Sheila Garos, James K. Beggan, Annette S. Kluck, Amanda B. Easton
Abstract Empirical research has failed to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between pornography use and sexism. Study 1 showed an inverse correlation between modern sexism and pornography use, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed less sexist attitudes. Study 2 found a positive correlation between pornography use and benevolent sexism, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed more benevolent sexism. Our studies provide insight into the largely inconclusive findings of previous research on pornography use and sexist attitudes toward women.
{"title":"Sexism and Pornography Use","authors":"Sheila Garos, James K. Beggan, Annette S. Kluck, Amanda B. Easton","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n01_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Empirical research has failed to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between pornography use and sexism. Study 1 showed an inverse correlation between modern sexism and pornography use, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed less sexist attitudes. Study 2 found a positive correlation between pornography use and benevolent sexism, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed more benevolent sexism. Our studies provide insight into the largely inconclusive findings of previous research on pornography use and sexist attitudes toward women.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"41 1","pages":"69 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n01_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juline A. Koken, D. Bimbi, J. Parsons, P. Halkitis
Abstract Gay and bisexual male escorts operate at the intersection of two major cultural taboos: engaging in homosexual activity and prostitution. Unfortunately, some past research has served to further the stigma against these men, labeling male sex workers as ‘deviant.’ The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which male escorts experience and cope with work-related stigma. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 gay and bisexual male escorts who advertise on the Internet. Erving Goffman's theory of stigma and identity management was utilized to identify themes in the interviews. Passing and covering, concepts found in Goffman's theory, were found, as well as other newly emerging strategies that the men used to manage or distance themselves from stigma, such as occupational framing, altruism and sex work as normative in the gay community.
{"title":"The Experience of Stigma in the Lives of Male Internet Escorts","authors":"Juline A. Koken, D. Bimbi, J. Parsons, P. Halkitis","doi":"10.1300/J056V16N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V16N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gay and bisexual male escorts operate at the intersection of two major cultural taboos: engaging in homosexual activity and prostitution. Unfortunately, some past research has served to further the stigma against these men, labeling male sex workers as ‘deviant.’ The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which male escorts experience and cope with work-related stigma. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 gay and bisexual male escorts who advertise on the Internet. Erving Goffman's theory of stigma and identity management was utilized to identify themes in the interviews. Passing and covering, concepts found in Goffman's theory, were found, as well as other newly emerging strategies that the men used to manage or distance themselves from stigma, such as occupational framing, altruism and sex work as normative in the gay community.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"40 1","pages":"13 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V16N01_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of the present study was to build on the Health Belief Model (HBM) by adding predictors of late adolescent safer sex behavior: perceptions of peer norms for sexual behavior, and sexual attitudes that emerge from socialization. Sexually active, late adolescent college students (N = 154, 62.3% female; mean age 20.8 years, 76% European American) participated in the study. Predictors from the original HBM included perceived vulnerability, condom use self-efficacy, and attitudes about condoms. In addition, peer norms for condom use and sexual behavior, general sexual attitudes, and endorsement of the sexual double standard were included as predictors of safer sex behavior. Attitudes about condoms, perceived vulnerability, condom use self-efficacy, and the sexual double standard emerged as significant correlates of condom use. General sexual attitudes and the sexual double standard were significantly correlated with alcohol use before or during sex. With the addition of these variables, the regression models accounted for 28% of the variance in condom use, and 14% of the variance in alcohol use before or during sex.
{"title":"Safer Sex and the Health Belief Model","authors":"T. Boone, E. S. Lefkowitz","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of the present study was to build on the Health Belief Model (HBM) by adding predictors of late adolescent safer sex behavior: perceptions of peer norms for sexual behavior, and sexual attitudes that emerge from socialization. Sexually active, late adolescent college students (N = 154, 62.3% female; mean age 20.8 years, 76% European American) participated in the study. Predictors from the original HBM included perceived vulnerability, condom use self-efficacy, and attitudes about condoms. In addition, peer norms for condom use and sexual behavior, general sexual attitudes, and endorsement of the sexual double standard were included as predictors of safer sex behavior. Attitudes about condoms, perceived vulnerability, condom use self-efficacy, and the sexual double standard emerged as significant correlates of condom use. General sexual attitudes and the sexual double standard were significantly correlated with alcohol use before or during sex. With the addition of these variables, the regression models accounted for 28% of the variance in condom use, and 14% of the variance in alcohol use before or during sex.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"51 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n01_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study examines the relationship between demographics, behavioral factors, risk perceptions, and STDs in a U.S. general population. Data from 28,957 respondents with at least one sex partner 12 months prior to the survey completed the Sexual Behavior Module, as part of each state's annual BRFSS survey. Multiple sex partners, ethnicity and age were predictive of receiving treatment for an STD. Respondents who admitted driving while intoxicated and those with high HIV-risk perceptions were also more likely to report receiving treatment for an STD. Findings support the broadening of STD prevention targets, and the importance of highlighting the link between alcohol and STDs during STD and alcohol prevention or treatment visits.
{"title":"Sexually Active Adults in the United States","authors":"J. Leichliter, Samantha P. Williams, S. Bland","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the relationship between demographics, behavioral factors, risk perceptions, and STDs in a U.S. general population. Data from 28,957 respondents with at least one sex partner 12 months prior to the survey completed the Sexual Behavior Module, as part of each state's annual BRFSS survey. Multiple sex partners, ethnicity and age were predictive of receiving treatment for an STD. Respondents who admitted driving while intoxicated and those with high HIV-risk perceptions were also more likely to report receiving treatment for an STD. Findings support the broadening of STD prevention targets, and the importance of highlighting the link between alcohol and STDs during STD and alcohol prevention or treatment visits.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"33 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n01_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shelly K. Kerr, W. R. Walker, D. Warner, Brian W. Mcneill
SUMMARY Graduate-level counselor trainees completed an Assessment and Diagnostic Inventory consisting of clinical vignettes and a series of questions pertaining to conceptualization of client problem, diagnosis, and assessment of overall level of psychopathology.We hypothesized that participants would assign different diagnoses to clients with lesbian versus heterosexual sexual orientation. Participants responded to vignettes in which clients were identified as either a lesbian or a heterosexual female, with all other content identical. Participants were significantly more likely to perceive lesbian clients' problems to be related to sexual orientation for the vignette corresponding to dysthymic disorder. However, they were not more likely to assign personality disorder diagnoses, nor did they attribute a greater degree of psychopathology to lesbian clients with dysthymic disorder.
{"title":"Counselor Trainees' Assessment and Diagnosis of Lesbian Clients with Dysthymic Disorder","authors":"Shelly K. Kerr, W. R. Walker, D. Warner, Brian W. Mcneill","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n02_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n02_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Graduate-level counselor trainees completed an Assessment and Diagnostic Inventory consisting of clinical vignettes and a series of questions pertaining to conceptualization of client problem, diagnosis, and assessment of overall level of psychopathology.We hypothesized that participants would assign different diagnoses to clients with lesbian versus heterosexual sexual orientation. Participants responded to vignettes in which clients were identified as either a lesbian or a heterosexual female, with all other content identical. Participants were significantly more likely to perceive lesbian clients' problems to be related to sexual orientation for the vignette corresponding to dysthymic disorder. However, they were not more likely to assign personality disorder diagnoses, nor did they attribute a greater degree of psychopathology to lesbian clients with dysthymic disorder.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"11 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n02_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66454831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Research on body-image dissatisfaction and eating issues has emphasized the impact of culture's obsession on women's appearance. This paper reviews a study that examined body image issues, eating behavior, and identification with sexual identity in a sexually diverse sample that included lesbians (n = 47), heterosexual women (n = 47), and gay men (n = 51). The degree to which women identified as lesbian did not influence their body satisfaction or eating issues. However, lesbians were less invested in their appearance and less involved in maintaining it than heterosexual women or gay men. Further, lesbians were less concerned with dieting and thinness than the two other groups. The lesbian community may be less concerned with dieting and thinness than heterosexual women. Implications of findings are discussed.
{"title":"Lesbian Body Image and Eating Issues","authors":"Paula Wagenbach","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n04_04","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Research on body-image dissatisfaction and eating issues has emphasized the impact of culture's obsession on women's appearance. This paper reviews a study that examined body image issues, eating behavior, and identification with sexual identity in a sexually diverse sample that included lesbians (n = 47), heterosexual women (n = 47), and gay men (n = 51). The degree to which women identified as lesbian did not influence their body satisfaction or eating issues. However, lesbians were less invested in their appearance and less involved in maintaining it than heterosexual women or gay men. Further, lesbians were less concerned with dieting and thinness than the two other groups. The lesbian community may be less concerned with dieting and thinness than heterosexual women. Implications of findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"205 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n04_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66456874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY We examined the relation between religiosity (importance of religion) and child maltreatment, psychosexual development, self-disclosure of homosexuality and reactions to same with two samples of sexual minority women (Internet n = 84, Coffee House n = 92) obtained with block sampling designs. Extremely important religiosity currently was associated with precocious psychosexual development and self-disclosure in the Internet sample only. Very important religiosity currently was associated with psychosexual development and self-disclosure of minority sexual orientation at significantly older ages. We discuss these results in the context of arguments that religiosity may be a risk factor for sexual minorities. Although not a risk factor in our samples, religiosity appeared to have lost the protective influence observed in studies of the general population.
{"title":"The Impact of Religiosity on Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Psychosexual Development","authors":"R. Mathy","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n02_05","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY We examined the relation between religiosity (importance of religion) and child maltreatment, psychosexual development, self-disclosure of homosexuality and reactions to same with two samples of sexual minority women (Internet n = 84, Coffee House n = 92) obtained with block sampling designs. Extremely important religiosity currently was associated with precocious psychosexual development and self-disclosure in the Internet sample only. Very important religiosity currently was associated with psychosexual development and self-disclosure of minority sexual orientation at significantly older ages. We discuss these results in the context of arguments that religiosity may be a risk factor for sexual minorities. Although not a risk factor in our samples, religiosity appeared to have lost the protective influence observed in studies of the general population.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"100 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n02_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66456151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Using self-report measures, this study explored the relationship of attachment style and internalized shame among 100 self-identified lesbians. The participants were in the highest stage of lesbian identity integration (Cass's model, stage 6, synthesis) and were in ongoing interpersonal psychotherapy. Compared to earlier research on a non-clinical national sample of 317 self-identified lesbians, this sample of mid-life lesbians (predominantly European-American and college educated) reported higher levels of secure attachment and lower (non-clinical) levels of internalized shame. Collectively, scores of the four attachment styles predicted 43% of the variability in internalized shame. Secure attachment significantly predicted reduced shame. This article includes a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
{"title":"Lesbians in Psychotherapy","authors":"G. B. Wells","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n02_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n02_06","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Using self-report measures, this study explored the relationship of attachment style and internalized shame among 100 self-identified lesbians. The participants were in the highest stage of lesbian identity integration (Cass's model, stage 6, synthesis) and were in ongoing interpersonal psychotherapy. Compared to earlier research on a non-clinical national sample of 317 self-identified lesbians, this sample of mid-life lesbians (predominantly European-American and college educated) reported higher levels of secure attachment and lower (non-clinical) levels of internalized shame. Collectively, scores of the four attachment styles predicted 43% of the variability in internalized shame. Secure attachment significantly predicted reduced shame. This article includes a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of the findings.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"101 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n02_06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66456462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY We tested competing hypotheses about the impact of rural-urban gradients on sexual minorities with a public Internet chat room sample (n = 82) and a community-owned coffee house sample (n = 92). We found associations between rural-urban gradient and reports of paternal maltreatment as a child as well as self-disclosure of sexual orientation to a family member. In the coffee house sample, rural-urban gradient mediated the mean age at which participants self-disclosed their sexual orientation to another person, close friend, family member, and parent, though it was associated in the Internet sample only with disclosure of sexual orientation to a family member. Rural-urban gradient was not associated with suicidal intent or victimization.
{"title":"The Impact of Community Size on Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Psychosexual Development","authors":"R. Mathy, Helen M. Carol, Marc Schillace","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY We tested competing hypotheses about the impact of rural-urban gradients on sexual minorities with a public Internet chat room sample (n = 82) and a community-owned coffee house sample (n = 92). We found associations between rural-urban gradient and reports of paternal maltreatment as a child as well as self-disclosure of sexual orientation to a family member. In the coffee house sample, rural-urban gradient mediated the mean age at which participants self-disclosed their sexual orientation to another person, close friend, family member, and parent, though it was associated in the Internet sample only with disclosure of sexual orientation to a family member. Rural-urban gradient was not associated with suicidal intent or victimization.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"47 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n02_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66455401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mei-Fun Kuang, R. Mathy, Helen M. Carol, Kazuhiko Nojima
SUMMARY We obtained via the Internet a convenience sample of Taiwanese heterosexual (n = 287) and sexual minority females (n = 260). A significantly greater percentage of sexual minorities (lesbian and bisexual females) than heterosexuals reported they had used tobacco or alcohol. Relative to heterosexuals, sexual minorities were significantly more likely to report a serious suicide attempt. Overall, gender identity (masculine, feminine, and androgynous) and gender role (butch, femme, and pure or undifferentiated) were poor discriminators of lesbian mental health. Differences between sexual minorities and heterosexuals were more robust than were the variations in gender identities and gender roles among lesbian and bisexual women. We discuss the implications of these findings for further clinical research.
{"title":"The Effects of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Role on the Mental Health of Women in Taiwan's T-Po Lesbian Community","authors":"Mei-Fun Kuang, R. Mathy, Helen M. Carol, Kazuhiko Nojima","doi":"10.1300/J056v15n04_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n04_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY We obtained via the Internet a convenience sample of Taiwanese heterosexual (n = 287) and sexual minority females (n = 260). A significantly greater percentage of sexual minorities (lesbian and bisexual females) than heterosexuals reported they had used tobacco or alcohol. Relative to heterosexuals, sexual minorities were significantly more likely to report a serious suicide attempt. Overall, gender identity (masculine, feminine, and androgynous) and gender role (butch, femme, and pure or undifferentiated) were poor discriminators of lesbian mental health. Differences between sexual minorities and heterosexuals were more robust than were the variations in gender identities and gender roles among lesbian and bisexual women. We discuss the implications of these findings for further clinical research.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"15 1","pages":"163 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v15n04_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66456702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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