Pub Date : 2008-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400401
G. Xiaoxian
“Women and development,” which began in the mid-1970s with the efforts of feminist activists and the call for practice, has become a new discipline combining theory and practice. Dedicated to promoting women’s participation in development and improving women’s conditions and status, it is having a growing impact on international development. In China, with the rise of women’s studies and increases in the number of internationally supported projects, and in particular, with the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, women and development can now be considered very much in vogue. There are growing numbers of related seminars, training classes, symposiums and projects—a gratifying change. This article endeavors to analyze and reassess the practice of women and development in recent years in order to promote the indigenization of its theory and practice.
{"title":"Women and Development in China: An Analysis and Reappraisal of Practice","authors":"G. Xiaoxian","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400401","url":null,"abstract":"“Women and development,” which began in the mid-1970s with the efforts of feminist activists and the call for practice, has become a new discipline combining theory and practice. Dedicated to promoting women’s participation in development and improving women’s conditions and status, it is having a growing impact on international development. In China, with the rise of women’s studies and increases in the number of internationally supported projects, and in particular, with the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, women and development can now be considered very much in vogue. There are growing numbers of related seminars, training classes, symposiums and projects—a gratifying change. This article endeavors to analyze and reassess the practice of women and development in recent years in order to promote the indigenization of its theory and practice.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"126 1","pages":"13 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75818262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400400
T. Jacka
Since the mid-1990s, gender activists and organizations have been at the forefront of a burgeoning civil society in China. With funding from overseas agencies, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Ford Foundation, Oxfam Hong Kong, members of the All China Women’s Federation (a “mass organization” affiliated with the Chinese state, which is responsible for protecting women’s interests; henceforth “Women’s Federation”) and those of newly established women’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as well as individual scholars and activists, have made major contributions to social development, gender equality, and the improvement of the situation of Chinese women. To date, overseas commentators have paid considerable attention to the work of Chinese feminist philosophers and women’s studies scholars, and to the emergence of a network of women’s groups and activists working in urban areas, especially Beijing. However, there have been very few English-language studies published on the work of activists and organizations in the area of gender and rural development. In addition, few of the writings of activists and scholars in this field are available in English. This is despite the fact that, first of all, the majority of the population live in rural areas, and the most serious forms of gender discrimination and disadvantage are faced by rural women; and second, organizations, activists, and scholars in the field of gender and rural development are making major contributions to scholarship and to gender activism and the improvement of women’s lives. Indeed, both in terms of the funding they receive and the impact they have on society, the development projects and other activities run by women’s activists and groups in rural areas are at least as significant, if not considerably more significant, than women’s activism in Beijing and other urban centers.
{"title":"Guest Editor's Introduction","authors":"T. Jacka","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400400","url":null,"abstract":"Since the mid-1990s, gender activists and organizations have been at the forefront of a burgeoning civil society in China. With funding from overseas agencies, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Ford Foundation, Oxfam Hong Kong, members of the All China Women’s Federation (a “mass organization” affiliated with the Chinese state, which is responsible for protecting women’s interests; henceforth “Women’s Federation”) and those of newly established women’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as well as individual scholars and activists, have made major contributions to social development, gender equality, and the improvement of the situation of Chinese women. To date, overseas commentators have paid considerable attention to the work of Chinese feminist philosophers and women’s studies scholars, and to the emergence of a network of women’s groups and activists working in urban areas, especially Beijing. However, there have been very few English-language studies published on the work of activists and organizations in the area of gender and rural development. In addition, few of the writings of activists and scholars in this field are available in English. This is despite the fact that, first of all, the majority of the population live in rural areas, and the most serious forms of gender discrimination and disadvantage are faced by rural women; and second, organizations, activists, and scholars in the field of gender and rural development are making major contributions to scholarship and to gender activism and the improvement of women’s lives. Indeed, both in terms of the funding they receive and the impact they have on society, the development projects and other activities run by women’s activists and groups in rural areas are at least as significant, if not considerably more significant, than women’s activism in Beijing and other urban centers.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"40 1","pages":"12 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69432837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400405
Dong Qiang, L. Xiaoyun, Yang Hongping, Zhang Keyun
Gender inequality in rural education touches upon dual issues of fairness [that is, relating to rural/urban inequalities and gender inequalities], so many scholars, taking different perspectives, have carried out in-depth research on the topic. These scholars mainly start from the fact that there is a high dropout rate among female students. Zheng Anyun and Jin Liandong look at it from a gender perspective and point out three obstacles to the school attendance of girls in poor regions: the phenomenon of gender discrimination hidden within the larger social environment during this period of social transformation, the gender inequalities that exist in family values, and women’s unconscious feelings of inferiority. Gong Jihong, Zhong Zhangbao, Zheng Zhenzhen, and others look at it from the perspective of the family, believing that the structuring of gender relations within the family has a negative influence on rural families’ direct and indirect investment in girls’ education. On the other hand, Ding Yueya believes that the main reason girls discontinue their education lies in the different allocation of educational resources within families. This difference exists mainly in allocating material resources such as educational investment, as well as in the distribution of human resources, such as parents’ expectations for their children’s education and a supportive attitude toward their education. Zoe Oxaal first links the issues
{"title":"Gender Inequality in Rural Education and Poverty","authors":"Dong Qiang, L. Xiaoyun, Yang Hongping, Zhang Keyun","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400405","url":null,"abstract":"Gender inequality in rural education touches upon dual issues of fairness [that is, relating to rural/urban inequalities and gender inequalities], so many scholars, taking different perspectives, have carried out in-depth research on the topic. These scholars mainly start from the fact that there is a high dropout rate among female students. Zheng Anyun and Jin Liandong look at it from a gender perspective and point out three obstacles to the school attendance of girls in poor regions: the phenomenon of gender discrimination hidden within the larger social environment during this period of social transformation, the gender inequalities that exist in family values, and women’s unconscious feelings of inferiority. Gong Jihong, Zhong Zhangbao, Zheng Zhenzhen, and others look at it from the perspective of the family, believing that the structuring of gender relations within the family has a negative influence on rural families’ direct and indirect investment in girls’ education. On the other hand, Ding Yueya believes that the main reason girls discontinue their education lies in the different allocation of educational resources within families. This difference exists mainly in allocating material resources such as educational investment, as well as in the distribution of human resources, such as parents’ expectations for their children’s education and a supportive attitude toward their education. Zoe Oxaal first links the issues","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"64 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81936666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400403
Y. Jingzhong
Since the era of reform and opening up, China has launched many large international and bilateral cooperative rural development projects—sometimes abbreviated as “agricultural support projects.” The participation of local-level Women’s Federations* is required during the implementation of such projects, including in the feasibility study, in drafting a plan for implementation, and in continuous monitoring and evaluation of the projects. This is a common request made by international funding organizations, and the request is clearly stated in all types of project documents. Representatives of various levels of the Women’s Federation are required to participate, particularly in various forums and discussions during the course of the project. However, at present, women’s participation tends to be limited to the set-up phase of projects and the initial implementation, and that is when the Women’s Federation most frequently makes an appearance. Women’s Federation staff members are rarely seen in the later or final stages of a project, and project staff cannot expect their participation. Under current arrangements, the Women’s Federation often participates only passively in large-scale international rural development projects, but this is not real participation, because they have not been “empowered.”
{"title":"The Disempowered Participation of the Women's Federation in International Development Projects","authors":"Y. Jingzhong","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400403","url":null,"abstract":"Since the era of reform and opening up, China has launched many large international and bilateral cooperative rural development projects—sometimes abbreviated as “agricultural support projects.” The participation of local-level Women’s Federations* is required during the implementation of such projects, including in the feasibility study, in drafting a plan for implementation, and in continuous monitoring and evaluation of the projects. This is a common request made by international funding organizations, and the request is clearly stated in all types of project documents. Representatives of various levels of the Women’s Federation are required to participate, particularly in various forums and discussions during the course of the project. However, at present, women’s participation tends to be limited to the set-up phase of projects and the initial implementation, and that is when the Women’s Federation most frequently makes an appearance. Women’s Federation staff members are rarely seen in the later or final stages of a project, and project staff cannot expect their participation. Under current arrangements, the Women’s Federation often participates only passively in large-scale international rural development projects, but this is not real participation, because they have not been “empowered.”","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"38 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90890128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400303
Huang Li-ping
This article applies field survey data from Red Yao villages of Longsheng multinationalities autonomous county in the mountainous region of northern Guangxi to examine the current condition of rural village environmental sanitation, with water use in daily life, garbage disposal, and housing as indexes. It shows that the modern transformation of environmental sanitation in Red Yao villages has been driven by factors including the adoption of external sanitation techniques, external interventions, and institutional improvements. Based on their successful experience, it offers some advice for environmental sanitation construction strategies in rural villages in all nationality (minority) regions.
{"title":"Modern Transformation of Environmental Sanitation in Yao Nationality Villages: The Red Yao of Longsheng County","authors":"Huang Li-ping","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400303","url":null,"abstract":"This article applies field survey data from Red Yao villages of Longsheng multinationalities autonomous county in the mountainous region of northern Guangxi to examine the current condition of rural village environmental sanitation, with water use in daily life, garbage disposal, and housing as indexes. It shows that the modern transformation of environmental sanitation in Red Yao villages has been driven by factors including the adoption of external sanitation techniques, external interventions, and institutional improvements. Based on their successful experience, it offers some advice for environmental sanitation construction strategies in rural villages in all nationality (minority) regions.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"5 1","pages":"49 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87338242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400300
Qin Hongzeng
When the words “Yao nationality” are mentioned, people tend to think of some stereotype or label. They think the Yao are a mountain people according to the saying “The further the mountains and valleys, the more numerous the Yao.” Others think the Yao have many branches; there are, for instance, more than sixty names they use among themselves, such as “Mian,” “Fumian,” “Men,” and “Bunu,” and another 390 or so names that others use to refer to them. Still other people think of the Yao nationality as being frequently on the move—a cross-border cosmopolitan nationality. It is the same with their means of livelihood, which conjure up the images of a “mountain economy,” “corn as the staple food,” “slash-and-burn agriculture,” “firewood as fuel,” “sweetened fried-flour gruel,” and so on, or their customs and habits, such as the “stone plate” (shipai) system, the “elder veneration” (cunlao) system, and “making friends with those of the same age” (datongnian or laogeng). With the passage of time and the evolution of history, these basic understandings about the Yao have ingrained themselves deeply within people’s minds. As a result, the modern lives experienced by contemporary Yao people are often ignored. Perhaps for fear of
{"title":"Guest Editor's Introduction","authors":"Qin Hongzeng","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400300","url":null,"abstract":"When the words “Yao nationality” are mentioned, people tend to think of some stereotype or label. They think the Yao are a mountain people according to the saying “The further the mountains and valleys, the more numerous the Yao.” Others think the Yao have many branches; there are, for instance, more than sixty names they use among themselves, such as “Mian,” “Fumian,” “Men,” and “Bunu,” and another 390 or so names that others use to refer to them. Still other people think of the Yao nationality as being frequently on the move—a cross-border cosmopolitan nationality. It is the same with their means of livelihood, which conjure up the images of a “mountain economy,” “corn as the staple food,” “slash-and-burn agriculture,” “firewood as fuel,” “sweetened fried-flour gruel,” and so on, or their customs and habits, such as the “stone plate” (shipai) system, the “elder veneration” (cunlao) system, and “making friends with those of the same age” (datongnian or laogeng). With the passage of time and the evolution of history, these basic understandings about the Yao have ingrained themselves deeply within people’s minds. As a result, the modern lives experienced by contemporary Yao people are often ignored. Perhaps for fear of","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"2 1","pages":"3 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90295470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400301
Qin Hong-zeng, Tan Jianling
In order to quickly and accurately grasp the situation of this transformation of livelihood and cultural change, analyze its inner regularity, and promote the development of ethnic minority region rural villages and the construction of a harmonious society, this article aims to study related issues of change in ethnic minority regions through the major agricultural products, corn, pigs, goats, and honeysuckle, planted or raised by the Bunu Yao of Qibainong township, Guangxi province, before and after the transformation of their livelihood, as well as the cultural characteristics formed by their settling down and being on the move.
{"title":"Settling Down and On the Move: Changing Crops, Means of Livelihood, and Culture of the Bunu Yao Nationality","authors":"Qin Hong-zeng, Tan Jianling","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400301","url":null,"abstract":"In order to quickly and accurately grasp the situation of this transformation of livelihood and cultural change, analyze its inner regularity, and promote the development of ethnic minority region rural villages and the construction of a harmonious society, this article aims to study related issues of change in ethnic minority regions through the major agricultural products, corn, pigs, goats, and honeysuckle, planted or raised by the Bunu Yao of Qibainong township, Guangxi province, before and after the transformation of their livelihood, as well as the cultural characteristics formed by their settling down and being on the move.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"76 1","pages":"26 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83826017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625400304
L. Yuanyuan
Using the case of the Red Yao of Dazhai village, Longsheng county, Guangxi, this article analyzes the impact of nationality tourism on community education. The author describes two trends in relation to the development of tourism: while traditional concepts of education and means of cultural transmission in nationality villages have gone through major changes, previously vanishing aspects of Red Yao culture have been revived and their value system is also being reconstructed.
{"title":"Nationality Tourism and Community Education: The Red Yao of Dazhai Village, Guangxi Province","authors":"L. Yuanyuan","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400304","url":null,"abstract":"Using the case of the Red Yao of Dazhai village, Longsheng county, Guangxi, this article analyzes the impact of nationality tourism on community education. The author describes two trends in relation to the development of tourism: while traditional concepts of education and means of cultural transmission in nationality villages have gone through major changes, previously vanishing aspects of Red Yao culture have been revived and their value system is also being reconstructed.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"72 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72959431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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