Agricultural soils are becoming contaminated with heavy metals due to industrialization and increase in anthropogenic activities. Phytoremediation of heavy metals is an environment-friendly technique for reclamation contaminated soils. Quinoa is halophyte with excellent nutritional qualities and can also be used for the reclamation of polluted soil. This study was executed to evaluate the phytoextraction potential of heavy metals in older and younger leaves of quinoa. Six genotypes of quinoa were cultivated on artificially heavy metals polluted soil in controlled block with use of sewage wastewater at MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan. Leaves samples were analyzed to evaluate the concentration of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maximum amount of heavy metals were accumulated in older leaves Q-76, Q50 and Q-82 but Q-76 genotype was higher accumulator. In case of yield, Q-7 and Q-76 were best performers with maximum seed yield, biomass, main panicle length and width. It can be concluded that Q-76 genotype was best among the six for producing higher yield with better extraction of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Ni) from polluted soil.
{"title":"Halophyte quinoa: a potential hyperaccumulator of heavy metals for\u0000phytoremediation","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2021.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2021.444","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural soils are becoming contaminated with heavy metals due to industrialization and increase in anthropogenic activities. Phytoremediation of heavy metals is an environment-friendly technique for reclamation contaminated soils. Quinoa is halophyte with excellent nutritional qualities and can also be used for the reclamation of polluted soil. This study was executed to evaluate the phytoextraction potential of heavy metals in older and younger leaves of quinoa. Six genotypes of quinoa were cultivated on artificially heavy metals polluted soil in controlled block with use of sewage wastewater at MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan. Leaves samples were analyzed to evaluate the concentration of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maximum amount of heavy metals were accumulated in older leaves Q-76, Q50 and Q-82 but Q-76 genotype was higher accumulator. In case of yield, Q-7 and Q-76 were best performers with maximum seed yield, biomass, main panicle length and width. It can be concluded that Q-76 genotype was best among the six for producing higher yield with better extraction of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Ni) from polluted soil.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69849599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2021.08.321
Salinity affects growth of salt-sensitive vegetable crops at an early stage. So, selection of vegetable crops at an early vegetative stage is a significant step in improving salt tolerance. In this study, twenty-four tomato genotypes were subjected to two different salinity stress viz., control, and 15 dS m -1 at 35 days after emergence under hydroponic culture. Visual scoring of salt injury and morpho-physiological traits (length, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, leaf area, membrane stability, and content of Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , K + : Na + and Ca 2+ : Na + ) were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed that specific and interaction effects of both salinity and genotype for all measured traits were significant (P<0.05), suggesting a wide range of diversity in these genotypes. On the basis of visual scoring, genotypes G4, G7, G14, and G16 were found in lower injury scale classes 1 and 2. They also had the least reduction of root length, leaf area, and total biomass under salinity. At 15 dS m -1 salinity level, the genotypes G1, G4, G7, G14, and G16 showed the least cell membrane stability index CMSI compared to the control genotype. Moreover, these genotypes also uptake less Na + with higher % of K + and Ca 2+ , which resulted in higher K + : Na + and Ca 2+ : Na + ratios than others, that expressed their tolerance to salinity. Tomato genotypes were classified into four clusters, where, G1, G4, G5, G7, G14, and G16 genotypes were found in cluster 3 and cluster 1, with the maximum mean values and top-ranking scores in their measured morphological traits. On the other hand, G13, G20, G22, G23, and G24 were in cluster 4, with the lowest mean values and bottom-ranking scores. The results of the study consistently confirmed that G4, G7, G14, and G16 genotypes are salt-tolerant at the vegetative stage.
{"title":"Assessment and assortment of tomato genotypes against salinity at\u0000vegetative stage","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2021.08.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2021.08.321","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity affects growth of salt-sensitive vegetable crops at an early stage. So, selection of vegetable crops at an early vegetative stage is a significant step in improving salt tolerance. In this study, twenty-four tomato genotypes were subjected to two different salinity stress viz., control, and 15 dS m -1 at 35 days after emergence under hydroponic culture. Visual scoring of salt injury and morpho-physiological traits (length, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, leaf area, membrane stability, and content of Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , K + : Na + and Ca 2+ : Na + ) were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed that specific and interaction effects of both salinity and genotype for all measured traits were significant (P<0.05), suggesting a wide range of diversity in these genotypes. On the basis of visual scoring, genotypes G4, G7, G14, and G16 were found in lower injury scale classes 1 and 2. They also had the least reduction of root length, leaf area, and total biomass under salinity. At 15 dS m -1 salinity level, the genotypes G1, G4, G7, G14, and G16 showed the least cell membrane stability index CMSI compared to the control genotype. Moreover, these genotypes also uptake less Na + with higher % of K + and Ca 2+ , which resulted in higher K + : Na + and Ca 2+ : Na + ratios than others, that expressed their tolerance to salinity. Tomato genotypes were classified into four clusters, where, G1, G4, G5, G7, G14, and G16 genotypes were found in cluster 3 and cluster 1, with the maximum mean values and top-ranking scores in their measured morphological traits. On the other hand, G13, G20, G22, G23, and G24 were in cluster 4, with the lowest mean values and bottom-ranking scores. The results of the study consistently confirmed that G4, G7, G14, and G16 genotypes are salt-tolerant at the vegetative stage.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69849659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.10.534
Omer Ahmed Ghafour, Chawan Nawzad, Jutyar Kazm Khalaf, Niga Karim Bchkol, Ashna Latif Sharif, Shaida, Rahim Watman, T. Soor
Vegetables are a form of delivering pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas spp. This study investigated the rate of vegetable contamination by bacteria with their bacteriological and molecular characterization in Sulaimani Province. The colony forming unit was used to indicate the rate of bacterial contamination per gram of vegetable. As a result, all studied vegetables were found to be highly contaminated by bacteria at high rates, reaching 64,816 bacteria/gm. Among them, coriander showed the highest rate of contamination (89,720 cfu/g), while the carrot had the lowest rate (43,260 cfu/g). The highest rate of bacterial contamination was in Qaladze region and Sulaimani city, while the least contamination was observed in Chamchamal. In total, 54 Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated and PCR amplification of 16SrRNA gene (670 bp) was used for the final confirmation. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas bacteria was the highest against Amoxicillin (%98.2) and amoxycilin/clavulanic (%96.4), while the Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime remained more affective against the bacteria. Out of 54 Pseudomonas isolates, four isolates (7.4%) were found to carry bla OXA resistance gene, and two isolates (3.7 %) were positive to bla CMY. None of Pseudomonas isolates carried bla CTX, bla SHV or bla TEM genes. It is concluded that all vegetable types in the study were contaminated by bacteria at high rates, but the rates were different in the varying types of vegetables. All vegetable samples in all geographical areas were contaminated by Pseudomonas bacteria containing isolates that carry bla OXA and bla CMY genes, which are highly resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, the vegetables in the studied area are at a threatening level to the public health if not properly handled and treated. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.10.534
{"title":"The rate of contamination, occurrence and molecular characterization of Pseudomonas isolates in vegetables collected from different regions of Sulaimani province, Iraq","authors":"Omer Ahmed Ghafour, Chawan Nawzad, Jutyar Kazm Khalaf, Niga Karim Bchkol, Ashna Latif Sharif, Shaida, Rahim Watman, T. Soor","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2020.10.534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.10.534","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables are a form of delivering pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas spp. This study investigated the rate of vegetable contamination by bacteria with their bacteriological and molecular characterization in Sulaimani Province. The colony forming unit was used to indicate the rate of bacterial contamination per gram of vegetable. As a result, all studied vegetables were found to be highly contaminated by bacteria at high rates, reaching 64,816 bacteria/gm. Among them, coriander showed the highest rate of contamination (89,720 cfu/g), while the carrot had the lowest rate (43,260 cfu/g). The highest rate of bacterial contamination was in Qaladze region and Sulaimani city, while the least contamination was observed in Chamchamal. In total, 54 Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated and PCR amplification of 16SrRNA gene (670 bp) was used for the final confirmation. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas bacteria was the highest against Amoxicillin (%98.2) and amoxycilin/clavulanic (%96.4), while the Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime remained more affective against the bacteria. Out of 54 Pseudomonas isolates, four isolates (7.4%) were found to carry bla OXA resistance gene, and two isolates (3.7 %) were positive to bla CMY. None of Pseudomonas isolates carried bla CTX, bla SHV or bla TEM genes. It is concluded that all vegetable types in the study were contaminated by bacteria at high rates, but the rates were different in the varying types of vegetables. All vegetable samples in all geographical areas were contaminated by Pseudomonas bacteria containing isolates that carry bla OXA and bla CMY genes, which are highly resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, the vegetables in the studied area are at a threatening level to the public health if not properly handled and treated. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.10.534","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48670326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2021.02.062
Field experiments were conducted to find out the floral activity of insects on Mangifera indica cv. Kent (Anacardiaceae) for assessing the impact on pollination and fruit set in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Two treatments were made with open-pollinated flowers (treatment A) and secondly bagged panicles (treatment B). The diversity of the entomofauna and certain foraging parameters were recorded in treatment A and a comparison of fruit set was made for both treatments. Twenty-six insect species were recorded overall. Bees were sporadic with a relative abundance of only ˂ 9%. The order Diptera with a relative abundance of 89.35% was the most species-rich. Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) and an undetermined species belonging to the genus Sarcophaga (Sarcophagidae) were constant species. These flies were active daily during study with a peak of activity at the 7:00-10:00 a.m. recorded time interval. Flower visits by flies were noted as 89% for nectar harvesting and 11% for pollen collection. During their foraging activity, flies induced the pollination of hermaphroditic flowers which resulting in an improvement in mango fruit yields. The rate of mature fruit per panicle was 0% in treatment B during both years, with 1.07% in 2018/2019 and 1.85% in 2019/2020 in treatment A. Flies are here identified as essential flower-visiting insects and pollinators of M . indica which guaranteed fruiting of this crop in Maroua (Cameroon).
{"title":"Importance of flies for Mangifera indica cv. Kent (Anacardiaceae) pollination and fruit set in the Sudano-Sahelian area of Cameroon","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2021.02.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2021.02.062","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted to find out the floral activity of insects on Mangifera indica cv. Kent (Anacardiaceae) for assessing the impact on pollination and fruit set in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Two treatments were made with open-pollinated flowers (treatment A) and secondly bagged panicles (treatment B). The diversity of the entomofauna and certain foraging parameters were recorded in treatment A and a comparison of fruit set was made for both treatments. Twenty-six insect species were recorded overall. Bees were sporadic with a relative abundance of only ˂ 9%. The order Diptera with a relative abundance of 89.35% was the most species-rich. Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) and an undetermined species belonging to the genus Sarcophaga (Sarcophagidae) were constant species. These flies were active daily during study with a peak of activity at the 7:00-10:00 a.m. recorded time interval. Flower visits by flies were noted as 89% for nectar harvesting and 11% for pollen collection. During their foraging activity, flies induced the pollination of hermaphroditic flowers which resulting in an improvement in mango fruit yields. The rate of mature fruit per panicle was 0% in treatment B during both years, with 1.07% in 2018/2019 and 1.85% in 2019/2020 in treatment A. Flies are here identified as essential flower-visiting insects and pollinators of M . indica which guaranteed fruiting of this crop in Maroua (Cameroon).","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48742674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2021.02.087
In the Philippines, native corn acts as a rice substitute during rice scarcity, making it the second most important staple crop. Japanese snail is considered an economically important mollusk pest but is known to address plant growth problems when used as amino acid fertilizer. The study compared seaweed residue, bamboo shoot residue, Japanese snail residue and their combination with organic pesticide, Guduchi, to commercially available compost fertilizer (10t/ha). These were done in three replications arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. Photosynthetic parameters were measured using LI-6800 Portable Photosynthesis System. Application of Japanese snail residue improved height from 4th to 8th week by 67.53 cm. Bamboo shoot residue also showed effectiveness in improving the plant height on the 8th week at 139.13±6.28SD cm. On leaf length, Japanese snail residue outperformed the commercial basal organic fertilizer from the second up to the eighth week by 38.5 cm. On reproductive stage, Japanese snail showed the highest weight of ears at 86.6± 20.36SD g and is comparable with seaweed residue in the weight of kernels per ear at 69.60± 1.48SD g. However, in the computed yield, Japanese snail fertilizer has the lowest at 2.13±09SD g but the combination of pesticide and Japanese snail obtained the highest at 3.33±04SD g. Seaweed residue alone attained the highest transpiration rate and the lowest assimilation rate at 1604168655.67±191.66SD µmol H2O m-2 s-1 and 13.16±0.69SD µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively while the combination of Japanese snail and Guduchi was the one that improved stomatal conductance to CO2 and the total conductance to CO2 at 478.6350±34.82SD μmol mol¯ and 47.5083±3.55SD Pa. Japanese snail residue has the lowest vapor pressure deficit at leaf temperature at 4.54±0.02SD kPa which showed significantly strong correlation with increase leaf length and plant height. Hence, Japanese snail residue fertilizer has the potential to be used as solid organic fertilizer for the growth of indigenous corn.
{"title":"Fermented Japanese snail fertilizer reduces vapor pressure deficit that improves indigenous corn growth (Zea mays var. Tiniguib)","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2021.02.087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2021.02.087","url":null,"abstract":"In the Philippines, native corn acts as a rice substitute during rice scarcity, making it the second most important staple crop. Japanese snail is considered an economically important mollusk pest but is known to address plant growth problems when used as amino acid fertilizer. The study compared seaweed residue, bamboo shoot residue, Japanese snail residue and their combination with organic pesticide, Guduchi, to commercially available compost fertilizer (10t/ha). These were done in three replications arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. Photosynthetic parameters were measured using LI-6800 Portable Photosynthesis System. Application of Japanese snail residue improved height from 4th to 8th week by 67.53 cm. Bamboo shoot residue also showed effectiveness in improving the plant height on the 8th week at 139.13±6.28SD cm. On leaf length, Japanese snail residue outperformed the commercial basal organic fertilizer from the second up to the eighth week by 38.5 cm. On reproductive stage, Japanese snail showed the highest weight of ears at 86.6± 20.36SD g and is comparable with seaweed residue in the weight of kernels per ear at 69.60± 1.48SD g. However, in the computed yield, Japanese snail fertilizer has the lowest at 2.13±09SD g but the combination of pesticide and Japanese snail obtained the highest at 3.33±04SD g. Seaweed residue alone attained the highest transpiration rate and the lowest assimilation rate at 1604168655.67±191.66SD µmol H2O m-2 s-1 and 13.16±0.69SD µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively while the combination of Japanese snail and Guduchi was the one that improved stomatal conductance to CO2 and the total conductance to CO2 at 478.6350±34.82SD μmol mol¯ and 47.5083±3.55SD Pa. Japanese snail residue has the lowest vapor pressure deficit at leaf temperature at 4.54±0.02SD kPa which showed significantly strong correlation with increase leaf length and plant height. Hence, Japanese snail residue fertilizer has the potential to be used as solid organic fertilizer for the growth of indigenous corn.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46135786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.09.505
{"title":"Biochemical profile of albino rats with experimentally induced metabolic\u0000syndrome fed diet formulations of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Gongronema\u0000latifolium and Moringa oleifera leaves","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2020.09.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.09.505","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48473382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.09.483
Fermented cassava pulp flour-based composite flour (FCPF-based composite flour) is a composite flour consisting of fermented cassava pulp flour, cassava starch, and xanthan gum which has the potential to be developed as a gluten free flour. This study was aimed to increase the resistant starch (RS) content of FCBF-based composite flour through the application of the partial gelatinization (PG) autoclaving-cooling process. Other aims were to characterize its chemicals properties, granular morphology, polarized optical microscopy, amylographic profile, X-ray diffraction pattern and relative crystallinity, degree of starch hydrolysis and estimated glycemic index (EGI). The results of the study revealed that PG autoclaving for 15 min and cooling time 72 h was the optimal treatments that increased the RS content of FCPF-based composite flour from 1.75% to 7.31%. This study indicated that the increasing of resistant starch content of FCPF-based composite flour changed its chemicals properties, granular morphology, polarized optical microscopy, amylographic profile, X-ray diffraction pattern and relative crystallinity; and lowering the degree of starch hydrolysis and value of estimated glycemic index (EGI). Increased the RS content would improve the functional properties of FCPF-based composite flour.
{"title":"Application of partial gelatinization autoclaving-cooling process to increase\u0000the resistant starch content of fermented cassava pulp flour-based\u0000composite flour","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2020.09.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.09.483","url":null,"abstract":"Fermented cassava pulp flour-based composite flour (FCPF-based composite flour) is a composite flour consisting of fermented cassava pulp flour, cassava starch, and xanthan gum which has the potential to be developed as a gluten free flour. This study was aimed to increase the resistant starch (RS) content of FCBF-based composite flour through the application of the partial gelatinization (PG) autoclaving-cooling process. Other aims were to characterize its chemicals properties, granular morphology, polarized optical microscopy, amylographic profile, X-ray diffraction pattern and relative crystallinity, degree of starch hydrolysis and estimated glycemic index (EGI). The results of the study revealed that PG autoclaving for 15 min and cooling time 72 h was the optimal treatments that increased the RS content of FCPF-based composite flour from 1.75% to 7.31%. This study indicated that the increasing of resistant starch content of FCPF-based composite flour changed its chemicals properties, granular morphology, polarized optical microscopy, amylographic profile, X-ray diffraction pattern and relative crystallinity; and lowering the degree of starch hydrolysis and value of estimated glycemic index (EGI). Increased the RS content would improve the functional properties of FCPF-based composite flour.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43177886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.10.550
D. A. Kotey, Y. Assefa, J. Berg
The assessment of the comparative performance of technologies, especially, those identified as alternatives, under smallholder farmers' conditions, can enhance the sustainable dissemination and adoption of improved agricultural technologies. To this end, the performance of a genetically modified (GM) stacked-trait herbicide and insect resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize hybrid was compared to a GM herbicide tolerant hybrid, a non-GM hybrid and an open pollinated variety (OPV). The trials were conducted in three localities under natural stem borer infestation in irrigated and nonirrigated (dryland) fields. No stem borer infestation was observed on Bt maize plants from the seedling to the flowering stages in all fields at all trial sites. Stem borer infestation was higher under irrigation compared to dryland conditions. The stem borer complex on non-Bt maize plants under irrigation was dominated by Chilo partellus whilst only Busseola fusca larvae were recorded under dryland conditions. The yield of the Bt maize variety under irrigation was significantly higher than that of the OPV but not different (P>0.05) from that of the non-Bt hybrids. No significant (P>0.05) difference in yield was observed between Bt and non-Bt maize varieties under dryland conditions. The results highlight the need to base dissemination and adoption decisions of relatively expensive agricultural technologies such as GM maize on the results of context specific field trials.
{"title":"Comparative incidence of maize stem borers on GM and non-GM maize under\u0000two smallholder cropping systems in the Eastern Cape province of South\u0000Africa","authors":"D. A. Kotey, Y. Assefa, J. Berg","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2020.10.550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.10.550","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of the comparative performance of technologies, especially, those identified as alternatives, under smallholder farmers' conditions, can enhance the sustainable dissemination and adoption of improved agricultural technologies. To this end, the performance of a genetically modified (GM) stacked-trait herbicide and insect resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize hybrid was compared to a GM herbicide tolerant hybrid, a non-GM hybrid and an open pollinated variety (OPV). The trials were conducted in three localities under natural stem borer infestation in irrigated and nonirrigated (dryland) fields. No stem borer infestation was observed on Bt maize plants from the seedling to the flowering stages in all fields at all trial sites. Stem borer infestation was higher under irrigation compared to dryland conditions. The stem borer complex on non-Bt maize plants under irrigation was dominated by Chilo partellus whilst only Busseola fusca larvae were recorded under dryland conditions. The yield of the Bt maize variety under irrigation was significantly higher than that of the OPV but not different (P>0.05) from that of the non-Bt hybrids. No significant (P>0.05) difference in yield was observed between Bt and non-Bt maize varieties under dryland conditions. The results highlight the need to base dissemination and adoption decisions of relatively expensive agricultural technologies such as GM maize on the results of context specific field trials.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43609060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2021.02.073
Monotheca buxifolia [(Falc.) A. DC.] indigenous to northern Pakistan is a broad-leaved evergreen traditional plant of pharmacological versatility. The present investigation focused on evaluating the phytochemistry, nutritional profile, analgesic activity, cytotoxicity and GC-MS profile of M. buxifolia . The result showed aerial parts of M. buxifolia had high content of carbohydrate and protein, along with sufficient amounts of macro and micronutrients. The lipophilic n -hexane fraction of M. buxifolia exhibited the presence of saponins (29.30%), flavonoids (18%) and phenols (0.46 mg GAE/100 g). Analgesic activity of lipophilic fraction was equivalent to standard drug (Aspirin) as determined by the tail flick method. The F1 (oily liquid) of lipophilic fraction showed significant cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and liver (HepG2) cell lines). GC-MS profiling identified cis-vaccenic acid followed by n - hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major bioactive compounds in the lipophilic oily sub-fraction of M. buxifolia . These results support the use of oily sub-fraction of M. buxifolia as an effective and safe candidate for treatment of cancer cell lines
{"title":"Phytochemical, pharmacological and GC-MS characterization of the lipophilic\u0000fraction of Monotheca buxifolia","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2021.02.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2021.02.073","url":null,"abstract":"Monotheca buxifolia [(Falc.) A. DC.] indigenous to northern Pakistan is a broad-leaved evergreen traditional plant of pharmacological versatility. The present investigation focused on evaluating the phytochemistry, nutritional profile, analgesic activity, cytotoxicity and GC-MS profile of M. buxifolia . The result showed aerial parts of M. buxifolia had high content of carbohydrate and protein, along with sufficient amounts of macro and micronutrients. The lipophilic n -hexane fraction of M. buxifolia exhibited the presence of saponins (29.30%), flavonoids (18%) and phenols (0.46 mg GAE/100 g). Analgesic activity of lipophilic fraction was equivalent to standard drug (Aspirin) as determined by the tail flick method. The F1 (oily liquid) of lipophilic fraction showed significant cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and liver (HepG2) cell lines). GC-MS profiling identified cis-vaccenic acid followed by n - hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major bioactive compounds in the lipophilic oily sub-fraction of M. buxifolia . These results support the use of oily sub-fraction of M. buxifolia as an effective and safe candidate for treatment of cancer cell lines","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45683319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.05.295
Aluminum can possibly have direct or indirect adverse effects on plant growth; however, this effect is not the same for all plants, even in the same species. The roots of plants are most sensitive to Al toxicity accompanied to initial symptoms such as the inhibition of cell extension and retarded development of root systems. This study was aimed to evaluate doubled-haploid (DH1) upland rice derived from anther culture to Al stress and to study the genetic diversity and population distribution of DH lines due to Al stress. Al tolerant test was carried out in a greenhouse using factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Yoshida nutrient solution containing Al of 0 and 45 ppm was the first factor, while the second was the lines obtained from previous experiments (DH1), the four parents (SGJT36, SGJT28, Fatmawati, and Way Rarem), while Dupa, and ITA131, respectively as an Al tolerant and susceptible checks.. The results showed that root length, shoot length, and shoot dry weight had high heritability values and correlated well with the observed characters. Al tolerant doubled haploid upland rice lines derived from anther culture varied widely. Based on the Relative Root Length (RRL), out of 58 lines tested, 19 genotypes were highly tolerant, 29 lines were moderate, while 10 were low. The DH1 rice derived from P3 showed high, moderate, and low tolerance, while those from P6 showed high and moderate tolerance only.
{"title":"Assessment of aluminum tolerant of double haploid lines for developing new\u0000type of upland rice","authors":"","doi":"10.35495/ajab.2020.05.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.05.295","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum can possibly have direct or indirect adverse effects on plant growth; however, this effect is not the same for all plants, even in the same species. The roots of plants are most sensitive to Al toxicity accompanied to initial symptoms such as the inhibition of cell extension and retarded development of root systems. This study was aimed to evaluate doubled-haploid (DH1) upland rice derived from anther culture to Al stress and to study the genetic diversity and population distribution of DH lines due to Al stress. Al tolerant test was carried out in a greenhouse using factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Yoshida nutrient solution containing Al of 0 and 45 ppm was the first factor, while the second was the lines obtained from previous experiments (DH1), the four parents (SGJT36, SGJT28, Fatmawati, and Way Rarem), while Dupa, and ITA131, respectively as an Al tolerant and susceptible checks.. The results showed that root length, shoot length, and shoot dry weight had high heritability values and correlated well with the observed characters. Al tolerant doubled haploid upland rice lines derived from anther culture varied widely. Based on the Relative Root Length (RRL), out of 58 lines tested, 19 genotypes were highly tolerant, 29 lines were moderate, while 10 were low. The DH1 rice derived from P3 showed high, moderate, and low tolerance, while those from P6 showed high and moderate tolerance only.","PeriodicalId":8506,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45124756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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