S. Pradanawati, E. Nursanto, Afif Thufail, Ahmad Zaky Raihan, S. Sugianto, H. Oktaviano, Hanida Nilasary, A. Subhan, Agung Nugroho
In this article, we report and compare the synthesis method of the active cathode materials based on nickel‐cobalt‐manganese (NCM) for lithium-ion battery application. We evaluate the hydrothermal and solid-state reaction method in NCM-622 synthesis, the material characterizations, and the battery performance. Based on the analytical results using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particles synthesized using hydrothermal and solid-state methods exhibit a highly crystalline NCM phase. NCM particles synthesized using solid-state reaction exhibit high-rate performance up to 10 C. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of NCM synthesized by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method was 25.9% lower than hydrothermal. Meanwhile, the ionic diffusivity of the SSR sample was 38.5% higher than the hydrothermal sample. These two factors lead to better performance when tested in a lithium-ion battery.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on The Electrochemical Properties of Hydrothermal and Solid-State Methods in The NCM Synthesis for Lithium Ion Battery Application","authors":"S. Pradanawati, E. Nursanto, Afif Thufail, Ahmad Zaky Raihan, S. Sugianto, H. Oktaviano, Hanida Nilasary, A. Subhan, Agung Nugroho","doi":"10.22146/ajche.74209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.74209","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we report and compare the synthesis method of the active cathode materials based on nickel‐cobalt‐manganese (NCM) for lithium-ion battery application. We evaluate the hydrothermal and solid-state reaction method in NCM-622 synthesis, the material characterizations, and the battery performance. Based on the analytical results using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particles synthesized using hydrothermal and solid-state methods exhibit a highly crystalline NCM phase. NCM particles synthesized using solid-state reaction exhibit high-rate performance up to 10 C. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of NCM synthesized by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method was 25.9% lower than hydrothermal. Meanwhile, the ionic diffusivity of the SSR sample was 38.5% higher than the hydrothermal sample. These two factors lead to better performance when tested in a lithium-ion battery.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48104418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cement industry generally spends about 30-40% of production costs to provide energy for production. It forces the cement industry to look for cheaper and widely available alternative energy sources to increase its competitiveness. The dominance of fossil fuels poses another problem for the cement industry in the form of high CO2 emissions. To overcome this, PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (ITP) Tbk, Palimanan Unit, is committed to continuously looking for alternative energy sources by utilizing rice husks in the suspension preheater unit. This study aims to evaluate the performance, especially the reduction of CO2 emissions and the economic benefits of energy substitution applications using rice husks. Based on the calculation in 2020, there will be an increase of 37% in 2021, and the total energy of rice husks will reach around 1,996,671 GJ. It is equivalent to using fossil fuel coal of approximately 106,450 tonnes. The contribution of rice husks to primary energy consumption seems to continue to increase yearly. A significant increase occurred between 2020 - 2021, and the contribution of rice husks reached 23%. Rice husks usage has reduced CO2 emissions by almost 220,000 tons of CO2e and brought production cost benefits to around 40 billion by 2021. Therefore, the substitution of coal fuel using rice husk has proven to be effective in reducing CO2 emissions in the cement production process. By still paying attention to the reliability of the process and the quality of the cement products produced, these efforts can be continuously encouraged to realize cement products that are more environmentally friendly.
{"title":"Industrial Application of Rice Husk as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Production for CO2 Reduction","authors":"Ranoe Bramantiyo, E. Lestianingrum, R. B. Cahyono","doi":"10.22146/ajche.77483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.77483","url":null,"abstract":"The cement industry generally spends about 30-40% of production costs to provide energy for production. It forces the cement industry to look for cheaper and widely available alternative energy sources to increase its competitiveness. The dominance of fossil fuels poses another problem for the cement industry in the form of high CO2 emissions. To overcome this, PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (ITP) Tbk, Palimanan Unit, is committed to continuously looking for alternative energy sources by utilizing rice husks in the suspension preheater unit. This study aims to evaluate the performance, especially the reduction of CO2 emissions and the economic benefits of energy substitution applications using rice husks. Based on the calculation in 2020, there will be an increase of 37% in 2021, and the total energy of rice husks will reach around 1,996,671 GJ. It is equivalent to using fossil fuel coal of approximately 106,450 tonnes. The contribution of rice husks to primary energy consumption seems to continue to increase yearly. A significant increase occurred between 2020 - 2021, and the contribution of rice husks reached 23%. Rice husks usage has reduced CO2 emissions by almost 220,000 tons of CO2e and brought production cost benefits to around 40 billion by 2021. Therefore, the substitution of coal fuel using rice husk has proven to be effective in reducing CO2 emissions in the cement production process. By still paying attention to the reliability of the process and the quality of the cement products produced, these efforts can be continuously encouraged to realize cement products that are more environmentally friendly. ","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43614218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Açıkel, Ü., Erşan, M., & Sağ Açıkel, Y. 2010. Optimization of critical medium components using response surface methodology for lipase production by Rhizopus delemar. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88(1), 31-39. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2009.08.003Carniel, N., Dallago, R. M., Dariva, C., Bender, J. P., Nunes, A. L., Zanella, O., . . . Luiz Priamo, W. 2017. Microwave‐assisted extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from Physalis angulata. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(3), e12433.Chahyadi, A., & Elfahmi. 2020. The influence of extraction methods on rutin yield of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Saudi pharmaceutical journal, 28(11), 1466-1473. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.012De Luna, S. L. R., Ramírez-Garza, R., & Saldívar, S. O. S. 2020. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. The Scientific World Journal, 2020.Ferreira, S. C., Bruns, R., Ferreira, H., Matos, G., David, J., Brandão, G., . . . Souza, A. 2007. Box-Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica chimica acta, 597(2), 179-186.He, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, A., & Wu, H. 2016. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids and phenolics from celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves by response surface methodology. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 34(4), 341-349.Hyun, S. B., Ko, M. N., & Hyun, C.-G. 2021. Carica papaya leaf water extract promotes innate immune response via mapk signaling pathways. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry, 64(3), 277-284.Khadam, S., Afzal, U., Gul, H., Hira, S., Satti, M., Yaqub, A., . . . Gulfraz, M. 2019. Phytochemical screening and bioactivity assessment of leaves and fruits extract of Carica papaya. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 32(5).Latiff, N., Ong, P. Y., Abdullah, L. C., Abd Rashid, S. N. A., Fauzi, N. A. M., & Amin, N. A. M. 2021. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) for Enhanced Recovery of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds From Cosmos Caudatus Leaves.Li, Y., Radoiu, M., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., & Chemat, F. 2013. From Laboratory to Industry: Scale-up of Microwave-Assisted Reactors, Quality and Safety Consideration for Microwave-Assisted Extraction. In (pp. 207-229).Ling, Y. Y., Fun, P. S., Yeop, A., Yusoff, M. M., & Gimbun, J. 2019. Assessment of maceration, ultrasonic and microwave assisted extraction for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and kaempferol yield from Cassia alata via microstructures analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 19, 1273-1279.Liu, H.-L., Lan, Y.-W., & Cheng, Y.-C. 2004. Optimal production of sulphuric acid by Thiobacillus thiooxidans using response surface methodology. Process Biochemistry, 39(12), 1953-1961. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2003.09.018Liu, Y., Wei, S., & Liao, M. 2013. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from Euryale ferox seed shells using re
{"title":"Extraction of Rutin from the Leaf of Male Carica papaya Linn. using Microwave-Assisted and Ultrasound-Assisted Extractive Methods","authors":"See Khai Chew, W. H. Teoh, S. Hong, R. Yusoff","doi":"10.22146/ajche.77375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.77375","url":null,"abstract":"Açıkel, Ü., Erşan, M., & Sağ Açıkel, Y. 2010. Optimization of critical medium components using response surface methodology for lipase production by Rhizopus delemar. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88(1), 31-39. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2009.08.003Carniel, N., Dallago, R. M., Dariva, C., Bender, J. P., Nunes, A. L., Zanella, O., . . . Luiz Priamo, W. 2017. Microwave‐assisted extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from Physalis angulata. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(3), e12433.Chahyadi, A., & Elfahmi. 2020. The influence of extraction methods on rutin yield of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Saudi pharmaceutical journal, 28(11), 1466-1473. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.012De Luna, S. L. R., Ramírez-Garza, R., & Saldívar, S. O. S. 2020. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. The Scientific World Journal, 2020.Ferreira, S. C., Bruns, R., Ferreira, H., Matos, G., David, J., Brandão, G., . . . Souza, A. 2007. Box-Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica chimica acta, 597(2), 179-186.He, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, A., & Wu, H. 2016. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids and phenolics from celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves by response surface methodology. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 34(4), 341-349.Hyun, S. B., Ko, M. N., & Hyun, C.-G. 2021. Carica papaya leaf water extract promotes innate immune response via mapk signaling pathways. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry, 64(3), 277-284.Khadam, S., Afzal, U., Gul, H., Hira, S., Satti, M., Yaqub, A., . . . Gulfraz, M. 2019. Phytochemical screening and bioactivity assessment of leaves and fruits extract of Carica papaya. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 32(5).Latiff, N., Ong, P. Y., Abdullah, L. C., Abd Rashid, S. N. A., Fauzi, N. A. M., & Amin, N. A. M. 2021. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) for Enhanced Recovery of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds From Cosmos Caudatus Leaves.Li, Y., Radoiu, M., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., & Chemat, F. 2013. From Laboratory to Industry: Scale-up of Microwave-Assisted Reactors, Quality and Safety Consideration for Microwave-Assisted Extraction. In (pp. 207-229).Ling, Y. Y., Fun, P. S., Yeop, A., Yusoff, M. M., & Gimbun, J. 2019. Assessment of maceration, ultrasonic and microwave assisted extraction for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and kaempferol yield from Cassia alata via microstructures analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 19, 1273-1279.Liu, H.-L., Lan, Y.-W., & Cheng, Y.-C. 2004. Optimal production of sulphuric acid by Thiobacillus thiooxidans using response surface methodology. Process Biochemistry, 39(12), 1953-1961. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2003.09.018Liu, Y., Wei, S., & Liao, M. 2013. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from Euryale ferox seed shells using re","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45935108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diananto Prihandoko, C. Purnomo, Primanda Kiky Widyaputra, Nasirudin Nasirudin
Piyungan Landfill is the biggest landfill in the Yogyakarta Province that still operates in overcapacity condition. A new alternative is highly required in solid waste management in the landfill, which can reduce the volume of the waste coming into it and decrease the need for a new landfill area. Refused-derived fuel (RDF) plant is one of the technological alternatives in solid waste management that has the potential to reduce the volume of solid waste and change the waste into fuel. The study analyzed the potential of the application of the RDF to reduce the volume of solid waste in the Piyungan landfill and its economic feasibility. The results of the analysis showed that during the operational period of the RDF plant, the volume of the solid waste coming into the landfill could be annually reduced by 43% on average. The results of the economic analysis show that the RDF plant in the Piyungan Landfill is feasible to apply with an NPV of IDR 281.46 billion, an IRR of 24%, and a payback period of 6 years.
{"title":"Application of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Plant in Piyungan Landfill Municipal Solid Waste Management","authors":"Diananto Prihandoko, C. Purnomo, Primanda Kiky Widyaputra, Nasirudin Nasirudin","doi":"10.22146/ajche.75560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.75560","url":null,"abstract":"Piyungan Landfill is the biggest landfill in the Yogyakarta Province that still operates in overcapacity condition. A new alternative is highly required in solid waste management in the landfill, which can reduce the volume of the waste coming into it and decrease the need for a new landfill area. Refused-derived fuel (RDF) plant is one of the technological alternatives in solid waste management that has the potential to reduce the volume of solid waste and change the waste into fuel. The study analyzed the potential of the application of the RDF to reduce the volume of solid waste in the Piyungan landfill and its economic feasibility. The results of the analysis showed that during the operational period of the RDF plant, the volume of the solid waste coming into the landfill could be annually reduced by 43% on average. The results of the economic analysis show that the RDF plant in the Piyungan Landfill is feasible to apply with an NPV of IDR 281.46 billion, an IRR of 24%, and a payback period of 6 years.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48125489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Purwaningrum, Fingky Pristika Sari, J. Julinar, Adiq Ahmadi, Muhammad Said
ZnO is one of the widely used semiconductors due to its high photocatalytic activity. The inactivity of ZnO in the visible range could be enhanced by combining the ZnO with Al. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-Al2O3 on Remazol Red RB was investigated. The effect of the ratio mass of ZnO-Al2O3 (1:0.05, 1:0.07, and 1:0.10) was also evaluated. The photocatalyst would be characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis DRS. The characterization showed that photocatalysts were successfully synthesized. The XRD analysis showed that the optimum ratio mass of ZnO-Al2O3 was achieved by 1:0.05, with the smallest crystal size of 13.3 nm. The SEM analysis showed that the surface of ZnO-Al2O3 (1:0.05) was easily granulated with smaller particle sizes than ZnO, and the shape tends to clump with the composites. The EDX analysis of ZnO-Al2O3 confirmed the presence of Zn, O, and Al elements. The photodegradation study showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a contact time of 180 minutes at pH 6 with 91.04% dye removal. In addition, the effect of the initial concentration of the dye was achieved at 50 ppm with a dye removal of 89.26%. The study showed that the ZnO-Al2O3 exhibited adequate removal of Remazol red RB.
ZnO由于其高的光催化活性而成为广泛使用的半导体之一。将ZnO与Al结合可以增强ZnO在可见光范围内的无活性。在本研究中，研究了ZnO-Al2O3对Remazol Red RB的光催化活性。还评估了ZnO-Al2O3的质量比（1:0.05、1:0.07和1:0.10）的影响。利用XRD、SEM-EDX和UV-Vis-DRS对光催化剂进行了表征。表征表明，成功合成了光催化剂。XRD分析表明，ZnO-Al2O3的最佳质量比为1:0.05，最小晶粒尺寸为13.3nm。SEM分析表明，与ZnO相比，ZnO-Al_2O_3（1:0.05）表面易于颗粒化，颗粒尺寸较小，且形状易于与复合材料结块。ZnO-Al2O3的EDX分析证实了Zn、O和Al元素的存在。光降解研究表明，在pH 6下，接触时间为180分钟，染料去除率为91.04%，得到了最佳条件。此外，染料的初始浓度在50ppm时达到了效果，染料去除率为89.26%。研究表明，ZnO-Al2O3对雷唑红RB的去除效果良好。
{"title":"Effect of Al Concentration over ZnO-Al2O3 Physicochemical Characteristics and Removal of Remazol Red RB","authors":"W. Purwaningrum, Fingky Pristika Sari, J. Julinar, Adiq Ahmadi, Muhammad Said","doi":"10.22146/ajche.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.70084","url":null,"abstract":"ZnO is one of the widely used semiconductors due to its high photocatalytic activity. The inactivity of ZnO in the visible range could be enhanced by combining the ZnO with Al. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-Al2O3 on Remazol Red RB was investigated. The effect of the ratio mass of ZnO-Al2O3 (1:0.05, 1:0.07, and 1:0.10) was also evaluated. The photocatalyst would be characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis DRS. The characterization showed that photocatalysts were successfully synthesized. The XRD analysis showed that the optimum ratio mass of ZnO-Al2O3 was achieved by 1:0.05, with the smallest crystal size of 13.3 nm. The SEM analysis showed that the surface of ZnO-Al2O3 (1:0.05) was easily granulated with smaller particle sizes than ZnO, and the shape tends to clump with the composites. The EDX analysis of ZnO-Al2O3 confirmed the presence of Zn, O, and Al elements. The photodegradation study showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a contact time of 180 minutes at pH 6 with 91.04% dye removal. In addition, the effect of the initial concentration of the dye was achieved at 50 ppm with a dye removal of 89.26%. The study showed that the ZnO-Al2O3 exhibited adequate removal of Remazol red RB.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45591924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harianingsih Harianingsih, N. Saksono, E. F. Karamah, Z. Zakaria
Nitrates are used as fertilizer to fulfill nutrients for plants. Anodic plasma electrolysis technology can be an effective and environmentally friendly solution in nitrogen fixation into nitrate compounds. This research aimed to determine the effect of controlling voltage and power in nitrate synthesis using plasma electrolysis with air as the raw material injected at the anode. The material used is an electrolyte solution of 0.02 M K2SO4, the electrodes used are in the form of tungsten and stainless steel, and a nitrate reagent is used for the nitrate test. The results of the study showed that at 400 W, the optimal rate was 0.8 L men-1 with 1889 mg L-1 of nitrate formed. While at 500 W and 600 W, the optimal rate of 1 L men-1 with nitrate formed was 2213 mg L-1 and 2453 mg L-1. The emission intensities of reactive species N, N2*, N2+,•OH, •H, and •O at an optimal rate of 0.8 L men-1 400 W 700 V in 20139 au, 28540 au, 18023 au, 30863 au, 12547 au, 49800 au. The addition of air injection will increase the oxygen input into the plasma zone, which can produce reactive species •O and nitrogen produces reactive species N, N2*, N2+ forms NO. The formed NO compounds can be oxidized to NO2, and the reaction between NO2 and reactive species •OH forms nitrates.
硝酸盐被用作肥料，为植物补充营养。阳极等离子体电解技术是一种有效且环保的硝酸盐化合物固氮解决方案。本研究旨在确定在阳极注入空气为原料的等离子体电解中控制电压和功率对硝酸合成的影响。使用的材料为0.02 M K2SO4电解质溶液，使用的电极为钨和不锈钢形式，使用硝酸盐试剂进行硝酸盐测试。结果表明，在400 W条件下，最佳速率为0.8 mg -1，硝态氮生成量为1889 mg -1。而在500 W和600 W条件下，1 L man -1与硝酸盐的最佳生成量分别为2213 mg L-1和2453 mg L-1。在20139 au、28540 au、18023 au、30863 au、12547 au、49800 au条件下，N、N2*、N2+、•OH、•H和•O的最优发射率为0.8 L men-1 400 W 700 V。注入空气会增加等离子体区的氧气输入，产生反应性物质•O，氮气产生反应性物质N, N2*、N2+生成NO。生成的NO化合物可氧化为NO2, NO2与活性物质•OH反应生成硝酸盐。
{"title":"The Effect of Power on Nitrate Synthesis and The Emission Intensities of Reactive Species Using Anodic Plasma Electrolysis","authors":"Harianingsih Harianingsih, N. Saksono, E. F. Karamah, Z. Zakaria","doi":"10.22146/ajche.76790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.76790","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrates are used as fertilizer to fulfill nutrients for plants. Anodic plasma electrolysis technology can be an effective and environmentally friendly solution in nitrogen fixation into nitrate compounds. This research aimed to determine the effect of controlling voltage and power in nitrate synthesis using plasma electrolysis with air as the raw material injected at the anode. The material used is an electrolyte solution of 0.02 M K2SO4, the electrodes used are in the form of tungsten and stainless steel, and a nitrate reagent is used for the nitrate test. The results of the study showed that at 400 W, the optimal rate was 0.8 L men-1 with 1889 mg L-1 of nitrate formed. While at 500 W and 600 W, the optimal rate of 1 L men-1 with nitrate formed was 2213 mg L-1 and 2453 mg L-1. The emission intensities of reactive species N, N2*, N2+,•OH, •H, and •O at an optimal rate of 0.8 L men-1 400 W 700 V in 20139 au, 28540 au, 18023 au, 30863 au, 12547 au, 49800 au. The addition of air injection will increase the oxygen input into the plasma zone, which can produce reactive species •O and nitrogen produces reactive species N, N2*, N2+ forms NO. The formed NO compounds can be oxidized to NO2, and the reaction between NO2 and reactive species •OH forms nitrates. ","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43975878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. I. M. Idris, S. M. Mustapa Kamal, A. Sulaiman, R. Omar, Munirah Mohammad
Forward osmosis (FO) requires a specific membrane structure for applications like juice concentration. The phase inversion method was used to make cellulose acetate (CA) FO membranes. The solvents used were acetone and 1,4-dioxane. Additives included polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), methanol, and maleic acid were used in the preparation of CA membrane, which make it easier to improve a FO membrane's permeability. The performance of fabricated FO membrane and their morphology were evaluaed with different casting thicknesses of 150, 200, and 250 µm. Experiment works begins with an hour of membrane flux testing, deionized water was used as feed solution and 1 M NaCl as draw solution. The membrane was then used to concentrate 0.5 M sucrose with NaCl for 240 minutes (2 M). Contact angle, porosity, and scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM) were used to characterize membrane properties and morphology. High water flux (2.25 L/m2hr) and high porosity (75.86%) were found at 200 µm casting thickness. Water permeability of sucrose concentration at 200 µm casting thickness had the highest flux (2.39 L/m2hr). The results also show that flux values vary with membrane thickness. All membranes were hydrophilic with contact angles below 90°. A 200 µm casting thickness produces a membrane with smooth and evenly distributed pores, according to morphology analysis. Structural parameter (S) values had a proportional relationship with the FO membrane thickness, which thinner membrane potentially reduces the internal concentration polarization (ICP).
正向渗透(FO)需要一种特殊的膜结构，用于果汁浓缩等应用。采用相转化法制备了醋酸纤维素(CA) FO膜。溶剂为丙酮和1,4-二恶烷。采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、甲醇和马来酸等添加剂制备CA膜，使其更容易提高膜的渗透性。在150、200和250µm不同的浇铸厚度下，对制备的FO膜的性能和形貌进行了评价。实验工作从1小时的膜通量测试开始，以去离子水为进料液，1 M NaCl为拉伸液。然后用NaCl浓缩0.5 M蔗糖240分钟(2 M)，用接触角、孔隙率和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征膜的性质和形貌。铸体厚度为200µm时，水通量高(2.25 L/m2hr)，孔隙率高(75.86%)。铸体厚度为200µm时，蔗糖浓度的透水性通量最高，为2.39 L/m2hr。结果还表明，通量值随膜厚的变化而变化。所有膜均为亲水性，接触角均小于90°。根据形貌分析，200µm厚度的铸造膜具有光滑且均匀分布的孔隙。结构参数(S)值与FO膜厚度成正比关系，较薄的膜可能会降低内部浓度极化(ICP)。
{"title":"Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membrane at Different Thicknesses on Sucrose Concentration by Forward Osmosis","authors":"A. I. M. Idris, S. M. Mustapa Kamal, A. Sulaiman, R. Omar, Munirah Mohammad","doi":"10.22146/ajche.77350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.77350","url":null,"abstract":"Forward osmosis (FO) requires a specific membrane structure for applications like juice concentration. The phase inversion method was used to make cellulose acetate (CA) FO membranes. The solvents used were acetone and 1,4-dioxane. Additives included polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), methanol, and maleic acid were used in the preparation of CA membrane, which make it easier to improve a FO membrane's permeability. The performance of fabricated FO membrane and their morphology were evaluaed with different casting thicknesses of 150, 200, and 250 µm. Experiment works begins with an hour of membrane flux testing, deionized water was used as feed solution and 1 M NaCl as draw solution. The membrane was then used to concentrate 0.5 M sucrose with NaCl for 240 minutes (2 M). Contact angle, porosity, and scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM) were used to characterize membrane properties and morphology. High water flux (2.25 L/m2hr) and high porosity (75.86%) were found at 200 µm casting thickness. Water permeability of sucrose concentration at 200 µm casting thickness had the highest flux (2.39 L/m2hr). The results also show that flux values vary with membrane thickness. All membranes were hydrophilic with contact angles below 90°. A 200 µm casting thickness produces a membrane with smooth and evenly distributed pores, according to morphology analysis. Structural parameter (S) values had a proportional relationship with the FO membrane thickness, which thinner membrane potentially reduces the internal concentration polarization (ICP).","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The driving force of the cooling crystallization process is supersaturation, where the supersaturation level during the crystallization process is crucial to grow the crystal sufficiently. Nucleation and crystal growth rates are two concurrent phenomena occurring during crystallization. Both are supersaturation functions that determine the growth of seed crystals and the formation of fine crystals. Trade-offs between nucleation and crystal growth are essential for achieving the large size of seed crystals with the minimum number of fine crystals. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effects of nucleation and crystal growth rates on final product quality, which is crystal size distribution (CSD). Modeling of the crystallization process using a potash alum case study is highlighted and simulated using Matlab software. Then, the effects of nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, and both nucleation and crystal growth rates on CSD are evaluated using local sensitivity analysis based on the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Based on simulation results for all strategies, a low combined rate delivers the best performance of the final CSD compared to others. Its primary peak has a mean crystal size of 455 µm with 0.0078 m3/m volume distribution. This means that the grown seed crystals are large with high volume distribution compared to the nominal strategy, which is at the mean crystal size of 415 µm and 0.00434 m3/m. Meanwhile, the secondary peak has the mean crystal size of 65 µm, 0.00028 m3/m in volume distribution. This corroborates the least number of fine crystals at the considerably small size compared to nominal’s (0.00151 m3/m, 35 µm). Overall, the low nucleation and crystal growth rates strategy provides useful insights into designing temperature profiles during the linear cooling crystallization process, whereby achievable supersaturation levels in obtaining large crystals with fewer crystal fines are provided via simulation.
{"title":"Effects of Nucleation and Crystal Growth Rates on Crystal Size Distribution for Seeded Batch Potash Alum Crystallization Process","authors":"S. Z. Adnan, N. A. Abdul Samad","doi":"10.22146/ajche.74121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.74121","url":null,"abstract":"The driving force of the cooling crystallization process is supersaturation, where the supersaturation level during the crystallization process is crucial to grow the crystal sufficiently. Nucleation and crystal growth rates are two concurrent phenomena occurring during crystallization. Both are supersaturation functions that determine the growth of seed crystals and the formation of fine crystals. Trade-offs between nucleation and crystal growth are essential for achieving the large size of seed crystals with the minimum number of fine crystals. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effects of nucleation and crystal growth rates on final product quality, which is crystal size distribution (CSD). Modeling of the crystallization process using a potash alum case study is highlighted and simulated using Matlab software. Then, the effects of nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, and both nucleation and crystal growth rates on CSD are evaluated using local sensitivity analysis based on the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Based on simulation results for all strategies, a low combined rate delivers the best performance of the final CSD compared to others. Its primary peak has a mean crystal size of 455 µm with 0.0078 m3/m volume distribution. This means that the grown seed crystals are large with high volume distribution compared to the nominal strategy, which is at the mean crystal size of 415 µm and 0.00434 m3/m. Meanwhile, the secondary peak has the mean crystal size of 65 µm, 0.00028 m3/m in volume distribution. This corroborates the least number of fine crystals at the considerably small size compared to nominal’s (0.00151 m3/m, 35 µm). Overall, the low nucleation and crystal growth rates strategy provides useful insights into designing temperature profiles during the linear cooling crystallization process, whereby achievable supersaturation levels in obtaining large crystals with fewer crystal fines are provided via simulation.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44449028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carrageenan is a polysaccharide compound extracted from red seaweed and is widely used by food, cosmetic, and advanced materials industries because of its good properties as an environmentally friendly stabilizer. Carrageenan extraction generally uses alkaline treatment for one full day, where the treatment is to obtain carrageenan quality with good gel characteristics. The use of cellulase enzymes is thought to accelerate the desulfuration process of seaweed, where cellulase enzymes are used to break down cellulose in seaweed cell walls. By using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA), carrageenan was tested to see the pattern and viscosity value. This study aims to determine the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the profile of carrageenan with a shorter alkalization process compared to the alkalization commonly used by the industry. The results showed that enzymatic treatment before KOH alkalization would produce a carrageenan profile with a viscosity value of 272-360 cP, whereas the NaOH alkalization only reached 19-24 cP. The results of the test using RVA showed that the addition of an enzymatic process could change the physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and gel point of the carrageenan alkalinized with KOH. However, there was no significant difference in the properties when treated by alkalization using NaOH, which can be described from the value of the gelling point of carrageenan treated by cellulose enzyme. Adding enzymes to KOH will accelerate the gelation process, which occurs at an average temperature of 42.78oC. Meanwhile, carrageenan without enzymatic addition has an average gelation value of 37.48oC.
{"title":"Characteristics of Rapid Visco Analyzer Carrageenan Extract with Enzymatic Pretreatment of Kappaphycus striatum","authors":"Hendrawan Laksono, Citra Kusumaning Dyah, Renny Primasari Gustia Putri, Maya Soraya, H. Purwoto","doi":"10.22146/ajche.76994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.76994","url":null,"abstract":"Carrageenan is a polysaccharide compound extracted from red seaweed and is widely used by food, cosmetic, and advanced materials industries because of its good properties as an environmentally friendly stabilizer. Carrageenan extraction generally uses alkaline treatment for one full day, where the treatment is to obtain carrageenan quality with good gel characteristics. The use of cellulase enzymes is thought to accelerate the desulfuration process of seaweed, where cellulase enzymes are used to break down cellulose in seaweed cell walls. By using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA), carrageenan was tested to see the pattern and viscosity value. This study aims to determine the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the profile of carrageenan with a shorter alkalization process compared to the alkalization commonly used by the industry. The results showed that enzymatic treatment before KOH alkalization would produce a carrageenan profile with a viscosity value of 272-360 cP, whereas the NaOH alkalization only reached 19-24 cP. The results of the test using RVA showed that the addition of an enzymatic process could change the physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and gel point of the carrageenan alkalinized with KOH. However, there was no significant difference in the properties when treated by alkalization using NaOH, which can be described from the value of the gelling point of carrageenan treated by cellulose enzyme. Adding enzymes to KOH will accelerate the gelation process, which occurs at an average temperature of 42.78oC. Meanwhile, carrageenan without enzymatic addition has an average gelation value of 37.48oC.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41505742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a tubular photobioreactor, microalgae cells obscure one another (Self-shading), leading to the microalgae at the bottom of the tube getting less light. The objective of this research was to design and develop Tubular Photobioreactor with 93.5 liters for microalgae cultivation. The experiments had two steps. The first step was designing the solar receiver by inserting the fin into each tube wall as follows: 12-34, 1-2-3-4, 1234, and 13-24. Then, FLUENT software was used to simulate flow behavior inside the tube by Computational Fluid Dynamics by observing the pressure drop, the amount of energy consumption, and the swirling velocity to select the best fin-type. The best fin-type with the growth rate equation is introduced in the next step to simulate the microalgae's growth and movement using the user-defined function technique. The comparison of a tubular photobioreactor is investigated between fin and without fin by observing biomass production. The results showed that algae's optimum inlet velocity is 0.15 meters per second with the tubes containing fin-type 13-24. When simulating the growth behavior of microalgae, results show that the tubes without fins had lower biomass content than the 13-24 fin-type, which were 0.675 and 0.806 grams per liter, respectively, because the 13-24 fin-type will make well microalgae distribution leading to increase the light distribution too. Tubular photobioreactor fins type 13-24 had more biomass production, up to 19.4 percent.
在管状光生物反应器中，微藻细胞相互遮蔽(自我遮蔽)，导致管底部的微藻获得较少的光。本研究的目的是设计和开发用于微藻培养的93.5升管状光生物反应器。实验分为两个步骤。第一步是设计太阳能接收器，将鳍片插入每个管壁如下:12-34,1-2-3-4,1234和13-24。然后，利用FLUENT软件，通过对压降、能耗、旋流速度的观察，对管内流动行为进行计算流体力学模拟，选择最佳的翅片类型。下一步引入最佳鳍型和生长速率方程，利用自定义函数技术模拟微藻的生长和运动。通过对管状光生物反应器中生物质产量的观察，对翅片反应器和无翅片反应器进行了比较。结果表明，在13-24型翅片管中，藻类的最佳入口速度为0.15 m / s。通过对微藻生长行为的模拟，结果表明，无鳍管的生物量含量低于13-24鳍型，分别为0.675 g / l和0.806 g / l，这是因为13-24鳍型会使微藻分布良好，从而增加了光分布。13-24型管式光生物反应器的生物量产量最高，达19.4%。
{"title":"The Development of Tubular Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation","authors":"Varit Kunopagarnwong, T. Srinophakun","doi":"10.22146/ajche.59412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.59412","url":null,"abstract":"In a tubular photobioreactor, microalgae cells obscure one another (Self-shading), leading to the microalgae at the bottom of the tube getting less light. The objective of this research was to design and develop Tubular Photobioreactor with 93.5 liters for microalgae cultivation. The experiments had two steps. The first step was designing the solar receiver by inserting the fin into each tube wall as follows: 12-34, 1-2-3-4, 1234, and 13-24. Then, FLUENT software was used to simulate flow behavior inside the tube by Computational Fluid Dynamics by observing the pressure drop, the amount of energy consumption, and the swirling velocity to select the best fin-type. The best fin-type with the growth rate equation is introduced in the next step to simulate the microalgae's growth and movement using the user-defined function technique. The comparison of a tubular photobioreactor is investigated between fin and without fin by observing biomass production. The results showed that algae's optimum inlet velocity is 0.15 meters per second with the tubes containing fin-type 13-24. When simulating the growth behavior of microalgae, results show that the tubes without fins had lower biomass content than the 13-24 fin-type, which were 0.675 and 0.806 grams per liter, respectively, because the 13-24 fin-type will make well microalgae distribution leading to increase the light distribution too. Tubular photobioreactor fins type 13-24 had more biomass production, up to 19.4 percent.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42282431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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