Y. Miyama, Kiyomi Kamiyama, Wataru Tsujimoto, Shu Taira, S. Terabayashi
Internal browning is a physiological disorder that occurs in hydroponically grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and is characterized by the browning of the inside of the fruit, while its outer surface appears normal (Fig. 1). Internal browning often occurs in the lower trusses of tomatoes cultivated via hydroponics that are planted in August; it presents a recurring problem to Japanese producers (Iwamoto et al., 1993; Terabayashi et al., 2010). Subsequently, internal browning is often not detected before shipping, and the affected fruits reach consumers via the distribution network. The cause of internal browning has not been determined. However, analysis of the inorganic components in affected fruits suggests calcium (Ca) deficiency as a factor because affected fruits contain lower Ca levels than those of normal fruits (Ishizuka et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2019). Additionally, it was found that internal browning occurs when the nutrient solution used contains a low concentration of Ca (Terabayashi et al., 2010). A related disorder of tomatoes is blossom-end rot, which may also be associated with Ca deficiency (Raleigh, 1939; Lyon et al., 1942). In this disorder, Ca concentrations at the site of the blossomend rot in tomato plants are low (Ward, 1973; Terabayashi et al., 1988). Defoliation is a method used to suppress blossom-end rot. It confirmed that when the leaf area is halved, the occurrence of blossom-end rot of ‘NDM0112’ (Nippon Del Monte Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) and ‘Summer Kiss’ (Nippon Del Monte Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) was reduced from 30% to 16% and from 18% to 6%, respectively (Sato et al., 2004). Since internal browning and blossom-end rot may develop due to similar factors, we hypothesize that defoliation may also suppress internal browning. To investigate the effects of defoliation on internal browning, we first investigated the effects of defoliation on internal browning of tomatoes planted in a rockwool cultivation system set-up in an actual glass greenhouse, and in a hydroponic device in a controlled environment chamber. In this experiment, we used a nutrient solution with a lower Ca concentration and higher NH4 concentration than that in the normal culture solution. This is because this type of nutrient solution has been associated with the occurrence of blossom-end rot (Ikeda and Osawa, 1988; Terabayashi et al., 1988). Second, we compared the effects of defoliation and lack of defoliation on the Ca concentration in tomato fruits.
内部褐变是一种发生在水培番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）中的生理障碍，其特征是果实内部褐变，而其外表面看起来正常（图1）。内部褐变通常发生在八月种植的水培番茄的下部桁架中；它给日本生产商带来了一个反复出现的问题（Iwamoto等人，1993年；Terabayashi等人，2010年）。随后，在运输前通常不会检测到内部褐变，受影响的水果通过分销网络到达消费者手中。内部褐变的原因尚未确定。然而，对受影响水果中无机成分的分析表明，钙（Ca）缺乏是一个因素，因为受影响水果的钙含量低于正常水果（Ishizuka等人，2000；Suzuki等人，2019）。此外，研究发现，当使用的营养液含有低浓度的Ca时，会发生内部褐变（Terabayashi等人，2010）。番茄的一种相关疾病是花端腐烂，它也可能与钙缺乏有关（Raleigh，1939；Lyon等人，1942）。在这种病症中，番茄植株开花腐烂部位的Ca浓度较低（Ward，1973；Terabayashi等人，1988年）。落叶是一种抑制开花腐烂的方法。研究证实，当叶面积减半时，“NDM0112”（日本群马，有限公司Nippon Del Monte Co.）和“Summer Kiss”（日本，群马，有限公司，Nippon Del Monte Co.，Ltd.）的开花腐烂发生率分别从30%降至16%和18%降至6%（Sato et al.，2004）。由于内部褐变和花端腐烂可能是由相似的因素引起的，我们假设落叶也可能抑制内部褐变。为了研究落叶对内部褐变的影响，我们首先研究了落叶对种植在岩棉种植系统中的番茄内部褐变的作用，该系统设置在实际的玻璃温室中，并在受控环境室内的水培设备中。在本实验中，我们使用了一种比正常培养液中Ca浓度更低、NH4浓度更高的营养液。这是因为这种类型的营养液与花端腐烂的发生有关（Ikeda和Osawa，1988；Terabayashi等人，1988年）。其次，我们比较了落叶和不落叶对番茄果实钙浓度的影响。
{"title":"Effects of Defoliation on the Occurrence of Internal Browning in Tomatoes Grown in Soilless Cultures","authors":"Y. Miyama, Kiyomi Kamiyama, Wataru Tsujimoto, Shu Taira, S. Terabayashi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.103","url":null,"abstract":"Internal browning is a physiological disorder that occurs in hydroponically grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and is characterized by the browning of the inside of the fruit, while its outer surface appears normal (Fig. 1). Internal browning often occurs in the lower trusses of tomatoes cultivated via hydroponics that are planted in August; it presents a recurring problem to Japanese producers (Iwamoto et al., 1993; Terabayashi et al., 2010). Subsequently, internal browning is often not detected before shipping, and the affected fruits reach consumers via the distribution network. The cause of internal browning has not been determined. However, analysis of the inorganic components in affected fruits suggests calcium (Ca) deficiency as a factor because affected fruits contain lower Ca levels than those of normal fruits (Ishizuka et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2019). Additionally, it was found that internal browning occurs when the nutrient solution used contains a low concentration of Ca (Terabayashi et al., 2010). A related disorder of tomatoes is blossom-end rot, which may also be associated with Ca deficiency (Raleigh, 1939; Lyon et al., 1942). In this disorder, Ca concentrations at the site of the blossomend rot in tomato plants are low (Ward, 1973; Terabayashi et al., 1988). Defoliation is a method used to suppress blossom-end rot. It confirmed that when the leaf area is halved, the occurrence of blossom-end rot of ‘NDM0112’ (Nippon Del Monte Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) and ‘Summer Kiss’ (Nippon Del Monte Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) was reduced from 30% to 16% and from 18% to 6%, respectively (Sato et al., 2004). Since internal browning and blossom-end rot may develop due to similar factors, we hypothesize that defoliation may also suppress internal browning. To investigate the effects of defoliation on internal browning, we first investigated the effects of defoliation on internal browning of tomatoes planted in a rockwool cultivation system set-up in an actual glass greenhouse, and in a hydroponic device in a controlled environment chamber. In this experiment, we used a nutrient solution with a lower Ca concentration and higher NH4 concentration than that in the normal culture solution. This is because this type of nutrient solution has been associated with the occurrence of blossom-end rot (Ikeda and Osawa, 1988; Terabayashi et al., 1988). Second, we compared the effects of defoliation and lack of defoliation on the Ca concentration in tomato fruits.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46538730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently tomatoes are one of the popular and important vegetables for human food and/or health in lots of countries (Bhowmik et al., 2012; Canene-Adams et al., 2005; Doralis et al., 2008). Among them, processing tomatoes are cultivated for using processed products such as juice, ketchup sauce, paste, and puree etc. Growers are producted them generally under contract with a processing company (Takemoto, 1992), and have the characteristics of determinate-type plant, having a low plant height, and evenly fruited and mature, and having a hard skin (Ito, 1976). Most of them are generally cultivated without support in the open field (Yanokuchi, 1997). This cultivation method has the advantage of requiring less labor and materials (Ito, 1992; Sato et al., 2004). In the future, it is necessary to increase fruit productivity; saving more labor and cost by mechanized cultivation (Mitchell et al., 2012), expanding the scale of management, high labor productivity, and align the flowering period that is convenient for almost one-time harvesting (Ohta and Ikeda, 2017). When the ripening period would be longer, labor productivity is higher, and the efficient management for growers due to work such as the weeding, side dressing, chemical spraying for diseases and pesticides is difficult (Ito, 1976). In general processing tomatoes are grown in the open field, however, there are some problems that the fruits are apt to contact with the surface of the soil and mulch and the incidence of disorders such as rotten and cracked fruits, and disease such as plague and leaf mold are likely to increase due to rainfall during harvest periods. Oda et al. (2008) reported the differences between stem direction and lateral shoot growth in tomato plants. In previous reports (Ahmad and Singh, 2005; Muhammad and Singh, 2007), the vegetative growth, fruit yield, and marketable fruit rate could be increased by staking some tomato cultivars. Also, Ohta and Makino (2019) were reported the influence of stem directions on the fruit yield, plant growth and physiological characteristics in processing tomato cultivation. As a results, in the vertical training plot compared with the horizontal training plot, the stem length and the length of the lateral shoots of the upper nodes were longer, the leaf area was larger, and the dry weight of the entire above-ground part including the leaves, stems in the upper lateral shoots, and roots was also increased. Therefore, it was considered that the promotion of vegatative growth in plant by vertical attraction had an effect on the increase of the initial yield, and the results of this experiment suggested the effectiveness of vertical attraction compared to the conventional cultivation method in processing tomatoes. Furtherfore, it was shown that the number of lateral shoots was not influenced the harvested fruit number and fruit yield in the previous report (Ohta
最近，西红柿在许多国家成为人类食物和/或健康的流行和重要蔬菜之一（Bhowmik等人，2012；Canene Adams等人，2005年；Doralis等人，2008年）。其中，加工番茄是为了使用果汁、番茄酱、糊状物和果泥等加工产品而种植的。种植者通常与加工公司签订合同生产番茄（Takemoto，1992），具有植物类型确定、株高低、果实均匀成熟、皮质坚硬的特点（Ito，1976）。它们中的大多数通常在没有支撑的情况下在开阔地中种植（Yanokuchi，1997）。这种培养方法的优点是需要更少的劳动力和材料（Ito，1992；Sato等人，2004年）。在未来，有必要提高水果产量；通过机械化种植节省了更多的劳动力和成本（Mitchell et al.，2012），扩大了管理规模，提高了劳动生产率，并调整了花期，便于几乎一次性收割（Ohta和Ikeda，2017）。当成熟期更长时，劳动生产率更高，种植者很难进行有效的管理，如除草、侧药、疾病和杀虫剂的化学喷洒（Ito，1976）。然而，在一般加工中，番茄生长在开阔的田地里，存在一些问题，即果实容易接触土壤表面和覆盖物，果实腐烂和开裂等疾病的发生率，以及瘟疫和叶霉菌等疾病可能因收获期的降雨而增加。Oda等人（2008）报道了番茄植株茎向和侧枝生长之间的差异。在以前的报告中（Ahmad和Singh，2005；Muhammad和Singh（2007）），可以通过种植一些番茄品种来提高营养生长、果实产量和可销售果实率。此外，Ohta和Makino（2019）报道了加工番茄栽培中茎向对果实产量、植株生长和生理特性的影响。结果，与水平训练区相比，垂直训练区的茎长和上部节点的侧枝长度更长，叶面积更大，包括叶片、上部侧枝中的茎和根在内的整个地上部分的干重也增加。因此，认为垂直吸引促进植物的纯素生长对初始产量的提高有影响，本试验结果表明，与传统栽培方法相比，垂直吸引在加工番茄中具有有效性。此外，在先前的报告中表明，侧枝的数量不影响收获的果实数量和果实产量（Ohta
{"title":"Effects of Double-shoots Training Cultivation on Plant Growth and Fruit Productivity in Processing Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","authors":"K. Ohta, Goro Takamori, Masayuki Kadowaki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.129","url":null,"abstract":"Recently tomatoes are one of the popular and important vegetables for human food and/or health in lots of countries (Bhowmik et al., 2012; Canene-Adams et al., 2005; Doralis et al., 2008). Among them, processing tomatoes are cultivated for using processed products such as juice, ketchup sauce, paste, and puree etc. Growers are producted them generally under contract with a processing company (Takemoto, 1992), and have the characteristics of determinate-type plant, having a low plant height, and evenly fruited and mature, and having a hard skin (Ito, 1976). Most of them are generally cultivated without support in the open field (Yanokuchi, 1997). This cultivation method has the advantage of requiring less labor and materials (Ito, 1992; Sato et al., 2004). In the future, it is necessary to increase fruit productivity; saving more labor and cost by mechanized cultivation (Mitchell et al., 2012), expanding the scale of management, high labor productivity, and align the flowering period that is convenient for almost one-time harvesting (Ohta and Ikeda, 2017). When the ripening period would be longer, labor productivity is higher, and the efficient management for growers due to work such as the weeding, side dressing, chemical spraying for diseases and pesticides is difficult (Ito, 1976). In general processing tomatoes are grown in the open field, however, there are some problems that the fruits are apt to contact with the surface of the soil and mulch and the incidence of disorders such as rotten and cracked fruits, and disease such as plague and leaf mold are likely to increase due to rainfall during harvest periods. Oda et al. (2008) reported the differences between stem direction and lateral shoot growth in tomato plants. In previous reports (Ahmad and Singh, 2005; Muhammad and Singh, 2007), the vegetative growth, fruit yield, and marketable fruit rate could be increased by staking some tomato cultivars. Also, Ohta and Makino (2019) were reported the influence of stem directions on the fruit yield, plant growth and physiological characteristics in processing tomato cultivation. As a results, in the vertical training plot compared with the horizontal training plot, the stem length and the length of the lateral shoots of the upper nodes were longer, the leaf area was larger, and the dry weight of the entire above-ground part including the leaves, stems in the upper lateral shoots, and roots was also increased. Therefore, it was considered that the promotion of vegatative growth in plant by vertical attraction had an effect on the increase of the initial yield, and the results of this experiment suggested the effectiveness of vertical attraction compared to the conventional cultivation method in processing tomatoes. Furtherfore, it was shown that the number of lateral shoots was not influenced the harvested fruit number and fruit yield in the previous report (Ohta","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42331205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kirimura, S. Takeshita, M. Matsuo, K. Zushi, Y. Gejima, C. Honsho, A. Nagaoka, K. Nishioka
Due to a growing human population and the concomitant increased demand for resources, the simultaneous production of sufficient food and energy without overly damaging the environment remains a serious issue that continues to limit sustainability (Tilman et al., 2009; Beddington, 2010; Harvey and Pilgrim, 2011; Steinbuks and Hertel, 2016). The need for new sources of renewable energy and the rising price of fossil fuels have created the anticipation of agricultural crops as a source of renewable energy in the future. With the rapid worldwide increase in photovoltaics to provide renewable energy, large areas of flat agricultural land are being converted to photovoltaic systems. Installation on flat land is optimal for harvesting solar radiation and has lower construction and maintenance costs than that in non-flat areas (Prados, 2010). Consequently, less land is now available for agriculture, raising the concern of decline in food production and rise in food prices in the future. In order to develop a sustainable system, it is therefore important to balance the production of renewable energy and food in utilizing the land (Nonhebel, 2005; Sacchelli et al., 2016). Agrivoltaics—the installation of photovoltaic equipment onto farmland—are a novel approach for using a limited amount of land effectively. An agrivoltaic system integrating renewable energy sources into food production could provide extra income for growers (Dupraz et al., 2011). The shade created by photovoltaic panels above farmland, however, limits photon flux density at the ground level where the plants are grown, thereby reducing crop productivity. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan therefore does not allow farmers to install agrivoltaic systems in agricultural fields unless productivity can be maintained above 80% of the yield generated without the system. The introduction of renewable energy sources into agricultural fields has consequently been limited. It is therefore necessary to examine crops that do not suffer much decrease in growth and yield due to shading. Here, we examine strategies for converting solar radiation into both electric energy and food using agrivoltaics. Although some previous studies examined the effects of solar panels installed on the roofs of greenhouses (Tani et al., 2014), studies conducted in open agricultural fields are limited (Marrou et al., 2013a; 2013b). Particularly, the only crop used for those studies was lettuce. We therefore investigated the effect of shade generated by agrivoltaic systems on the yields of four vegetables (komatsuna, mizuna, kabu, and spinach) in an open field that, in winter, is otherwise not suitable for vegetable cultivation due to low temperatures and low levels of solar radiation, as well as examine the shading rate and identify the cropping systems suitable for agrivoltaics.
由于人口的增长和随之而来的资源需求的增加，在不过度破坏环境的情况下同时生产足够的食物和能源仍然是一个严重的问题，继续限制可持续性(Tilman等人，2009;贝丁顿,2010;《哈维与朝圣者》，2011;Steinbuks and Hertel, 2016)。对新可再生能源的需求和化石燃料价格的上涨，使人们预期农作物将成为未来可再生能源的来源。随着世界范围内提供可再生能源的光伏发电的迅速增加，大片平坦的农业用地正在被转换为光伏系统。安装在平坦的土地上最适合收集太阳辐射，并且比非平坦地区的建设和维护成本更低(Prados, 2010)。因此，现在可用于农业的土地越来越少，这引起了人们对未来粮食产量下降和粮食价格上涨的担忧。因此，为了发展一个可持续的系统，在利用土地时平衡可再生能源和粮食的生产是很重要的(Nonhebel, 2005;Sacchelli et al.， 2016)。农业发电——在农田上安装光伏设备——是一种有效利用有限土地的新方法。将可再生能源整合到粮食生产中的农业光伏系统可以为种植者提供额外收入(Dupraz et al.， 2011)。然而，农田上方的光伏板产生的阴影限制了植物生长的地面上的光子通量密度，从而降低了作物的产量。因此，日本农林水产省不允许农民在农业领域安装农业光伏系统，除非生产力可以保持在没有该系统的情况下产生的产量的80%以上。因此，将可再生能源引入农业领域受到限制。因此，有必要研究那些由于遮荫而不会对生长和产量造成很大影响的作物。在这里，我们研究了利用农业发电将太阳辐射转化为电能和食物的策略。尽管之前的一些研究调查了安装在温室屋顶上的太阳能电池板的影响(Tani等人，2014)，但在开放农业领域进行的研究有限(Marrou等人，2013;2013 b)。特别是，用于这些研究的唯一作物是生菜。因此，我们研究了由农业光伏系统产生的遮荫对四种蔬菜(小松菜、水菜、卡布和菠菜)产量的影响，这些蔬菜在冬季由于低温和低水平的太阳辐射而不适合蔬菜种植，并检查了遮荫率并确定了适合农业光伏的种植系统。
{"title":"Effects of Agrivoltaics (Photovoltaic Power Generation Facilities on Farmland) on Growing Condition and Yield of Komatsuna, Mizuna, Kabu, and Spinach","authors":"M. Kirimura, S. Takeshita, M. Matsuo, K. Zushi, Y. Gejima, C. Honsho, A. Nagaoka, K. Nishioka","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.117","url":null,"abstract":"Due to a growing human population and the concomitant increased demand for resources, the simultaneous production of sufficient food and energy without overly damaging the environment remains a serious issue that continues to limit sustainability (Tilman et al., 2009; Beddington, 2010; Harvey and Pilgrim, 2011; Steinbuks and Hertel, 2016). The need for new sources of renewable energy and the rising price of fossil fuels have created the anticipation of agricultural crops as a source of renewable energy in the future. With the rapid worldwide increase in photovoltaics to provide renewable energy, large areas of flat agricultural land are being converted to photovoltaic systems. Installation on flat land is optimal for harvesting solar radiation and has lower construction and maintenance costs than that in non-flat areas (Prados, 2010). Consequently, less land is now available for agriculture, raising the concern of decline in food production and rise in food prices in the future. In order to develop a sustainable system, it is therefore important to balance the production of renewable energy and food in utilizing the land (Nonhebel, 2005; Sacchelli et al., 2016). Agrivoltaics—the installation of photovoltaic equipment onto farmland—are a novel approach for using a limited amount of land effectively. An agrivoltaic system integrating renewable energy sources into food production could provide extra income for growers (Dupraz et al., 2011). The shade created by photovoltaic panels above farmland, however, limits photon flux density at the ground level where the plants are grown, thereby reducing crop productivity. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan therefore does not allow farmers to install agrivoltaic systems in agricultural fields unless productivity can be maintained above 80% of the yield generated without the system. The introduction of renewable energy sources into agricultural fields has consequently been limited. It is therefore necessary to examine crops that do not suffer much decrease in growth and yield due to shading. Here, we examine strategies for converting solar radiation into both electric energy and food using agrivoltaics. Although some previous studies examined the effects of solar panels installed on the roofs of greenhouses (Tani et al., 2014), studies conducted in open agricultural fields are limited (Marrou et al., 2013a; 2013b). Particularly, the only crop used for those studies was lettuce. We therefore investigated the effect of shade generated by agrivoltaic systems on the yields of four vegetables (komatsuna, mizuna, kabu, and spinach) in an open field that, in winter, is otherwise not suitable for vegetable cultivation due to low temperatures and low levels of solar radiation, as well as examine the shading rate and identify the cropping systems suitable for agrivoltaics.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47122442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Characteristics of Fruit Growth Rate in Different Tomato Cultivars with Single-truss Using the High-density Planting System","authors":"K. Maeda, M. Johkan, S. Tsukagoshi, T. Maruo","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49427711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Issue on “Sensing Technologies of Plant Eco-physiological Information Contributing to Data-driven Smart Agriculture”","authors":"D. Yasutake, N. Fujiuchi, K. Takayama","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44684910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shintaro Ono, D. Yasutake, G. Yokoyama, Yoshiya Teruya, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, K. Nomura, M. Kitano
{"title":"Closed Chamber System for Easily Measuring the Respiration Rate of Intact Fruits","authors":"Shintaro Ono, D. Yasutake, G. Yokoyama, Yoshiya Teruya, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, K. Nomura, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42882370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Yasutake, K. Nomura, Kaito Kobayashi, Kengo I, Koji Matsumoto, T. Iwao, M. Mori, M. Kitano
{"title":"Analyzing the Carbon Partitioning Characteristics and Their Dependence on Leaf Growth Stage in Chinese Chive Using 13C Tracer Method","authors":"D. Yasutake, K. Nomura, Kaito Kobayashi, Kengo I, Koji Matsumoto, T. Iwao, M. Mori, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Gibberellin and Abscisic Acid on Fruit Quality and Aromatic Compound Formation during Fruit Development in ‘Kyoho’ Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis labrusca L.)","authors":"Hui Xue, Y. Sekozawa, S. Sugaya","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48797426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Closed facilities, such as plant factories and growth chambers, can precisely control environmental factors influencing plant growth (Kozai et al., 2019; Ahmed et al., 2020). The controllable environmental factors that influence plant growth in these facilities are light, temperature, humidity, air velocity, and CO2 concentration (Yabuki and Miyagawa, 1970; Mortensen, 1986; Kitaya et al., 1998; Shibuya and Kozai, 1998; Goto, 2003; Park et al., 2012; Becker and Kläring, 2016). Temperature is a major environmental factor influencing plant growth and development (Tollenaar et al., 1979; Cao and Moss, 1989; Karlsson and Werner, 2001). Particularly, temperature influences the growth rate of lettuce (Gent, 2016) and the occurrence of tipburned leaves in lettuce (Choi and Lee, 2003). Tipburn in lettuce, which usually occurs at inner and newly developed leaf margins, is a serious problem in vegetable production under controlled environments (Cox et al., 1976), such as closed plant production systems with artificial light (Son and Takakura, 1989). Therefore, optimizing the temperature control is critical for lettuce production in plant factories and in greenhouses. In greenhouses, there is a method that controls temperature by setting different temperatures depending on the time of day. This method of temperature control enhances photosynthesis, promotes the translocation of photosynthates, and reduces consumption due to dark respiration, resulting in increased productivity (Kawashima, 2008). In tomato and cucumber, optimum temperatures for the translocation and inhibition of respiratory consumption at night have been identified, and both growth and yield have been demonstrated to be enhanced by temperature management at night (Suzuki et al., 1983; Toki, 1995). The control of nighttime temperature in cut-roses (Mito et al., 1980) and short-term heating treatment at the end of day in spraytype chrysanthemums have also been reported (Douzono, 2012; Kawanishi et al., 2012). In addition to temperature management at night, Ehara et al. (2017) reported that fruit growth was accelerated by maintaining higher air temperatures in the afternoon than in the morning and quickly dropping them in the early evening in greenhouse cucumber. However, previous studies conducted in plant factories and growth chambers investigated the influence of temperature on the growth of lettuce by controlling air temperature at a constant temperature during the light and dark periods (Choi and Lee, 2003; Gent, 2016; Lee et al., 2019). There have been few reports that examine the influence of timedependent temperature control on the growth of leaf lettuce grown under controlled environment with artificial lighting. This study aims to identify the benefits of a temperature control that varies air temperature, depending on the time of day on the growth of leaf lettuce grown in a controlled environment with artificial lighting. In this study, a 16-h light period was divided into the first a
{"title":"Effects of Temperature Variations during Light Period on Growth and Tipburn Incidence of Hydroponic Leaf Lettuce Grown under Artificial Lighting","authors":"T. Kumazaki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.53","url":null,"abstract":"Closed facilities, such as plant factories and growth chambers, can precisely control environmental factors influencing plant growth (Kozai et al., 2019; Ahmed et al., 2020). The controllable environmental factors that influence plant growth in these facilities are light, temperature, humidity, air velocity, and CO2 concentration (Yabuki and Miyagawa, 1970; Mortensen, 1986; Kitaya et al., 1998; Shibuya and Kozai, 1998; Goto, 2003; Park et al., 2012; Becker and Kläring, 2016). Temperature is a major environmental factor influencing plant growth and development (Tollenaar et al., 1979; Cao and Moss, 1989; Karlsson and Werner, 2001). Particularly, temperature influences the growth rate of lettuce (Gent, 2016) and the occurrence of tipburned leaves in lettuce (Choi and Lee, 2003). Tipburn in lettuce, which usually occurs at inner and newly developed leaf margins, is a serious problem in vegetable production under controlled environments (Cox et al., 1976), such as closed plant production systems with artificial light (Son and Takakura, 1989). Therefore, optimizing the temperature control is critical for lettuce production in plant factories and in greenhouses. In greenhouses, there is a method that controls temperature by setting different temperatures depending on the time of day. This method of temperature control enhances photosynthesis, promotes the translocation of photosynthates, and reduces consumption due to dark respiration, resulting in increased productivity (Kawashima, 2008). In tomato and cucumber, optimum temperatures for the translocation and inhibition of respiratory consumption at night have been identified, and both growth and yield have been demonstrated to be enhanced by temperature management at night (Suzuki et al., 1983; Toki, 1995). The control of nighttime temperature in cut-roses (Mito et al., 1980) and short-term heating treatment at the end of day in spraytype chrysanthemums have also been reported (Douzono, 2012; Kawanishi et al., 2012). In addition to temperature management at night, Ehara et al. (2017) reported that fruit growth was accelerated by maintaining higher air temperatures in the afternoon than in the morning and quickly dropping them in the early evening in greenhouse cucumber. However, previous studies conducted in plant factories and growth chambers investigated the influence of temperature on the growth of lettuce by controlling air temperature at a constant temperature during the light and dark periods (Choi and Lee, 2003; Gent, 2016; Lee et al., 2019). There have been few reports that examine the influence of timedependent temperature control on the growth of leaf lettuce grown under controlled environment with artificial lighting. This study aims to identify the benefits of a temperature control that varies air temperature, depending on the time of day on the growth of leaf lettuce grown in a controlled environment with artificial lighting. In this study, a 16-h light period was divided into the first a","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42112910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Study on Improving Uniformity of Airflow in Newly Developed Photosynthetic Chamber","authors":"M. Nurmalisa, T. Tokairin, K. Takayama, T. Inoue","doi":"10.2525/ecb.60.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41346118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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