Pub Date : 2000-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415801
M. Tamanoi
Abstract This article focuses on the narrative of Aizawa Yoshi, a former teacher at the Harbin Higher School for Japanese Women during the Manchukuo era (1932-45). In 1940, Yoshi lost twenty-two of her students and colleagues to a typhoid epidemic that spread throughout the city of Harbin. Today, she believes that they were the victims of Japanese biological warfare. However, as a Japanese civilian, she finds it extremely difficult to express her belief in public. How can we hear the voices of civilians victimized at the hands of their own military? This article attempts to answer this question by untangling the complex relationship between Yoshi's narrative and the larger discourse of war responsibility in contemporary Japan.
{"title":"War responsibility and Japanese civilian victims of Japanese biological warfare in China","authors":"M. Tamanoi","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415801","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article focuses on the narrative of Aizawa Yoshi, a former teacher at the Harbin Higher School for Japanese Women during the Manchukuo era (1932-45). In 1940, Yoshi lost twenty-two of her students and colleagues to a typhoid epidemic that spread throughout the city of Harbin. Today, she believes that they were the victims of Japanese biological warfare. However, as a Japanese civilian, she finds it extremely difficult to express her belief in public. How can we hear the voices of civilians victimized at the hands of their own military? This article attempts to answer this question by untangling the complex relationship between Yoshi's narrative and the larger discourse of war responsibility in contemporary Japan.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"32 1","pages":"13 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59813282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415802
M. Roberts
Abstract Beginning with its wrongful engagement in China's civil war in 1945 and ending in 1991 with the civil war in Cambodia, for which it bears considerable responsibility, the U.S. government waged war in Asia—sometimes unilaterally and unlawfully (without Congressional consent), sometimes in concert with the United Nations or other allies. This article charts the development of U.S. involvement in Asia by moving backward in time, from present effects to past causes. The author argues that U.S. involvement in all three nations of Indo-China was at all times subordinate to the primary problem of U.S. relations with China. Therefore, to contextualize and illustrate events in Indo-China, the author addresses the changing pattern in U.S.-China relations by focusing on these questions: (1) How did China factor into U.S. policy toward Cambodia during and after the Vietnam War? (2) How did the United States and China, after two decades of enmity, become “friends” in the early 1970s, and how does this policy change relate to the Vietnam War? (3) How did the United States and China, allies against Japan in World War II, become “enemies” after World War II, and how was this change part of a broader pattern of colonial restoration in Asia? (4) How did U.S. favor in Asia shift from Japan to China beginning in late 1938 and how did this switch set the stage for the future (post-World War II) entanglements of U.S. policy in Asian affairs?
{"title":"Bad karma in Asia","authors":"M. Roberts","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415802","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Beginning with its wrongful engagement in China's civil war in 1945 and ending in 1991 with the civil war in Cambodia, for which it bears considerable responsibility, the U.S. government waged war in Asia—sometimes unilaterally and unlawfully (without Congressional consent), sometimes in concert with the United Nations or other allies. This article charts the development of U.S. involvement in Asia by moving backward in time, from present effects to past causes. The author argues that U.S. involvement in all three nations of Indo-China was at all times subordinate to the primary problem of U.S. relations with China. Therefore, to contextualize and illustrate events in Indo-China, the author addresses the changing pattern in U.S.-China relations by focusing on these questions: (1) How did China factor into U.S. policy toward Cambodia during and after the Vietnam War? (2) How did the United States and China, after two decades of enmity, become “friends” in the early 1970s, and how does this policy change relate to the Vietnam War? (3) How did the United States and China, allies against Japan in World War II, become “enemies” after World War II, and how was this change part of a broader pattern of colonial restoration in Asia? (4) How did U.S. favor in Asia shift from Japan to China beginning in late 1938 and how did this switch set the stage for the future (post-World War II) entanglements of U.S. policy in Asian affairs?","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"37 1","pages":"23 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59813340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415803
H. P. Sharma
Abstract Still photography, by definition, stills the piece of reality it captures in a split second. Plucks away a slice and freezes it. But it is a slice from a universe in which nothing is naturally still, frozen, stationary or quiescent; nor random and unconnected. The “still” photograph is thus more than a slice, more than a split second. Contained in it are elements of the universe of which it is a part. Suspended in it is the flow of history. The words I write, which often read like “poems,” are meant to establish the link between the particularized elements and the ever-dynamic larger universe. The sociologist in me has helped me to see the connection. The view-finder in my camera, I may say, is a sociologized one.
{"title":"Suspended in time and space: Slices of life","authors":"H. P. Sharma","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415803","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Still photography, by definition, stills the piece of reality it captures in a split second. Plucks away a slice and freezes it. But it is a slice from a universe in which nothing is naturally still, frozen, stationary or quiescent; nor random and unconnected. The “still” photograph is thus more than a slice, more than a split second. Contained in it are elements of the universe of which it is a part. Suspended in it is the flow of history. The words I write, which often read like “poems,” are meant to establish the link between the particularized elements and the ever-dynamic larger universe. The sociologist in me has helped me to see the connection. The view-finder in my camera, I may say, is a sociologized one.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"93 1","pages":"33 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59813401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415804
M. Roberts, Chalmers A. Johnson, J. Peck, B. Cumings
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Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415807
R. Franke
Abstract From 23 to 28 May 2000, 2,762 academics, officials, and activists participated in the International Conference on Democratic Decentralization, held in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The conference was organized by the Kerala State Planning Board as part of an attempt to evaluate the experience of four years of the People's Campaign for the Ninth Plan, Kerala's extensive experiment in local democracy and decentralized planning as mechanisms for development. The large number and range of participants made the conference much more than a local evaluation, as India-wide and international comparisons were supplemented by extensive theoretical discussions, particularly in the academic portion of the conference. While most participants came from Kerala, several attended from other Indian states and more than thirty foreign participants came from the United States, Canada, Mexico, Haiti, Brazil, Sri Lanka, England, and Sweden. The Cuban and Vietnamese ambassadors to India attended the entire conference and made comments about their nations' decentralization policies at the final plenary session.
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Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415805
Suh Sung
Abstract The following are excerpts from the Foreword and the opening chapter of a powerful memoir written by Suh Sung, a former political prisoner in South Korea. In these passages Suh Sung discusses details of his arrest, torture, and imprisonment; describes his desperate attempt at self-immolation; and comments on an uprising by South Korean troops in Seoul, the “nightmare” in Vietnam, and prospects for North-South reunification.
{"title":"Nineteen years in South Korea's Gulag","authors":"Suh Sung","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415805","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following are excerpts from the Foreword and the opening chapter of a powerful memoir written by Suh Sung, a former political prisoner in South Korea. In these passages Suh Sung discusses details of his arrest, torture, and imprisonment; describes his desperate attempt at self-immolation; and comments on an uprising by South Korean troops in Seoul, the “nightmare” in Vietnam, and prospects for North-South reunification.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"32 1","pages":"47 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59813319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415774
Geoffrey C. Gunn
Abstract As recent history reveals, the Timorese have not easily acquiesced to dominance by outsiders, now or in the past. This article sets down the broad contours of that past, investigates how that past has been reclaimed, and offers a reflection on the style of the Timorese resistance or war, loosely labeled funu in Timor's Tetum language. By setting down the boundary dividing colonial spheres of influence on Timor, the two concerned colonial powers, Holland and Portugal, unleashed a terrible hubris. This article argues that Timor under the Portuguese stood out in the Southeast Asian context, not so much in the level of violence used to neutralize rebellion, as in the longevity of rebellion, and even the inter-generational character of its rebellions down to modern times. From a Westernizing perspective, or at least a perspective that engages the colonial incorporation of Timor as a dependent tributary within a broader modern world-system, this article describes several discrete stages in Timorese history, albeit within a 500-year framework. But, it also asks, can the 500-year history thesis as defended by Wallerstein be sustained against the argument developed by Frank and Gills that much of the periphery was home to world-systems of its own long before the Columbian revolution, stretching back at least 5,000 years? Attempts to reclaim this history, this article shows, have been, and are bound to be, crucial to the making of an East Timorese identity.
{"title":"The 500-year Timorese Funu","authors":"Geoffrey C. Gunn","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415774","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As recent history reveals, the Timorese have not easily acquiesced to dominance by outsiders, now or in the past. This article sets down the broad contours of that past, investigates how that past has been reclaimed, and offers a reflection on the style of the Timorese resistance or war, loosely labeled funu in Timor's Tetum language. By setting down the boundary dividing colonial spheres of influence on Timor, the two concerned colonial powers, Holland and Portugal, unleashed a terrible hubris. This article argues that Timor under the Portuguese stood out in the Southeast Asian context, not so much in the level of violence used to neutralize rebellion, as in the longevity of rebellion, and even the inter-generational character of its rebellions down to modern times. From a Westernizing perspective, or at least a perspective that engages the colonial incorporation of Timor as a dependent tributary within a broader modern world-system, this article describes several discrete stages in Timorese history, albeit within a 500-year framework. But, it also asks, can the 500-year history thesis as defended by Wallerstein be sustained against the argument developed by Frank and Gills that much of the periphery was home to world-systems of its own long before the Columbian revolution, stretching back at least 5,000 years? Attempts to reclaim this history, this article shows, have been, and are bound to be, crucial to the making of an East Timorese identity.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"32 1","pages":"10 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59811319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415784
Noam Chomsky
Abstract East Timor's independence came at a frightful human cost, a cost that was almost totally avoidable. Moral responsibility for this tragedy is shared by the governments of leading countries, especially the United States, which for a quarter of a century armed and trained the Indonesian military and provided Jakarta with economic and diplomatic support, amid constant denials and evasions. In fact, U.S. support for murderous Indonesian policies began well before 1975, and the evasions continue today.
{"title":"The United States, East Timor, and intervention","authors":"Noam Chomsky","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415784","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract East Timor's independence came at a frightful human cost, a cost that was almost totally avoidable. Moral responsibility for this tragedy is shared by the governments of leading countries, especially the United States, which for a quarter of a century armed and trained the Indonesian military and provided Jakarta with economic and diplomatic support, amid constant denials and evasions. In fact, U.S. support for murderous Indonesian policies began well before 1975, and the evasions continue today.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"32 1","pages":"55 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59811809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415773
S. Shalom, M. Selden, R. Tanter
Abstract Why has the Bulletin chosen to publish a special issue on East Timor? There are, in fact, many good reasons for doing so.
《公报》为什么选择出版关于东帝汶的特刊?事实上，这样做有很多很好的理由。
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Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/14672715.2000.10415786
Wade L. Huntley, P. Hayes
Abstract The recent crisis in East Timor highlights the inadequacy of existing Asia-Pacific security arrangements to cope with regional crises, and the increasing importance of the relationship of international security and human rights in the post-cold war world. The role of the United States in the crisis was complicated by the legacy of its past support for Indonesian repression in East Timor. However, the inability of other states in the region to act in concert to influence the disposition of the crisis ceded leadership to the United States and Australia. This result imposed costs on all the relevant actors and set back the prospects for developing regional security mechanisms capable of reacting quickly and effectively to such crises in the future. At the same time, the crisis demonstrated the growing role of civil society and communication technologies in international politics, which is increasingly forcing capable powers to cope with the humanitarian imperatives as well as the security concerns that such crises raise. This emerging role suggests that similar crises are likely to arise with increasing frequency. Thus, the need has never been greater for mechanisms enabling both states and non-state parties to cooperatively and rapidly meet the intertwined humanitarian and security challenges such crises pose.
{"title":"East Timor and Asian security","authors":"Wade L. Huntley, P. Hayes","doi":"10.1080/14672715.2000.10415786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415786","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The recent crisis in East Timor highlights the inadequacy of existing Asia-Pacific security arrangements to cope with regional crises, and the increasing importance of the relationship of international security and human rights in the post-cold war world. The role of the United States in the crisis was complicated by the legacy of its past support for Indonesian repression in East Timor. However, the inability of other states in the region to act in concert to influence the disposition of the crisis ceded leadership to the United States and Australia. This result imposed costs on all the relevant actors and set back the prospects for developing regional security mechanisms capable of reacting quickly and effectively to such crises in the future. At the same time, the crisis demonstrated the growing role of civil society and communication technologies in international politics, which is increasingly forcing capable powers to cope with the humanitarian imperatives as well as the security concerns that such crises raise. This emerging role suggests that similar crises are likely to arise with increasing frequency. Thus, the need has never been greater for mechanisms enabling both states and non-state parties to cooperatively and rapidly meet the intertwined humanitarian and security challenges such crises pose.","PeriodicalId":84339,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars","volume":"32 1","pages":"67 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14672715.2000.10415786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59812036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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