Norakmalah Mohd Zawawi, F. Hamzah, H. Veny, Miradatul Najwa Mohd Rodhi, M. Sarif
This paper presents the utilization of bamboo residue from the chopstick industry as modified carbon (AC) for supercapacitor application. Bamboo activated carbon (BAC) was activated using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and assisted with microwave ultrasonic (Mw-U) irradiation to enhance the properties of bamboo activated carbon (BAC). Different microwave (Mw) power intensities of 100 W, 300 W, and 500 W at 30 minutes of retention time have been applied on activation and the carbonization process was conducted at temperature 800°C. The BAC was analyzed for the morphology using a scanning electron microscope and proximate and ultimate analysis. Then BAC with the higher surface area was subjected to the electrochemical analysis to determine the electrochemical properties. The study indicated Mw-U irradiation improved the morphology of the BAC, eliminated the impurity of the sample, and gave higher carbon content of BAC. The findings show that lower Mw-U irradiation power provided a higher surface area of BAC. The surface area of 646.87 m2/g and total pore volume of 2.8x10-1 cm3/g was obtained with a power intensity of Mw-U activation at 100 W. While, electrochemical properties, the specific capacitance (Cs) of BAC was 77 Fg-1 at 25 mVs-1 in 1 mol/L KOH of electrolyte for cyclic voltammetry (CV) which indicates the ability of the prepared BAC to be used as an electrode in supercapacitor application. This study determined that Mw-U irradiation can improve the properties of the bamboo during chemical activation and formed BAC that consists of supercapacitor properties.
{"title":"Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Bamboo Activated Carbon Activate Using Potassium Hydroxide Assisted by Microwave-Ultrasonic Irradiation","authors":"Norakmalah Mohd Zawawi, F. Hamzah, H. Veny, Miradatul Najwa Mohd Rodhi, M. Sarif","doi":"10.22146/ajche.64617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.64617","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the utilization of bamboo residue from the chopstick industry as modified carbon (AC) for supercapacitor application. Bamboo activated carbon (BAC) was activated using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and assisted with microwave ultrasonic (Mw-U) irradiation to enhance the properties of bamboo activated carbon (BAC). Different microwave (Mw) power intensities of 100 W, 300 W, and 500 W at 30 minutes of retention time have been applied on activation and the carbonization process was conducted at temperature 800°C. The BAC was analyzed for the morphology using a scanning electron microscope and proximate and ultimate analysis. Then BAC with the higher surface area was subjected to the electrochemical analysis to determine the electrochemical properties. The study indicated Mw-U irradiation improved the morphology of the BAC, eliminated the impurity of the sample, and gave higher carbon content of BAC. The findings show that lower Mw-U irradiation power provided a higher surface area of BAC. The surface area of 646.87 m2/g and total pore volume of 2.8x10-1 cm3/g was obtained with a power intensity of Mw-U activation at 100 W. While, electrochemical properties, the specific capacitance (Cs) of BAC was 77 Fg-1 at 25 mVs-1 in 1 mol/L KOH of electrolyte for cyclic voltammetry (CV) which indicates the ability of the prepared BAC to be used as an electrode in supercapacitor application. This study determined that Mw-U irradiation can improve the properties of the bamboo during chemical activation and formed BAC that consists of supercapacitor properties.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47672160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methyl ester sulfonate is an anionic surfactant that can be synthesized from palm oil as a raw material with the addition of sodium bisulfite and calcium oxide catalyst through transesterification and sulfonation process using microwave-assisted heating. The effect of microwave-assisted heating in the transesterification-sulfonation process was investigated in this study. The transesterification process was carried out using a microwave power of 300 watts for 10 minutes with an addition of a KOH catalyst of 1%. The transesterification process gave a result of palm oil methyl ester with a yield of up to 98% and density of 0.8546 gr/ml, and kinematic viscosity of 3.19 cSt. The sulfonation process is carried out using palm oil methyl ester and sodium bisulfite with a mole ratio of 1:3 and calcium oxide catalyst of 1.5% with the microwave power of 300 watts while varying the sulfonation time and temperature. The physicochemical properties of methyl ester sulfonate were analyzed, and the sulfonate group was characterized using FTIR. The optimum condition gave a yield of up to 98.68%, the density of 0.8657 gr/ml, viscosity of 3.75 cSt, pH of 2.12, and surface tension of up to 27.34 dyne/cm at a temperature of 100oC and sulfonation time of 40 minutes.
{"title":"The Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature on the Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Palm Oil as a Feedstock using Microwave-Assisted Heating","authors":"L. Qadariyah, S. Sahila, M. Mahfud","doi":"10.22146/ajche.63786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.63786","url":null,"abstract":"Methyl ester sulfonate is an anionic surfactant that can be synthesized from palm oil as a raw material with the addition of sodium bisulfite and calcium oxide catalyst through transesterification and sulfonation process using microwave-assisted heating. The effect of microwave-assisted heating in the transesterification-sulfonation process was investigated in this study. The transesterification process was carried out using a microwave power of 300 watts for 10 minutes with an addition of a KOH catalyst of 1%. The transesterification process gave a result of palm oil methyl ester with a yield of up to 98% and density of 0.8546 gr/ml, and kinematic viscosity of 3.19 cSt. The sulfonation process is carried out using palm oil methyl ester and sodium bisulfite with a mole ratio of 1:3 and calcium oxide catalyst of 1.5% with the microwave power of 300 watts while varying the sulfonation time and temperature. The physicochemical properties of methyl ester sulfonate were analyzed, and the sulfonate group was characterized using FTIR. The optimum condition gave a yield of up to 98.68%, the density of 0.8657 gr/ml, viscosity of 3.75 cSt, pH of 2.12, and surface tension of up to 27.34 dyne/cm at a temperature of 100oC and sulfonation time of 40 minutes.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47607146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol, Mohamad Nor Fitri Roslan, M. Asmadi, N. Amin
In this study, sulfonated carbon cryogel (CC) doped with zinc was prepared and used as a solid catalyst. Carbon cryogel was prepared by mixing urea and furfural, freeze-drying, and calcination. The CC was then sulfonated and impregnated with zinc (II) nitrate for ethyl levulinate production from ethanolysis of glucose. Experiment results showed that different types of catalyst prepared from CC precursor had different catalytic effects on the ethanolysis of glucose. Sulfonated carbon cryogel doped with zinc (SCC-Zn) which prepared at a calcination temperature of 300 °C showed better performance as a catalyst for the ethanolysis reaction of glucose. In addition, the 10 wt.% of Zn was recommended as optimum loading for the impregnation on the catalyst. The ethyl levulinate yield of 19.6 mol% was obtained at 180 °C for 6 h with 0.15 g catalyst loading and 0.4 g of glucose feed. The selected SCC-Zn catalyst was further characterized by using FTIR, TGA XRD, and SEM-EDX to evaluate its physical and chemical properties as a catalyst.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Carbon Cryogel Doped Zinc as a Catalyst for Glucose Ethanolysis to Ethyl Levulinate","authors":"Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol, Mohamad Nor Fitri Roslan, M. Asmadi, N. Amin","doi":"10.22146/ajche.59865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.59865","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, sulfonated carbon cryogel (CC) doped with zinc was prepared and used as a solid catalyst. Carbon cryogel was prepared by mixing urea and furfural, freeze-drying, and calcination. The CC was then sulfonated and impregnated with zinc (II) nitrate for ethyl levulinate production from ethanolysis of glucose. Experiment results showed that different types of catalyst prepared from CC precursor had different catalytic effects on the ethanolysis of glucose. Sulfonated carbon cryogel doped with zinc (SCC-Zn) which prepared at a calcination temperature of 300 °C showed better performance as a catalyst for the ethanolysis reaction of glucose. In addition, the 10 wt.% of Zn was recommended as optimum loading for the impregnation on the catalyst. The ethyl levulinate yield of 19.6 mol% was obtained at 180 °C for 6 h with 0.15 g catalyst loading and 0.4 g of glucose feed. The selected SCC-Zn catalyst was further characterized by using FTIR, TGA XRD, and SEM-EDX to evaluate its physical and chemical properties as a catalyst.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47844522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesus Patrick E. Nuqui, R. Damalerio, Sychheng Meas, Socheata Yem, A. Soriano
The density of ionic liquids is an important design parameter for its utilization as a chemical process solvent. In this study, a generalized Pitzer-type correlation for calculating the density of ionic liquids with the use of reduced temperature (TR), reduced pressure (PR), and acentric factor (ω) as parameters is proposed. Experimental density data were obtained from several references through the IUPAC Ionic Liquids Database. Expansion of the terms as well as integrating the ionic liquid molecular weight was attempted to determine the accuracy improvement of the model in predicting densities at 0.1 MPa. Then, the obtained model was modified by further truncation to include the pressure effects for densities at higher pressures. MATLAB software was used to determine the optimal virial coefficients for the proposed correlations. The percent average absolute deviation (%AAD) was applied to calculate the variation between the experimental and calculated density values. It was concluded that the eight (8) coefficient correlation equation with molecular weight for densities at 0.1 MPa had a %AAD of 4.7537%. Upon modifying the correlation to include pressure effects, the resulting modified equation had an overall %AAD of 4.7174%.
{"title":"Generalized Pitzer Correlation for Density Calculations of Ionic Liquids","authors":"Jesus Patrick E. Nuqui, R. Damalerio, Sychheng Meas, Socheata Yem, A. Soriano","doi":"10.22146/ajche.60787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.60787","url":null,"abstract":"The density of ionic liquids is an important design parameter for its utilization as a chemical process solvent. In this study, a generalized Pitzer-type correlation for calculating the density of ionic liquids with the use of reduced temperature (TR), reduced pressure (PR), and acentric factor (ω) as parameters is proposed. Experimental density data were obtained from several references through the IUPAC Ionic Liquids Database. Expansion of the terms as well as integrating the ionic liquid molecular weight was attempted to determine the accuracy improvement of the model in predicting densities at 0.1 MPa. Then, the obtained model was modified by further truncation to include the pressure effects for densities at higher pressures. MATLAB software was used to determine the optimal virial coefficients for the proposed correlations. The percent average absolute deviation (%AAD) was applied to calculate the variation between the experimental and calculated density values. It was concluded that the eight (8) coefficient correlation equation with molecular weight for densities at 0.1 MPa had a %AAD of 4.7537%. Upon modifying the correlation to include pressure effects, the resulting modified equation had an overall %AAD of 4.7174%.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44627599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Sabrina Abdul Manab, H. Veny, Azianna Gusniah, S. Sulaiman, Noorhaliza Aziz
Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester is a fuel derived from vegetable oil and animal fat. In this study, biodiesel is produced from transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol (methanolysis), using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM) within ultrasonic-assisted conditions. The enzymatic transesterification is used due to environmental concerns and also the high yield of biodiesel. The limitations in the mass transfer rate of the product and longer reaction time have drawn attention to more efficient technology. One of them is ultrasonic-assisted to reduce reaction time and increase the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Various parameters have been examined in this study, such as reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, the effect of temperatures, and temperature dependency of immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM). The highest biodiesel yield of 69.3% was obtained after 6 hours of reaction at a temperature of 35°C and using three step-wise addition of methanol to oil ratio 3:1. Our study showed that the TLIM is sensitive to methanol to oil molar ratio above 1:1. Further research on the temperature dependence found that the TLIM activation energy in the reaction is 11.9 kcal/mol, which is within activation energy for an enzymatic reaction.
{"title":"Stepwise Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose Lipase within Ultrasonic-assisted Condition","authors":"Nur Sabrina Abdul Manab, H. Veny, Azianna Gusniah, S. Sulaiman, Noorhaliza Aziz","doi":"10.22146/ajche.60358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.60358","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester is a fuel derived from vegetable oil and animal fat. In this study, biodiesel is produced from transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol (methanolysis), using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM) within ultrasonic-assisted conditions. The enzymatic transesterification is used due to environmental concerns and also the high yield of biodiesel. The limitations in the mass transfer rate of the product and longer reaction time have drawn attention to more efficient technology. One of them is ultrasonic-assisted to reduce reaction time and increase the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Various parameters have been examined in this study, such as reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, the effect of temperatures, and temperature dependency of immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM). The highest biodiesel yield of 69.3% was obtained after 6 hours of reaction at a temperature of 35°C and using three step-wise addition of methanol to oil ratio 3:1. Our study showed that the TLIM is sensitive to methanol to oil molar ratio above 1:1. Further research on the temperature dependence found that the TLIM activation energy in the reaction is 11.9 kcal/mol, which is within activation energy for an enzymatic reaction.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49162257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Seah, Alecia Sze Mun Wong, W. Naik, Chunming Tan, C. Chiang, C. Hii
Yellow mealworm is an alternative protein source studied by researchers to provide an alternative supply of protein to meet the growing demands of human consumption. In this research, convective baking of yellow mealworms at 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C was carried out to study the baking kinetics and product quality. Studies showed the typical falling trend of the moisture ratio curves, which are typical for most bioproducts that undergo hot air treatment. Mathematical modelling showed that the Page model gave a good prediction on the baking kinetics with high fitting accuracy (R2>0.99). Effective diffusivities were determined from 1.66 x 10-11 to 2.88 x 10-11 m2/s within the temperatures tested. The activation energy was estimated at 15.7 kJ/mol based on the Arrhenius equation. The final baked samples appeared darker in color because the browning reaction and reduction in bulk density and product length were observed in the range of 48-54% and 3.0-16.3%, respectively.
黄粉虫是研究人员研究的一种替代蛋白质来源，旨在提供替代蛋白质供应，以满足人类日益增长的消费需求。在本研究中，对黄粉虫在80°C、100°C和120°C下进行了对流烘焙，以研究烘焙动力学和产品质量。研究表明，水分比曲线有典型的下降趋势，这是大多数经过热空气处理的生物产品的典型趋势。数学模型表明，Page模型对烘焙动力学进行了良好的预测，拟合精度高（R2>0.99）。在测试温度范围内，有效扩散系数为1.66 x 10-11至2.88 x 10-11 m2/s。根据Arrhenius方程估计活化能为15.7kJ/mol。由于观察到褐变反应以及堆积密度和产品长度的降低分别在48-54%和3.0-16.3%的范围内，因此最终烘焙的样品看起来颜色较深。
{"title":"Convective Baking Characteristics and Effective Moisture Diffusivities of Yellow Mealworms","authors":"W. Seah, Alecia Sze Mun Wong, W. Naik, Chunming Tan, C. Chiang, C. Hii","doi":"10.22146/ajche.56358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.56358","url":null,"abstract":"Yellow mealworm is an alternative protein source studied by researchers to provide an alternative supply of protein to meet the growing demands of human consumption. In this research, convective baking of yellow mealworms at 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C was carried out to study the baking kinetics and product quality. Studies showed the typical falling trend of the moisture ratio curves, which are typical for most bioproducts that undergo hot air treatment. Mathematical modelling showed that the Page model gave a good prediction on the baking kinetics with high fitting accuracy (R2>0.99). Effective diffusivities were determined from 1.66 x 10-11 to 2.88 x 10-11 m2/s within the temperatures tested. The activation energy was estimated at 15.7 kJ/mol based on the Arrhenius equation. The final baked samples appeared darker in color because the browning reaction and reduction in bulk density and product length were observed in the range of 48-54% and 3.0-16.3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44391244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wingo Wira Dewanatan, Muhammad Kurniawan Adiputra, Imam Karfendi Putro, S. Hartanto, Jonas Kristanto, M. M. Azis
Petrochemical industries have faced growing pressure to decrease their carbon emission from direct and indirect sources. This work aims to demonstrate a carbon tax’s introduction to a feasibility study on the heat exchanger (HE) replacement project at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia. The project was aimed to avoid methanol release as much as 48.88 MT/year. The release of methanol can also be associated with CO 2 emission with an emission factor of 0.6 ton CO 2 e/ton methanol. Here, we investigated the influence of inclusion and exclusion of carbon tax to monetize the CO 2 release. From the project investment point of view, carbon tax inclusion is expected to increase the cost-saving. Introduction of the carbon tax as high as 10 USD/ton CO 2 e with 5% annual increase gives IRR value of 7.06% with Payout Time (PoT) of ca. 11 years. The IRR value without carbon tax scenario is 6.68 % with the same range of PoT. Hence, the inclusion of carbon tax may increase the feasibility of the project. This work has demonstrated the positive role of the carbon tax to increase the feasibility of a project which inlines with the national initiatives to curb the CO 2 emission from chemical industries. It is also worth noting that introduction of carbon tax should be accompanied by a reorganization of government incentives, including several financial policies to create a conducive atmosphere for investors in Indonesia.
{"title":"The Influence of Carbon Tax on the Feasibility of Industrial Project: A Case Study of Heat Exchanger Replacement at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia","authors":"Wingo Wira Dewanatan, Muhammad Kurniawan Adiputra, Imam Karfendi Putro, S. Hartanto, Jonas Kristanto, M. M. Azis","doi":"10.22146/ajche.59515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.59515","url":null,"abstract":"Petrochemical industries have faced growing pressure to decrease their carbon emission from direct and indirect sources. This work aims to demonstrate a carbon tax’s introduction to a feasibility study on the heat exchanger (HE) replacement project at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia. The project was aimed to avoid methanol release as much as 48.88 MT/year. The release of methanol can also be associated with CO 2 emission with an emission factor of 0.6 ton CO 2 e/ton methanol. Here, we investigated the influence of inclusion and exclusion of carbon tax to monetize the CO 2 release. From the project investment point of view, carbon tax inclusion is expected to increase the cost-saving. Introduction of the carbon tax as high as 10 USD/ton CO 2 e with 5% annual increase gives IRR value of 7.06% with Payout Time (PoT) of ca. 11 years. The IRR value without carbon tax scenario is 6.68 % with the same range of PoT. Hence, the inclusion of carbon tax may increase the feasibility of the project. This work has demonstrated the positive role of the carbon tax to increase the feasibility of a project which inlines with the national initiatives to curb the CO 2 emission from chemical industries. It is also worth noting that introduction of carbon tax should be accompanied by a reorganization of government incentives, including several financial policies to create a conducive atmosphere for investors in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"196-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49262151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A microwave thermogravimetric analyzer was used to measure the characteristics of a mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the study, the range of palm oil solid waste composition ratios to PET used was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (by weight). The study included the influence of the quality of raw material on the heating process. The mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and PET proved to impact the heating rate, mass-loss rate, and energy consumption. Based on the observation, empty fruit bunch-PET mixture had the highest heating rate (average 1.5039 o C/s) than shell (average 0.6058 o C/s), and fiber (0.9119 o C/s) and also had the highest mass-loss rate (average 0.0253 g/s). The highest biomass (shell, empty fruit bunch, and fiber) and PET composition ratio give the highest rate of heating rate (average 1.8264 o C/s) and mass-loss rate (average 0.02875 g/s). In addition, the increasing ratio of fixed carbon and material density will impact the increasing heating rate and mass-loss rate and decrease energy consumption. Therefore, fixed carbon and material gaps significantly affect the heating rate.
{"title":"Heating Characteristics of Palm Oil Industry Solid Waste and Plastic Waste Mixture using a Microwave Oven","authors":"Novi Caroko, H. Saptoadi, T. A. Rohmat","doi":"10.22146/ajche.58503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.58503","url":null,"abstract":"A microwave thermogravimetric analyzer was used to measure the characteristics of a mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the study, the range of palm oil solid waste composition ratios to PET used was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (by weight). The study included the influence of the quality of raw material on the heating process. The mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and PET proved to impact the heating rate, mass-loss rate, and energy consumption. Based on the observation, empty fruit bunch-PET mixture had the highest heating rate (average 1.5039 o C/s) than shell (average 0.6058 o C/s), and fiber (0.9119 o C/s) and also had the highest mass-loss rate (average 0.0253 g/s). The highest biomass (shell, empty fruit bunch, and fiber) and PET composition ratio give the highest rate of heating rate (average 1.8264 o C/s) and mass-loss rate (average 0.02875 g/s). In addition, the increasing ratio of fixed carbon and material density will impact the increasing heating rate and mass-loss rate and decrease energy consumption. Therefore, fixed carbon and material gaps significantly affect the heating rate.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"174-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47641208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nursyazwani Binti Zainal Abidin, N. S. Sambudi, N. Kamal
The utilization of hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent has been extensively tested to remove the dye and heavy metal. Yet the adsorbent loss to the environment may lead to secondary pollutant issues. Consequently, the hydroxyapatite was incorporated with Fe 3 O 4 amount variation to solve the secondary pollutant problem by utilizing the magnetic properties of Fe 3 O 4 to recollect the adsorbent. In this work, FESEM images showed a mixture of nano-sizes rods and spherical particles corresponded to the presence of hydroxyapatite and Fe 3 O 4 as a composite. The study found that hydroxyapatite- Fe 3 O 4 (100 wt %) could eliminate 12.434 mg methylene blue/g adsorbent after 4 hours. The hydroxyapatite also gained improvement in its surface area from 59.8m 2 /g to 75.2m 2 /g when Fe 3 O 4 is added. In addition, the adsorption of methylene blue fits the Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the methylene blue removal using hydroxyapatite-Fe 3 O 4 composite can be kept at 80% even after 4 times experiments, showing the recyclability of hydroxyapatite-Fe 3 O 4 .
{"title":"Composite of Hydroxyapatite-Fe3O4 for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue","authors":"Nursyazwani Binti Zainal Abidin, N. S. Sambudi, N. Kamal","doi":"10.22146/ajche.55015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.55015","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent has been extensively tested to remove the dye and heavy metal. Yet the adsorbent loss to the environment may lead to secondary pollutant issues. Consequently, the hydroxyapatite was incorporated with Fe 3 O 4 amount variation to solve the secondary pollutant problem by utilizing the magnetic properties of Fe 3 O 4 to recollect the adsorbent. In this work, FESEM images showed a mixture of nano-sizes rods and spherical particles corresponded to the presence of hydroxyapatite and Fe 3 O 4 as a composite. The study found that hydroxyapatite- Fe 3 O 4 (100 wt %) could eliminate 12.434 mg methylene blue/g adsorbent after 4 hours. The hydroxyapatite also gained improvement in its surface area from 59.8m 2 /g to 75.2m 2 /g when Fe 3 O 4 is added. In addition, the adsorption of methylene blue fits the Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the methylene blue removal using hydroxyapatite-Fe 3 O 4 composite can be kept at 80% even after 4 times experiments, showing the recyclability of hydroxyapatite-Fe 3 O 4 .","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"140-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48442154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Huy, N. Thuy, Lam Thanh Hien, Nguyễn Thị Thanh Hằng, Vuong Bao Khuong, L. Phung, N. T. Lien
Odor pollution is an increasing problem in Vietnam as a tropical country during the urbanization and industrialization. The odor from sewage systems, farms of poultry, pig, and beef, food processing companies, composting factory, and landfills is a severe problem in many nearby residential areas. In this study, two lab-scale biofiltration systems where pristine local bio-media and cultured bio-media with specially formulated microorganisms were employed in biofilters and bio-trickling filter for controls of odor (i.e., hydrogen sulfide and ammonia) from composting process were fabricated and operated. The odorous gas flow was created by composting solid waste collected from an agricultural market (i.e., mainly vegetable), containing low concentrations of 1.32 ± 0.32 mgNH3 m-3 and 5.20 ± 0.28 mgH2S m-3 under stable condition. For the biofilter model, commercial compost and cow manure were used as substrates and packed into the models. For the bio-trickling filter model, K3 bio-media with biofilm developed by contacting activated sludge was used as packing material. The results showed that adding specially formulated microorganisms could reduce adaption time and lead to slightly better odor control performance. Among the substrates, cow manure provided the highest odorous gas removal efficiency of ≥ 90% during the stable phase with the elimination capacity of 0.0492 gNH3 m-3 h-1 and 0.225 gH2S m-3 h-1. The study results show a high potential of cow manure biofilter for control of H2S and NH3 gases in the practical application under Vietnam’s condition.
{"title":"Study on the Removal of Odorous Gases from Composting Process using Local Bio-Media of Vietnam","authors":"N. Huy, N. Thuy, Lam Thanh Hien, Nguyễn Thị Thanh Hằng, Vuong Bao Khuong, L. Phung, N. T. Lien","doi":"10.22146/ajche.54735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.54735","url":null,"abstract":"Odor pollution is an increasing problem in Vietnam as a tropical country during the urbanization and industrialization. The odor from sewage systems, farms of poultry, pig, and beef, food processing companies, composting factory, and landfills is a severe problem in many nearby residential areas. In this study, two lab-scale biofiltration systems where pristine local bio-media and cultured bio-media with specially formulated microorganisms were employed in biofilters and bio-trickling filter for controls of odor (i.e., hydrogen sulfide and ammonia) from composting process were fabricated and operated. The odorous gas flow was created by composting solid waste collected from an agricultural market (i.e., mainly vegetable), containing low concentrations of 1.32 ± 0.32 mgNH3 m-3 and 5.20 ± 0.28 mgH2S m-3 under stable condition. For the biofilter model, commercial compost and cow manure were used as substrates and packed into the models. For the bio-trickling filter model, K3 bio-media with biofilm developed by contacting activated sludge was used as packing material. The results showed that adding specially formulated microorganisms could reduce adaption time and lead to slightly better odor control performance. Among the substrates, cow manure provided the highest odorous gas removal efficiency of ≥ 90% during the stable phase with the elimination capacity of 0.0492 gNH3 m-3 h-1 and 0.225 gH2S m-3 h-1. The study results show a high potential of cow manure biofilter for control of H2S and NH3 gases in the practical application under Vietnam’s condition.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49177321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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