Pub Date : 2017-06-08DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0076
Etty Terem
abstract:This article examines two letters of political advice written in 1911 by the Moroccan scholar Muḥammad al-Ḥajwī to the reigning Sultan 'Abd al-Ḥafīẓ. In his letters, al-Ḥajwī discussed the specific political, economic, and cultural difficulties facing Morocco during the first decade of the twentieth century, and offered a concrete program of reform designed to revitalize the state. My analysis explores al-Ḥajwī's discourse of political critique and delineates his reform initiative. By looking beyond the state and considering a project of reform conceived by a non-state actor, this article seeks to escape the limitations of a state-centered analytical framework and draws attention to the need to explore the ways in which other important political, economic, cultural forces in society negotiated the new historical conditions shaped by Moroccan modernity. I argue that al-Ḥajwī's letters underscore the dialectical nature of the modernization of Moroccan state and society. Al-Ḥajwī engaged the dramatic changes brought by modernity and introduced his understanding of becoming modern. I go further to argue that Moroccan modernization was a site of multiple, competing visions of reform resulting from debate and contestation.
{"title":"Navigating Modernity: Lessons in Government and Statecraft in Precolonial Morocco","authors":"Etty Terem","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0076","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines two letters of political advice written in 1911 by the Moroccan scholar Muḥammad al-Ḥajwī to the reigning Sultan 'Abd al-Ḥafīẓ. In his letters, al-Ḥajwī discussed the specific political, economic, and cultural difficulties facing Morocco during the first decade of the twentieth century, and offered a concrete program of reform designed to revitalize the state. My analysis explores al-Ḥajwī's discourse of political critique and delineates his reform initiative. By looking beyond the state and considering a project of reform conceived by a non-state actor, this article seeks to escape the limitations of a state-centered analytical framework and draws attention to the need to explore the ways in which other important political, economic, cultural forces in society negotiated the new historical conditions shaped by Moroccan modernity. I argue that al-Ḥajwī's letters underscore the dialectical nature of the modernization of Moroccan state and society. Al-Ḥajwī engaged the dramatic changes brought by modernity and introduced his understanding of becoming modern. I go further to argue that Moroccan modernization was a site of multiple, competing visions of reform resulting from debate and contestation.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":"76 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45429577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-08DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0009
Gil Gambash
abstract:This article highlights the intense involvement of non-state actors in the development and maintenance of maritime logistics in antiquity. Among their many other functions, non-state actors also came to serve the various needs of central Mediterranean forces, such as the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman empires. While the arbitrary, opportunistic nature of this process is emphasized, notions of imperial grand strategy are found to be less important and are ultimately dismissed.
{"title":"Servicing the Mediterranean Empire: Non-state Actors and Maritime Logistics in Antiquity","authors":"Gil Gambash","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0009","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article highlights the intense involvement of non-state actors in the development and maintenance of maritime logistics in antiquity. Among their many other functions, non-state actors also came to serve the various needs of central Mediterranean forces, such as the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman empires. While the arbitrary, opportunistic nature of this process is emphasized, notions of imperial grand strategy are found to be less important and are ultimately dismissed.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":"32 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43142517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-08DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0098
J. Head, Kate Marples, J. Simpson
abstract:The Mediterranean Basin faces severe ecological degradation: inappropriate agricultural and fishing practices have placed much of the area at risk of ecosystemic collapse. Climate change will intensify the crisis. To address this situation, the Mediterranean Basin should be the subject of a new supranational legal and institutional structure ensuring ecological restoration and agricultural reform, with sovereignty over "environmental" matters (broadly defined) resting not in each of the region's twenty-plus nation-states but rather in a novel supranational institution with legal personality and binding authority over existing national and subsidiary governmental agencies. This article summarizes the rationale, aims, structure, legitimacy, and operations of such a new non-state actor.
{"title":"Mediterranean Agriculture, Ecology, and Law: Creating a New Non-state Actor to Counteract Agro-ecological Collapse in the Mediterranean Basin","authors":"J. Head, Kate Marples, J. Simpson","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.25.1.0098","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The Mediterranean Basin faces severe ecological degradation: inappropriate agricultural and fishing practices have placed much of the area at risk of ecosystemic collapse. Climate change will intensify the crisis. To address this situation, the Mediterranean Basin should be the subject of a new supranational legal and institutional structure ensuring ecological restoration and agricultural reform, with sovereignty over \"environmental\" matters (broadly defined) resting not in each of the region's twenty-plus nation-states but rather in a novel supranational institution with legal personality and binding authority over existing national and subsidiary governmental agencies. This article summarizes the rationale, aims, structure, legitimacy, and operations of such a new non-state actor.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":"146 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41678684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0111
Luigi Andrea Berto
By examining the first Venetian chronicle written after the Fourth Crusade, the Historia ducum Venetorum (1102–1229), this article shows how the Venetian ruling elites wanted to present their recent past. In particular, it proves that the author of that work and probably many of his fellow countrymen wished to point out that the Venetians gave fundamental support toward the defense and strengthening of the Kingdom of Jerusalem without expecting any material reward. Moreover, the Venetians had always been good friends and allies of the Byzantines, and the deterioration of this relationship and the conquest of Constantinople had to be attributed to the irresponsible behavior and ingratitude of the Byzantine emperors. By distorting or omitting a few events, they also wanted to demonstrate that Venice always enjoyed a perfect internal harmony and, therefore, represented an ideal society.
{"title":"Memory and Propaganda in Venice after the Fourth Crusade","authors":"Luigi Andrea Berto","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0111","url":null,"abstract":"By examining the first Venetian chronicle written after the Fourth Crusade, the Historia ducum Venetorum (1102–1229), this article shows how the Venetian ruling elites wanted to present their recent past. In particular, it proves that the author of that work and probably many of his fellow countrymen wished to point out that the Venetians gave fundamental support toward the defense and strengthening of the Kingdom of Jerusalem without expecting any material reward. Moreover, the Venetians had always been good friends and allies of the Byzantines, and the deterioration of this relationship and the conquest of Constantinople had to be attributed to the irresponsible behavior and ingratitude of the Byzantine emperors. By distorting or omitting a few events, they also wanted to demonstrate that Venice always enjoyed a perfect internal harmony and, therefore, represented an ideal society.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"111 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0139
P. Dover
This article focuses on diplomatic correspondence in order to explore the nuanced rhetorical strategies employed by foreign ambassadors to describe papal dissimulation under popes Paul II, Sixtus IV, and Innocent VIII (1464–92). Because they were aware that these popes acted largely according to the calculus of political princes, ambassadors expected to be misled by the pope and his curial or familial associates. The delicate business of reporting that the Holy Father was lying was an arte of its own, as ambassadors used a variety of formulations, describing the “sweetness” or “beauty” of the pope’s words, or claiming that the pontiff had forgotten his “office” (offitio) in his pursuit of political and territorial ends.
{"title":"The Arte and Offitio of the Pope in Italian Diplomatic Correspondence, 1464–1492","authors":"P. Dover","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0139","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on diplomatic correspondence in order to explore the nuanced rhetorical strategies employed by foreign ambassadors to describe papal dissimulation under popes Paul II, Sixtus IV, and Innocent VIII (1464–92). Because they were aware that these popes acted largely according to the calculus of political princes, ambassadors expected to be misled by the pope and his curial or familial associates. The delicate business of reporting that the Holy Father was lying was an arte of its own, as ambassadors used a variety of formulations, describing the “sweetness” or “beauty” of the pope’s words, or claiming that the pontiff had forgotten his “office” (offitio) in his pursuit of political and territorial ends.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"139 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0193
J. Arieti
abstract:This article examines the specific charges against Jews in the Middle Ages that they killed Christians to use their blood in religious rituals and that they practiced usury. It argues that these and other charges were connected in the web of delusional mental associations that accompanies magical thinking. The article looks at a number of these associative links between usury and the blood libel in medieval and early Renaissance theology, philosophy, and literature, with special reference to Dante and Shakespeare.
{"title":"Magical Thinking in Medieval Anti-Semitism: Usury and the Blood Libel","authors":"J. Arieti","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.2.0193","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines the specific charges against Jews in the Middle Ages that they killed Christians to use their blood in religious rituals and that they practiced usury. It argues that these and other charges were connected in the web of delusional mental associations that accompanies magical thinking. The article looks at a number of these associative links between usury and the blood libel in medieval and early Renaissance theology, philosophy, and literature, with special reference to Dante and Shakespeare.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"108 1 1","pages":"193 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0047
Judy H. Park
This article examines William Davenant’s Interregnum drama, The Siege of Rhodes (1656), and its political and aesthetic interventions in debates about sovereignty and the emergent possibilities of English imperial power under Cromwell’s Commonwealth government. Davenant’s play, which dramatizes the imperial power of the Ottoman Turks against European forces in the Mediterranean, should be contextualized in relation to Cromwell’s Western Design, a plan for foreign policy that sought to advance English colonialism in the West Indies. Although Davenant’s play at first appears to support English expansionism, Davenant’s language and stagecraft reveal the limits and contradictions of the desire for empire.
{"title":"The Limits of Empire in Davenant’s The Siege of Rhodes","authors":"Judy H. Park","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0047","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines William Davenant’s Interregnum drama, The Siege of Rhodes (1656), and its political and aesthetic interventions in debates about sovereignty and the emergent possibilities of English imperial power under Cromwell’s Commonwealth government. Davenant’s play, which dramatizes the imperial power of the Ottoman Turks against European forces in the Mediterranean, should be contextualized in relation to Cromwell’s Western Design, a plan for foreign policy that sought to advance English colonialism in the West Indies. Although Davenant’s play at first appears to support English expansionism, Davenant’s language and stagecraft reveal the limits and contradictions of the desire for empire.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"15 1","pages":"47 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0001
M. A. Kelleher
abstract:This article explores the issue of grain piracy during the famine year of 1333–1334 as a means to understanding the identity of medieval Barcelona within a broader Mediterranean context. At the same time that municipal authorities worked to prevent the theft of their own grain shipments, they used the famine as justification for their own piratical actions. The relationship between Barcelona and piracy underlines the independent political agency of Iberian cities in the later Middle Ages, illustrating the permeable borders between law and outlawry, and between public and private interests, as cities attempted to draw borders on a borderless sea.
{"title":"“The Sea of Our City”: Famine, Piracy, and Urban Sovereignty in Medieval Barcelona","authors":"M. A. Kelleher","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article explores the issue of grain piracy during the famine year of 1333–1334 as a means to understanding the identity of medieval Barcelona within a broader Mediterranean context. At the same time that municipal authorities worked to prevent the theft of their own grain shipments, they used the famine as justification for their own piratical actions. The relationship between Barcelona and piracy underlines the independent political agency of Iberian cities in the later Middle Ages, illustrating the permeable borders between law and outlawry, and between public and private interests, as cities attempted to draw borders on a borderless sea.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0023
Güven Di̇nç
Cyprus holds an important geographical position in the eastern Mediterranean. During the Ottoman period (1571–1878), there were five ports in Cyprus that played a key role, not only in the history of Cyprus during this period but also in the Ottoman Empire as a whole. During the French invasion of Egypt (1798–1801), the ports of Cyprus were used to supply both the Ottoman army and the armies of its allies, England and Russia. The ports of Cyprus also regularly facilitated communications between the capital and the theater of war, which was distant from the capital.
{"title":"The Ports of Cyprus and the French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)","authors":"Güven Di̇nç","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Cyprus holds an important geographical position in the eastern Mediterranean. During the Ottoman period (1571–1878), there were five ports in Cyprus that played a key role, not only in the history of Cyprus during this period but also in the Ottoman Empire as a whole. During the French invasion of Egypt (1798–1801), the ports of Cyprus were used to supply both the Ottoman army and the armies of its allies, England and Russia. The ports of Cyprus also regularly facilitated communications between the capital and the theater of war, which was distant from the capital.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"23 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0077
Vasileios Pappas
abstract:This article provides a different reading to Tibullus’s poem 1.5. The focus is mainly on verses 31–34 and 61–66. The poet presents himself as Delia’s pimp, offering her to his powerful patron, Messalla, and to other secret lovers. Simultaneously, he offers “Delia,” that is, the first book of his elegies, to his powerful friend. Through this double entendre, Tibullus intends to produce humor, to mock the political relationship between patrons and clients (clientelae), and to declare his poetical beliefs.
{"title":"Leno Poeta: Tibullus’s Poem 1.5","authors":"Vasileios Pappas","doi":"10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0077","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article provides a different reading to Tibullus’s poem 1.5. The focus is mainly on verses 31–34 and 61–66. The poet presents himself as Delia’s pimp, offering her to his powerful patron, Messalla, and to other secret lovers. Simultaneously, he offers “Delia,” that is, the first book of his elegies, to his powerful friend. Through this double entendre, Tibullus intends to produce humor, to mock the political relationship between patrons and clients (clientelae), and to declare his poetical beliefs.","PeriodicalId":85059,"journal":{"name":"Korea & world affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"77 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/MEDITERRANEANSTU.24.1.0077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70866886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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