESP 40 and 70), there was no significant difference among brackish ice treatments of 1, 1.6, 2.2, and 2.8 g/L, the 0–12 cm soil layer could be desalted, but more salts accumulated at the lower layer of the soil profile. We further determined an optimal brackish ice concentration to improve different ESP soils: 2.2 g/L brackish ice for ESP 20 soil, 1.6 g/L for ESP 40 soil, and 1 g/L for ESP 70 soil. CaCl2-amended brackish ice can be used to ameliorate saline-sodic soil, this study provides invaluable supporting information on saline-sodic soil reclamation by optimizing brackish ice salinity and sodicity.
{"title":"Salinity fractionation of saline-sodic soils reclaimed by CaCl2-amended brackish ice","authors":"Lu Zhang, F. Yang, Zhichun Wang, T. Tóth, F. An, Jianbo Liu, Zhaoyang Nie","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.1981488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.1981488","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The amelioration of saline-sodic soil and the rational utilization of irrigation water resources are important environmental problems worldwide, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. In order to study the water-salt dynamics and reclamation effects of CaCl2-amended brackish ice on saline-sodic soils, we conducted a laboratory experiment to study the salinity fractionation of brackish ice and the amelioration effects in different saline-sodic soils (ESP 20, 40, and 70) under four salinity levels (1, 1.6, 2.2, and 2.8 g/L) of brackish ice. Based on the analysis of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), alkalinity, infiltration depth, and ionome, the results showed that the pH, SAR, and alkalinity of ESP 20 soil with a higher salinity (2.2 g/L, Na/Ca ≤ 1.14) of brackish ice could be improved. However, for high ESP soils (ESP 40 and 70), there was no significant difference among brackish ice treatments of 1, 1.6, 2.2, and 2.8 g/L, the 0–12 cm soil layer could be desalted, but more salts accumulated at the lower layer of the soil profile. We further determined an optimal brackish ice concentration to improve different ESP soils: 2.2 g/L brackish ice for ESP 20 soil, 1.6 g/L for ESP 40 soil, and 1 g/L for ESP 70 soil. CaCl2-amended brackish ice can be used to ameliorate saline-sodic soil, this study provides invaluable supporting information on saline-sodic soil reclamation by optimizing brackish ice salinity and sodicity.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"35 1","pages":"145 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75793389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1981489
T. Tóth
The book was edited by H. Scott Butterfield, T. Rodd Kelsey and Abigail K. Hardt. It was published by Island Press, Washington, DC in April 2021. Library of Congress Control Number is 2020942999, I...
{"title":"Rewilding agricultural landscapes. A California study in rebalancing the needs of people and nature","authors":"T. Tóth","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.1981489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.1981489","url":null,"abstract":"The book was edited by H. Scott Butterfield, T. Rodd Kelsey and Abigail K. Hardt. It was published by Island Press, Washington, DC in April 2021. Library of Congress Control Number is 2020942999, I...","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"243 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83046541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1965674
H. Al Majou, F. Muller, P. Penhoud, A. Bruand
Abstract Studies on clayey soils developed in temperate areas have shown that their water retention properties are related to both the clay content and the specific pore volume of the clay, the latter being related to the hydric history of the soil, that is to the drying/wetting cycles. Our objective was to discuss the validity of these results for clayey soils developed in semi-arid areas. Samples were collected in soils located in Syria. Physico-chemical properties were determined. Water content was measured at field capacity and for water potentials ranging from −10 to −15,000 hPa. X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on the clay fraction to identify the clay. Results showed that the clays have both a high cation exchange capacity (0.707–0.891 mmol+ g−1 of clay) and a high external specific surface area (112 and 178 m2 g−1 of clay). These values are consistent with the X-ray diffraction results which showed the presence of a high proportion of smectite in most horizons and secondarily of varying proportions of illite and chlorite; kaolinite, while present, was not abundant. Results also showed that the amount of water retained by the clay according to the water potential was closely related to the specific pore volume of the clay at field capacity. Regression equations established by using both the data published earlier and those of this study enabled us to predict the water retention properties of clayey soils for a larger range of clay mineralogy and climatic environments including semi-arid environments than previously discussed in the literature.
{"title":"Prediction of water retention properties of Syrian clayey soils","authors":"H. Al Majou, F. Muller, P. Penhoud, A. Bruand","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.1965674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.1965674","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Studies on clayey soils developed in temperate areas have shown that their water retention properties are related to both the clay content and the specific pore volume of the clay, the latter being related to the hydric history of the soil, that is to the drying/wetting cycles. Our objective was to discuss the validity of these results for clayey soils developed in semi-arid areas. Samples were collected in soils located in Syria. Physico-chemical properties were determined. Water content was measured at field capacity and for water potentials ranging from −10 to −15,000 hPa. X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on the clay fraction to identify the clay. Results showed that the clays have both a high cation exchange capacity (0.707–0.891 mmol+ g−1 of clay) and a high external specific surface area (112 and 178 m2 g−1 of clay). These values are consistent with the X-ray diffraction results which showed the presence of a high proportion of smectite in most horizons and secondarily of varying proportions of illite and chlorite; kaolinite, while present, was not abundant. Results also showed that the amount of water retained by the clay according to the water potential was closely related to the specific pore volume of the clay at field capacity. Regression equations established by using both the data published earlier and those of this study enabled us to predict the water retention properties of clayey soils for a larger range of clay mineralogy and climatic environments including semi-arid environments than previously discussed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"43 1","pages":"125 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89632924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1961922
Ummar Iqbal, M. Hameed, F. Ahmad, M. S. Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf
Abstract Fifteen populations of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (milkweed) were collected from ecologically different regions of Punjab to evaluate anatomical traits that contribute to the ecological success of this plant in heterogeneous environmental regimes. Structural features relating to stems and leaves showed phenotypic variation. Xeromorphy was high in the desert population possessing thick cuticle and surface hairiness, enhanced xylem vessels, phloem area and deposition of storage parenchymatous tissues (cortex and pith) in the stem and leaves. The population from salt-affected areas showed increased inner phloem area and pubescence in stems, whereas lamina thickness and xylem vessels were greatly enlarged in leaves. The population from mountainous ranges showed the maximum stem area, outer phloem area, cuticle thickness and epidermal cell area. The population along riverbanks showed some prominent features like enlarged bundles of sclerenchyma fibers, and enhanced midrib thickness, cuticle thickness and inner phloem area. The population from the artificial forest plantation had a prominent layer of collenchyma developed under the epidermis, thick lamina and widened xylem vessels. The population from roadsides possessed thick cuticles and enlarged xylem vessels in leaves; in addition, a great proportion of trichomes/hairiness was found on the stem surface. Leaf succulence was the prominent feature of the population adapted to desert and dry mountains. All of these features possibly contribute to C. procera adaptability in a variety of habitats, i.e., desert and semi-desert, salt-affected areas, dry mountains, river/canal banks, roadside and forest plantations, and others.
{"title":"Adaptive strategies for ecological fitness in Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton","authors":"Ummar Iqbal, M. Hameed, F. Ahmad, M. S. Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2021.1961922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2021.1961922","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fifteen populations of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (milkweed) were collected from ecologically different regions of Punjab to evaluate anatomical traits that contribute to the ecological success of this plant in heterogeneous environmental regimes. Structural features relating to stems and leaves showed phenotypic variation. Xeromorphy was high in the desert population possessing thick cuticle and surface hairiness, enhanced xylem vessels, phloem area and deposition of storage parenchymatous tissues (cortex and pith) in the stem and leaves. The population from salt-affected areas showed increased inner phloem area and pubescence in stems, whereas lamina thickness and xylem vessels were greatly enlarged in leaves. The population from mountainous ranges showed the maximum stem area, outer phloem area, cuticle thickness and epidermal cell area. The population along riverbanks showed some prominent features like enlarged bundles of sclerenchyma fibers, and enhanced midrib thickness, cuticle thickness and inner phloem area. The population from the artificial forest plantation had a prominent layer of collenchyma developed under the epidermis, thick lamina and widened xylem vessels. The population from roadsides possessed thick cuticles and enlarged xylem vessels in leaves; in addition, a great proportion of trichomes/hairiness was found on the stem surface. Leaf succulence was the prominent feature of the population adapted to desert and dry mountains. All of these features possibly contribute to C. procera adaptability in a variety of habitats, i.e., desert and semi-desert, salt-affected areas, dry mountains, river/canal banks, roadside and forest plantations, and others.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"6 1","pages":"197 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88326712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1953634
Shri K. Garg, R. K. Joshi, S. Garkoti
Abstract Herbaceous vegetation is of great ecological importance and responds quickly to environmental changes. The present study was aimed to understand the variation in herbaceous species composition, biomass and soil physico-chemical properties in the naturally formed gap and the understory of semi-arid forests in the Aravalli hills. Four permanent plots consisting of the gap as well as the understory were established. To study herbs phytosociological attributes and biomass, 10 quadrats of 0.5 × 0.5 m size were laid in each plot. For soil physico-chemical properties, 5 soil samples were collected randomly at 0–10 cm depth from each plot. Relationships among biodiversity indices, herbaceous biomass and soil physico-chemical properties were determined using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and correlation analysis. Across the sites, Poaceae was the dominant family. All species showed a contagious distribution pattern. In the understory, Importance Value Index (IVI) was the recorded highest for Oplismenus burmannii, ranging from 138 to 230.5 while in the gap, it was the highest for Achyranthes aspera (56.15) followed by Eragrostis ciliaris (53.1). Both sites included, herbaceous community biomass in the gap ranging from 700 to 900 g m−2 while in the understory it ranged from 30 to 70 g m−2. Cenchrus ciliaris (597.97 g m−2) and Chrysopogon sp. (391.2 g m−2) contributed a major proportion of herbaceous community biomass in the gap. Oplismenus burmannii (52.2 g m−2), Dipteracanthus prostratus (16.6 g m−2) and Cynodon dactylon (9.6 g m−2) contributed a major proportion of herbaceous community biomass in the understory. The understory soil had significantly (p < 0.05) higher soil moisture (%), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) compared to the gap. Even though canopy had positive effects on soil physico-chemical properties, it has negatively influenced herbaceous species composition, diversity and biomass, due to significant reduction in solar radiation reaching the ground.
草本植被具有重要的生态意义，对环境变化反应迅速。本研究旨在了解阿拉瓦利丘陵半干旱森林自然形成的林隙和林下植被中草本物种组成、生物量和土壤理化性质的变化。建立了由林隙和林下植被组成的四个永久性地块。为了研究草本植物的植物社会学属性和生物量，在每个样地设置10个0.5 × 0.5 m大小的样方。在土壤理化性质方面，每个样地在0 ~ 10 cm深度随机采集5个土壤样品。利用冗余分析(RDA)和相关分析确定了生物多样性指数、草本生物量和土壤理化性质之间的关系。在所有地点，禾本科是优势科。所有物种均呈传染分布模式。林下重要值指数(IVI)最高的是牛膝草(avyranthes aspera)(56.15)，次之为毛毛草(Eragrostis ciliaris)(53.1)。两个样地的林隙草本群落生物量在700 ~ 900 g m−2之间，林下群落生物量在30 ~ 70 g m−2之间。林隙中草本群落生物量占比最大的是金缕草(597.97 g m−2)和金缕草(391.2 g m−2)。林下草本群落生物量主要由三种草本植物组成，分别为:奥氏藓(52.2 g m−2)、双翅棘(16.6 g m−2)和长爪蟹(9.6 g m−2)。林下土壤含水量(%)、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤全氮(TN)显著高于林下土壤(p < 0.05)。尽管冠层对土壤理化性质有积极影响，但由于到达地面的太阳辐射显著减少，冠层对草本物种组成、多样性和生物量有负面影响。
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Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2021.1959464
A. S. Dias, G. S. Lima, H. Gheyi, A. S. Melo, P. C. C. Silva, L. A. A. Soares, F. J. S. Paiva, S. S. D. Silva
Abstract Salt stress is abiotic stress that directly affects the gas exchange and redox metabolism of the plants. However, some studies claim that the combination of potassium-phosphorus fertilization may increase salt tolerance in plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and the antioxidant enzyme activity responses to combined potassium-phosphorus fertilization in the tissues of West Indian cherry during the fructification phase, 240 days after application of treatments (DAT) in the second year of brackish water irrigation production. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity – (ECw equal to 0.6 – control, 1.4; 2.2; 3.0 or 3.8 dS m−1) and four potassium-phosphorus fertilization combinations, 200/120; 170/102; 120/72 or 90/54 g K2O/P2O5 plant−1 per year, with three replicates. Irrigation water salinity impaired the gas exchange, showing a reduction of 47.94, 47.21, and 43.92% in the stomatal conductance, transpiration, and CO2 assimilation, respectively. In contrast, it increased the antioxidant metabolism, mainly the catalase enzyme activity (+ 67.7%). The average weight of fruits was increased by 85% in the combination of 90/54 under 1.4 dS m−1. Although the average number of fruits, in same combination (90/54) was 37% lower compared to high salinities. The threshold water salinity (1.12 dS m−1) indicates that West Indian cherry is a salt sensitive crop.
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