Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410301
Zhou Jianxin, Zhou Daming
Nannies are an important group of the casual workers studied. In this article, six characteristics of the group are analyzed: the nature of their work and the personality characteristics of nannies; their age structure; reasons for working; marriage and family dynamics; their relationships with their employers; and their social networks. Analysis is by means of oral interviews with nannies in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. The gender aggregation effect salient among nannies means that they are a purely female vocational group which increases the group's vulnerabilities and weaknesses.
{"title":"An Investigation into the Group Characteristics of Nannies","authors":"Zhou Jianxin, Zhou Daming","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410301","url":null,"abstract":"Nannies are an important group of the casual workers studied. In this article, six characteristics of the group are analyzed: the nature of their work and the personality characteristics of nannies; their age structure; reasons for working; marriage and family dynamics; their relationships with their employers; and their social networks. Analysis is by means of oral interviews with nannies in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. The gender aggregation effect salient among nannies means that they are a purely female vocational group which increases the group's vulnerabilities and weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"2 1","pages":"20 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81966068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/csa0009-4625410302
Zhou Jian-xin, Zhou Daming
It may be said that among all the casual worker groups, haulage workers are the most diverse and interesting category, and the category with the most "freedom." The haulage workers' "freedom" is relative; it is a vivid sign of their unwillingness to accept their status quo and the fact that that they cannot do otherwise. Another salient characteristic of haulage workers is that they are "scattered in form but not in spirit" (xing san shen bu san). Their work is relatively free, and their way of making a living unstable, but they maintain close connections with their fellow-townspeople and friends, possess spheres of influence, adhere to certain work principles, and have a sense of organization.
{"title":"An Investigation into the Group Characteristics of Haulage Workers","authors":"Zhou Jian-xin, Zhou Daming","doi":"10.2753/csa0009-4625410302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/csa0009-4625410302","url":null,"abstract":"It may be said that among all the casual worker groups, haulage workers are the most diverse and interesting category, and the category with the most \"freedom.\" The haulage workers' \"freedom\" is relative; it is a vivid sign of their unwillingness to accept their status quo and the fact that that they cannot do otherwise. Another salient characteristic of haulage workers is that they are \"scattered in form but not in spirit\" (xing san shen bu san). Their work is relatively free, and their way of making a living unstable, but they maintain close connections with their fellow-townspeople and friends, possess spheres of influence, adhere to certain work principles, and have a sense of organization.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"2013 1","pages":"21 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73311068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410305
Liu Linping, Li Chaohai
Since time immemorial, prostitution—“the world’s oldest profession”—has been regarded primarily as a women’s crime. It was believed that women’s prostitution was basically a sort of involuntary behavior into which they were forced helplessly and against their will, or even as a sort of aberrant and self-debasing behavior. Social scientists (including sociologists) saw prostitutes as “depraved women” and, of course, “whores,” who generally served as a synonym for negative values in the domain of morality (He 2002; Ning 2002). In the view of feminists, who customarily put female prostitutes in the role of victims, women selling themselves is indicative of oppression and injustice, and the prostitution of women is an outcome of a male-centered sexual ideology (Ai and Li 2001; Huang 1998 and 2001; Lin 2001). From the 1990s to the present, studies in China on female prostitutes have been
自古以来，卖淫——“世界上最古老的职业”——主要被视为女性的犯罪。人们认为，妇女卖淫基本上是一种非自愿的行为，她们是被强迫的，无助地，违背自己的意愿，甚至是一种异常的，自我贬低的行为。社会科学家(包括社会学家)认为妓女是“堕落的女人”，当然，“妓女”通常是道德领域负面价值观的同义词(He 2002;宁2002)。在女权主义者看来，女性出卖自己是压迫和不公正的象征，女性卖淫是男性中心的性意识形态的结果(Ai and Li 2001;黄1998、2001;林2001)。从20世纪90年代到现在，中国对妓女的研究一直在进行
{"title":"Behavioral Convergence and Destigmatization","authors":"Liu Linping, Li Chaohai","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410305","url":null,"abstract":"Since time immemorial, prostitution—“the world’s oldest profession”—has been regarded primarily as a women’s crime. It was believed that women’s prostitution was basically a sort of involuntary behavior into which they were forced helplessly and against their will, or even as a sort of aberrant and self-debasing behavior. Social scientists (including sociologists) saw prostitutes as “depraved women” and, of course, “whores,” who generally served as a synonym for negative values in the domain of morality (He 2002; Ning 2002). In the view of feminists, who customarily put female prostitutes in the role of victims, women selling themselves is indicative of oppression and injustice, and the prostitution of women is an outcome of a male-centered sexual ideology (Ai and Li 2001; Huang 1998 and 2001; Lin 2001). From the 1990s to the present, studies in China on female prostitutes have been","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"55 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78407358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410307
Ma Hang, Sandra Iseman
This article, based on the abundant research carried out in villages in Shenzhen, primarily analyzes the economic-activity types of villages in China with dominant economic characteristics such as limited interest cooperation and informal economies, and proceeds to outline the reasons why the policies instituted by the local government failed. The authors recommend effective measures for improving the reconstruction of Shenzhen villages.
{"title":"\"Villages\" in Shenzhen","authors":"Ma Hang, Sandra Iseman","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410307","url":null,"abstract":"This article, based on the abundant research carried out in villages in Shenzhen, primarily analyzes the economic-activity types of villages in China with dominant economic characteristics such as limited interest cooperation and informal economies, and proceeds to outline the reasons why the policies instituted by the local government failed. The authors recommend effective measures for improving the reconstruction of Shenzhen villages.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"60 1","pages":"107 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83139486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410304
Liu Zhi-jun
A sample survey is made of the overall state of existence of casual workers in Hangzhou municipality. Emphasis is placed on describing such aspects as the demographic characteristics, work circumstances, state of existence, labor and social guarantees, social relationships, plans for the future, inner feelings, and opinions and appeals of casual workers. Casual workers are a special product of the period of transformation of Chinese society—one that possesses fairly unique features and formational boundaries. The "casual worker" phenomenon should become a new focus of attention for the government and society. Attention should be paid to their social circumstances, their marginalization, their lack of social guarantees, and to solving their specific difficulties so as to lay a broad social foundation for realizing the objective of building a harmonious society.
{"title":"Casual Workers in Hangzhou","authors":"Liu Zhi-jun","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410304","url":null,"abstract":"A sample survey is made of the overall state of existence of casual workers in Hangzhou municipality. Emphasis is placed on describing such aspects as the demographic characteristics, work circumstances, state of existence, labor and social guarantees, social relationships, plans for the future, inner feelings, and opinions and appeals of casual workers. Casual workers are a special product of the period of transformation of Chinese society—one that possesses fairly unique features and formational boundaries. The \"casual worker\" phenomenon should become a new focus of attention for the government and society. Attention should be paid to their social circumstances, their marginalization, their lack of social guarantees, and to solving their specific difficulties so as to lay a broad social foundation for realizing the objective of building a harmonious society.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"30 1","pages":"40 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79096089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410306
Liu Zhi-jun
As part of the fieldwork done in a Chinese village, Dongpai, which is located in Mashuang township, Nankang, Jiangxi province, this article describes the general situation of liushou children. The article is based on data collected by in-depth interview and participant-observation methods. Liushou children generally refers to children (under eighteen years of age) who need to be looked after by other relatives, friends, or who are by themselves because both of their parents work as migrant workers, merchants, and so on outside their hometown. The main issues dealt in the article are: How do they pass their childhood? What are their feelings and wishes during parental absence? What are their family education and school achievements? Is there any failure of the system to guarantee children their basic rights? Is there a crisis in their moral development? The article also presents the voices of the liushou children with regard to their goals and wishes.
{"title":"Liushou Children in a Chinese Village","authors":"Liu Zhi-jun","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410306","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the fieldwork done in a Chinese village, Dongpai, which is located in Mashuang township, Nankang, Jiangxi province, this article describes the general situation of liushou children. The article is based on data collected by in-depth interview and participant-observation methods. Liushou children generally refers to children (under eighteen years of age) who need to be looked after by other relatives, friends, or who are by themselves because both of their parents work as migrant workers, merchants, and so on outside their hometown. The main issues dealt in the article are: How do they pass their childhood? What are their feelings and wishes during parental absence? What are their family education and school achievements? Is there any failure of the system to guarantee children their basic rights? Is there a crisis in their moral development? The article also presents the voices of the liushou children with regard to their goals and wishes.","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"85 1","pages":"71 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79107767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410203
F. Yu
In Chinese law circles, the “Ma Xiwu trial mode” is virtually a historic concept. In law schools, it is only mentioned in contemporary and modern history of law. It has all but disappeared from civil procedure law, which is the science of legal interpretation. Generally speaking, in previous research the following notions exist on the historic status and significance of the Ma Xiwu trial mode in China’s judicial system, particularly civil trials: First, the Ma Xiwu trial mode was a temporary wartime trial mode or system adopted in revolutionary basic regions under specific historic conditions. Despite being of particular significance at the time and having witnessed a certain course of development, it was by no means a prototype for China’s civil trial mode following the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, and therefore provides no substantive basis of reference for the current civil trial mode. The current civil trial mode in China was developed on the basis of the civil action system of the then Soviet Union, which was imitated in China after the foundation of the People’s Republic. It is characterized by a “doctrine of strong officialism.” Another notion is that the Ma Xiwu trial mode cannot be considered as a model of civil action, but was a tool used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to motivate and educate the masses, a product of the CCP’s judicial
{"title":"A Brief Analysis of the Ma Xiwu Trial Mode: Formation of a Civil Trial Mode and Its Historic Destiny","authors":"F. Yu","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410203","url":null,"abstract":"In Chinese law circles, the “Ma Xiwu trial mode” is virtually a historic concept. In law schools, it is only mentioned in contemporary and modern history of law. It has all but disappeared from civil procedure law, which is the science of legal interpretation. Generally speaking, in previous research the following notions exist on the historic status and significance of the Ma Xiwu trial mode in China’s judicial system, particularly civil trials: First, the Ma Xiwu trial mode was a temporary wartime trial mode or system adopted in revolutionary basic regions under specific historic conditions. Despite being of particular significance at the time and having witnessed a certain course of development, it was by no means a prototype for China’s civil trial mode following the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, and therefore provides no substantive basis of reference for the current civil trial mode. The current civil trial mode in China was developed on the basis of the civil action system of the then Soviet Union, which was imitated in China after the foundation of the People’s Republic. It is characterized by a “doctrine of strong officialism.” Another notion is that the Ma Xiwu trial mode cannot be considered as a model of civil action, but was a tool used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to motivate and educate the masses, a product of the CCP’s judicial","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"82 1 1","pages":"78 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83219987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410202
Jialiang Huang
The argument over formalism and instrumentalism has always been a major issue in Western jurisprudence (Bourdieu 2002). They are the two fundamental perspectives from which the law is studied in academic circles. In formalist jurisprudence, the law is deemed to be a fully independent and autonomous system whose development can be understood only through its “intrinsic power”; legal philosophies and legal conduct have absolute independence and are never determined by social factors. Representative of this philosophy is the analytical positivist jurisprudence school that came into being in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Adherents “try to separate values from the scope of jurisprudent research and restrict the tasks of jurisprudence to the analysis and anatomy of actual law” (Bodenheimer 1999, 116) and mainly focus on attempts to “analyze legal terms and study the interrelationships between legal propositions in terms of logic” (Stone 1961, 31). As John Austin believed, jurisprudence is an independent and self-contained theory about actual law and “what it is concerned
{"title":"How Are Laws Practiced? A Sociological Analysis Based on a Judicial Case in China","authors":"Jialiang Huang","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410202","url":null,"abstract":"The argument over formalism and instrumentalism has always been a major issue in Western jurisprudence (Bourdieu 2002). They are the two fundamental perspectives from which the law is studied in academic circles. In formalist jurisprudence, the law is deemed to be a fully independent and autonomous system whose development can be understood only through its “intrinsic power”; legal philosophies and legal conduct have absolute independence and are never determined by social factors. Representative of this philosophy is the analytical positivist jurisprudence school that came into being in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Adherents “try to separate values from the scope of jurisprudent research and restrict the tasks of jurisprudence to the analysis and anatomy of actual law” (Bodenheimer 1999, 116) and mainly focus on attempts to “analyze legal terms and study the interrelationships between legal propositions in terms of logic” (Stone 1961, 31). As John Austin believed, jurisprudence is an independent and self-contained theory about actual law and “what it is concerned","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"111 1","pages":"41 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73652856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.2753/CSA0009-4625410200
Guo Xing-hua
All four articles in this issue discuss the special logic behind the rule of law in Chinese society. The four authors probe the subject from a range of different perspectives, specifically, the legal awareness of Chinese people, the logic behind legal practice in grass-roots courts in China, the unique Ma Xiwu trial mode created by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the evolution of perceptions of “legitimacy” in China, and the unique path of development of China’s civil society. As a mode of social governance, rule of law represents a stark contrast to the rule of men. Rule of law has a practical basis and is not simply a system devoid of substance. For this reason, the study of legal provisions alone will not allow us to gain a thorough and accurate understanding of the legal conditions of a country. It is necessary to explore how these legal provisions are put into practice in daily life. Studying the intrinsic logic in legal provisions alone will not allow us to understand the various paradoxes in the legal system of a country. It is necessary to identify these paradoxes in the social environment where the laws are applied. Transplanting the legal system of a developed country in order to promote the process of domestic rule of law is not enough. Instead, efforts must be made to find a legal system that is suited to the country in question. For that purpose, we have to alter our perspective. The mainstream in law circles is prone to interpret the law using its intrinsic logic, regarding it as a self-governed logical system. This is what is usually referred to as the “intrinsic perspective.” We advocate “looking at the law from the outside,” that is, regarding the law as one of a multitude of subsystems
{"title":"Understanding the Logic Behind Rule of Law in China: Guest Editor's Introduction","authors":"Guo Xing-hua","doi":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625410200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625410200","url":null,"abstract":"All four articles in this issue discuss the special logic behind the rule of law in Chinese society. The four authors probe the subject from a range of different perspectives, specifically, the legal awareness of Chinese people, the logic behind legal practice in grass-roots courts in China, the unique Ma Xiwu trial mode created by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the evolution of perceptions of “legitimacy” in China, and the unique path of development of China’s civil society. As a mode of social governance, rule of law represents a stark contrast to the rule of men. Rule of law has a practical basis and is not simply a system devoid of substance. For this reason, the study of legal provisions alone will not allow us to gain a thorough and accurate understanding of the legal conditions of a country. It is necessary to explore how these legal provisions are put into practice in daily life. Studying the intrinsic logic in legal provisions alone will not allow us to understand the various paradoxes in the legal system of a country. It is necessary to identify these paradoxes in the social environment where the laws are applied. Transplanting the legal system of a developed country in order to promote the process of domestic rule of law is not enough. Instead, efforts must be made to find a legal system that is suited to the country in question. For that purpose, we have to alter our perspective. The mainstream in law circles is prone to interpret the law using its intrinsic logic, regarding it as a self-governed logical system. This is what is usually referred to as the “intrinsic perspective.” We advocate “looking at the law from the outside,” that is, regarding the law as one of a multitude of subsystems","PeriodicalId":84447,"journal":{"name":"Chinese sociology and anthropology","volume":"39 1","pages":"3 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80954782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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