Family Cactaceae comprises an exciting group of plants because of their varied morphology, succulence, and adaptations to the environment. This family includes more than 1,500 species belonging to ca. 127 genera (Barthlott and Hunt, 1993; Hunt et al., 2006). Cacti occur naturally from just south of the Arctic Circle in Canada to the tip of Patagonia in South America (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001), with the greatest concentration of species richness being primarily in Mexico. Cacti show great adaptation to various environments. They grow at altitudes ranging from below sea level to more than 4,500 m in the Andes and in a broad range of climates (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001), from areas that have little rainfall to areas with more than 500 cm annual precipitation. The sizes of cacti range from 3 cm high to 20+ m high, and the larger ones can weigh several tons (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001). Pereskioideae, Opuntioideae, and Cactoideae have been recognized as distinct subfamilies within family Cactaceae from taxonomic studies since the 19th century (Anderson, 2001; Metzing and Kiesling, 2008). The genus Maihuenia has been typically considered as a member of the Pereskioideae. However, the placement of Maihuenia in a monogeneric subfamily has been suggested on the basis of its unique ecological and morphological attributes (Anderson, 2001) and of molecular phylogenetic analyses (Wallace, 1995a; b). Nyffeler (2002) has suggested that the species of Pereskia and Maihuenia form an early-diverging grade within family Cactaceae, with Cactoideae and Opuntioideae as well-supported clades. Members of the subfamily Pereskioideae are large trees or shrubs with thin, broad, ordinary-looking leaves and hard, woody, nonsucculent trunks; they are not adapted to dry and hot conditions (Mauseth, 2006). The subfamilies Maihuenioideae and Opuntioideae contain plants with small but still easily visible foliage leaves and that vary from being high to dwarfs (Mauseth, 2006). The largest subfamily, Cactoideae, is characterized by either tubercles or ribs on the stems, with either reduced or suppressed leaves subtending each areole (Wallace and Gibson, 2002). The subfamily Opuntioideae is most easily defined by its structural synapomorphies: (1) the areoles have glochid (small, barbed, and deciduous spines that are dislodged easily); (2) every cell constituting the outer cortical layer of the stem possesses a large druse (an aggregate crystal of calcium oxalate); (3) pollen grains are polyporate and possess peculiar microscopic exine features; (4) the seed is surrounded by a funicular envelope, often described as being an aril; and (5) special tracheids occurring in secondary xylem possess only annular secondary thickenings (Bailey, 1964; Gibson, 1978; Gibson and Nobel, 1986; Mauseth, 1995; Wallace and Gibson, 2002) The flat-stemmed prickly-pear cactus is a crop with a high capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions, including arid (less than 250 mm annual precipitation)
{"title":"Cactus as Crop Plant ― Physiological Features, Uses and Cultivation ―","authors":"T. Horibe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.1","url":null,"abstract":"Family Cactaceae comprises an exciting group of plants because of their varied morphology, succulence, and adaptations to the environment. This family includes more than 1,500 species belonging to ca. 127 genera (Barthlott and Hunt, 1993; Hunt et al., 2006). Cacti occur naturally from just south of the Arctic Circle in Canada to the tip of Patagonia in South America (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001), with the greatest concentration of species richness being primarily in Mexico. Cacti show great adaptation to various environments. They grow at altitudes ranging from below sea level to more than 4,500 m in the Andes and in a broad range of climates (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001), from areas that have little rainfall to areas with more than 500 cm annual precipitation. The sizes of cacti range from 3 cm high to 20+ m high, and the larger ones can weigh several tons (Rebman and Pinkava, 2001). Pereskioideae, Opuntioideae, and Cactoideae have been recognized as distinct subfamilies within family Cactaceae from taxonomic studies since the 19th century (Anderson, 2001; Metzing and Kiesling, 2008). The genus Maihuenia has been typically considered as a member of the Pereskioideae. However, the placement of Maihuenia in a monogeneric subfamily has been suggested on the basis of its unique ecological and morphological attributes (Anderson, 2001) and of molecular phylogenetic analyses (Wallace, 1995a; b). Nyffeler (2002) has suggested that the species of Pereskia and Maihuenia form an early-diverging grade within family Cactaceae, with Cactoideae and Opuntioideae as well-supported clades. Members of the subfamily Pereskioideae are large trees or shrubs with thin, broad, ordinary-looking leaves and hard, woody, nonsucculent trunks; they are not adapted to dry and hot conditions (Mauseth, 2006). The subfamilies Maihuenioideae and Opuntioideae contain plants with small but still easily visible foliage leaves and that vary from being high to dwarfs (Mauseth, 2006). The largest subfamily, Cactoideae, is characterized by either tubercles or ribs on the stems, with either reduced or suppressed leaves subtending each areole (Wallace and Gibson, 2002). The subfamily Opuntioideae is most easily defined by its structural synapomorphies: (1) the areoles have glochid (small, barbed, and deciduous spines that are dislodged easily); (2) every cell constituting the outer cortical layer of the stem possesses a large druse (an aggregate crystal of calcium oxalate); (3) pollen grains are polyporate and possess peculiar microscopic exine features; (4) the seed is surrounded by a funicular envelope, often described as being an aril; and (5) special tracheids occurring in secondary xylem possess only annular secondary thickenings (Bailey, 1964; Gibson, 1978; Gibson and Nobel, 1986; Mauseth, 1995; Wallace and Gibson, 2002) The flat-stemmed prickly-pear cactus is a crop with a high capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions, including arid (less than 250 mm annual precipitation)","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47011699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In strawberry fruit, it was suggested that IAA synthesized in the fruit migrated to the receptacle and promoted the fruit growth, because the application of auxin to the fruit after removal of the achenes can induce the growth of the fruit of normal size (Nitsch, 1955). However, in many fruits, the application of a combination of plant hormones induces normal fruit growth, and it has been established that fruit growth requires interaction between various plant hormones (Vivian-Smith and Koltunow, 1999). These plant hormones required for fruit growth are mainly synthesized in achenes (Naylor, 1984). Non-climacteric fruits such as strawberries have been studied for the use of various plant hormones for uniform ripening and fruit quality improvement (Symons et al., 2012). In general, auxins, cytokinins (CK), gibberellins (GA) plays a role in inhibiting maturation, while abscisic acid (ABA) is thought to play a role in promoting maturation (Leopold and Kriedemann, 1964). In the application study of in vitro culture of strawberry fruits, auxin and cytokinin inhibited maturation and GA promoted maturation in growing fruits (Kano and Asahira, 1978). In ripening fruits, ABA promoted ripening and CK suppressed ripening (Kano and Asahira, 1981). In strawberries, the presence of outer achenes suppresses receptacle maturation (Given et al., 1988). In strawberries, bioassay for CK and ABA activity in fruits was reported (Kano and Asahira, 1979). Since then, instrumental analysis which is much more reliable than bioassays has been reported. IAA and ABA were determined by GC-MS in achenes and receptacles of developing strawberry (Archbold and Dennis, 1984). Endogenous levels of IAA, ABA, GA1 and castosterone were quantified from flowers to the stage of maturity of developing strawberry by GC-MS or LC-MS / MS (Symons et al., 2012). In this study, major plant hormones, IAA, trans zeatin (Z), isopentenyladenine (iP), gibberellin1 (GA1), GA4, and ABA were analyzed in strawberry achenes and receptacles. The purpose of the study is to gain information about the physiological roles of these endogenous plant hormones.
在草莓果实中，有人认为果实中合成的IAA迁移到花筒中，促进了果实的生长，因为去除瘦果后，在果实上施用生长素可以诱导正常大小的果实生长(Nitsch, 1955)。然而，在许多水果中，植物激素组合的应用诱导了正常的果实生长，并且已经确定果实生长需要各种植物激素之间的相互作用(Vivian-Smith and Koltunow, 1999)。果实生长所需的这些植物激素主要在瘦果中合成(Naylor, 1984)。非更年期水果，如草莓，已被研究使用各种植物激素来均匀成熟和改善果实质量(Symons et al.， 2012)。一般来说，生长素、细胞分裂素(CK)、赤霉素(GA)具有抑制成熟的作用，而脱落酸(ABA)被认为具有促进成熟的作用(Leopold and Kriedemann, 1964)。在草莓果实离体培养的应用研究中，生长素和细胞分裂素抑制生长果实的成熟，而赤霉素促进生长果实的成熟(Kano and Asahira, 1978)。在成熟果实中，ABA促进成熟，CK抑制成熟(Kano and Asahira, 1981)。在草莓中，外部瘦果的存在抑制了花托的成熟(Given et al.， 1988)。对草莓进行了CK和ABA活性的生物测定(Kano和Asahira, 1979)。从那时起，仪器分析比生物分析可靠得多。采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了发育中的草莓瘦果和花托中的IAA和ABA (Archbold and Dennis, 1984)。采用气相色谱-质谱或液相色谱-质谱/质谱法对草莓开花至成熟期的内源IAA、ABA、GA1和castosterone水平进行了定量分析(Symons et al.， 2012)。本研究对草莓瘦果和花托中的主要植物激素IAA、反式玉米素(Z)、异戊烯腺嘌呤(iP)、赤霉素1 (GA1)、GA4和ABA进行了分析。本研究的目的是了解这些内源植物激素的生理作用。
{"title":"Profiles of Endogenous Plant Hormones during Growth of Strawberry Fruit on Elevated Cultivation Unit","authors":"K. Kojima, Chika Aoki, S. Chino","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.35","url":null,"abstract":"In strawberry fruit, it was suggested that IAA synthesized in the fruit migrated to the receptacle and promoted the fruit growth, because the application of auxin to the fruit after removal of the achenes can induce the growth of the fruit of normal size (Nitsch, 1955). However, in many fruits, the application of a combination of plant hormones induces normal fruit growth, and it has been established that fruit growth requires interaction between various plant hormones (Vivian-Smith and Koltunow, 1999). These plant hormones required for fruit growth are mainly synthesized in achenes (Naylor, 1984). Non-climacteric fruits such as strawberries have been studied for the use of various plant hormones for uniform ripening and fruit quality improvement (Symons et al., 2012). In general, auxins, cytokinins (CK), gibberellins (GA) plays a role in inhibiting maturation, while abscisic acid (ABA) is thought to play a role in promoting maturation (Leopold and Kriedemann, 1964). In the application study of in vitro culture of strawberry fruits, auxin and cytokinin inhibited maturation and GA promoted maturation in growing fruits (Kano and Asahira, 1978). In ripening fruits, ABA promoted ripening and CK suppressed ripening (Kano and Asahira, 1981). In strawberries, the presence of outer achenes suppresses receptacle maturation (Given et al., 1988). In strawberries, bioassay for CK and ABA activity in fruits was reported (Kano and Asahira, 1979). Since then, instrumental analysis which is much more reliable than bioassays has been reported. IAA and ABA were determined by GC-MS in achenes and receptacles of developing strawberry (Archbold and Dennis, 1984). Endogenous levels of IAA, ABA, GA1 and castosterone were quantified from flowers to the stage of maturity of developing strawberry by GC-MS or LC-MS / MS (Symons et al., 2012). In this study, major plant hormones, IAA, trans zeatin (Z), isopentenyladenine (iP), gibberellin1 (GA1), GA4, and ABA were analyzed in strawberry achenes and receptacles. The purpose of the study is to gain information about the physiological roles of these endogenous plant hormones.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46954453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takana (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia), which is widely cultivated in warm regions of western Japan, is mainly pickled in salt. Takana, called Mamba in Kagawa Prefecture, is commonly used as an ingredient in local cuisine. Takana contains lye and has a strong bitter taste. Therefore, it is necessary to remove lye from Takana by boiling and soaking in water before cooking. Nitrate nitrogen, which is accumulated large amounts in leafy vegetables such as Takana (Yorifuji et al., 2005), is the main source of lye (Noda and Makuta, 2015). Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in the body and can cause methemoglobinemia in infants (Okabe, 1977). In addition, nitrites may combine with secondary amines to form suspected carcinogenic nitrosamines (Okabe, 1977). Boiling and soaking in water has been used to reduce harmful substances, such as nitrate nitrogen in Takana, but causes a reduction in useful components, such as ascorbic acid. Therefore, if Takana with low nitrate nitrogen content could be produced, useful components could be preserved because boiling and soaking would not be required. The nitrate nitrogen content of vegetables has been studied in many leafy vegetables. For example, studies using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. youmaicai), Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. Japonica Group), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Parris Island) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) have found that nitrates accumulated in plants is affected by nitrogen application (Takebe et al., 1995; Shinohara et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2008; Konstantopoulou et al., 2010; Fu et al., 2017). The nitrate content of hydroponic spinach and Mizuna was decreased by changing the culture solution before harvesting (Yoshida et al., 1998; Tsukagoshi et al., 1999; Kawaguchi et al., 2006; Kirimura et al., 2015). Based on these studies, we think it is possible to produce Takana with the low nitrate nitrogen content by controlling fertilizer components. In this study, the culture solution was changed before harvesting hydroponic Takana to establish a technique for reducing nitrate nitrogen content of Takana, and the effect on nitrate nitrogen content was investigated. The effects of the culture solution concentration on the ascorbic acid content was analyzed, and the growth conditions suitable for the cultivation of high-quality Takana were examined.
{"title":"Changing the Concentration of the Culture Solution before Harvesting Affected the Component Quality of Takana (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia)","authors":"Akari Yamaba, Peter Lutes, N. Okuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.29","url":null,"abstract":"Takana (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia), which is widely cultivated in warm regions of western Japan, is mainly pickled in salt. Takana, called Mamba in Kagawa Prefecture, is commonly used as an ingredient in local cuisine. Takana contains lye and has a strong bitter taste. Therefore, it is necessary to remove lye from Takana by boiling and soaking in water before cooking. Nitrate nitrogen, which is accumulated large amounts in leafy vegetables such as Takana (Yorifuji et al., 2005), is the main source of lye (Noda and Makuta, 2015). Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in the body and can cause methemoglobinemia in infants (Okabe, 1977). In addition, nitrites may combine with secondary amines to form suspected carcinogenic nitrosamines (Okabe, 1977). Boiling and soaking in water has been used to reduce harmful substances, such as nitrate nitrogen in Takana, but causes a reduction in useful components, such as ascorbic acid. Therefore, if Takana with low nitrate nitrogen content could be produced, useful components could be preserved because boiling and soaking would not be required. The nitrate nitrogen content of vegetables has been studied in many leafy vegetables. For example, studies using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. youmaicai), Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. Japonica Group), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Parris Island) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) have found that nitrates accumulated in plants is affected by nitrogen application (Takebe et al., 1995; Shinohara et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2008; Konstantopoulou et al., 2010; Fu et al., 2017). The nitrate content of hydroponic spinach and Mizuna was decreased by changing the culture solution before harvesting (Yoshida et al., 1998; Tsukagoshi et al., 1999; Kawaguchi et al., 2006; Kirimura et al., 2015). Based on these studies, we think it is possible to produce Takana with the low nitrate nitrogen content by controlling fertilizer components. In this study, the culture solution was changed before harvesting hydroponic Takana to establish a technique for reducing nitrate nitrogen content of Takana, and the effect on nitrate nitrogen content was investigated. The effects of the culture solution concentration on the ascorbic acid content was analyzed, and the growth conditions suitable for the cultivation of high-quality Takana were examined.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49264487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent years have brought unsettled, especially hot weather. These bouts of heat are aparently one result of global warming, induced to a considerable degree by human activities such as gigantic-scale fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998; Brönninmann, 2015). Projected temperature rises are 2.6― 4.8°C (higher scenario) to 0.5―1.7°C (lower scenario) for 2081―2100 relative to 1986―2005. The observed increase in global carbon emissions over the past 15―20 years has been consistent with the higher scenario (Hayhoe et al., 2017). Higher temperatures than those of normal seasons affect crop growth and yields depending on their intensity level and duration. Observed typical effects are hastening of leaf appearance, flowering, and maturity, increased sterility, and decreased grain weight and quality (Stone, 2001; Menzel and Sparks, 2006). Unless these human-triggered changes terminate, adaptation to them will be necessary by the breeding of tolerant crop species and varieties against these changes, or shifting of the season and location in crop cultivation (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998; Lafarge et al., 2011; Redden et al., 2014). In Japan, the planting time of rice crop has advanced to a considerable degree, concurrent with the dissemination of early season culture. Therefore, grain filling often occurs during high temperatures of summertime, which degrades grain weight and quality (e.g. imperfect rice kernels including chalky grain; Nagato et al., 1960; Nagato and Ebata, 1965; Tashiro and Wardlaw, 1991). Hightemperature-induced deterioration of rice production is occurring worldwide concomitantly with recent global warming (Jagadish et al., 2007; Oh-e et al., 2007; Kobata et al., 2011). As a countermeasure to this, the breeding of new rice cultivars tolerant to high temperatures which includes metabolic changes, is progressing but it is not satisfactory at present (Ishimaru et al., 2016; Morita et al., 2016; Tayade et al., 2018; Fahad et al., 2019). To forecast crop behavior in response to global environmental changes, a series of experiments corresponding to such changes using environmental control facilities is expected to be beneficial. At present, facilities of various types such as the greenhouses and phytotrons (Went, 1957; Downs, 1980), temperature gradient chamber (TGC; Mihara, 1971; Oh-e et al., 2007), open-top chamber (OTC; Heagle et al., 1973; Drake et al., 1989), and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE; Allen et al., 1992; McLeod and Long, 1999) with natural or artificial light sources are adopted in response to experimental needs from basic to applied situations of crop performance under environmental changes (Hashimoto, 1987). In addition to these facilities, we have developed a new growth chamber, the “air-curtain roof chamber (ACRC),” with appearance that does not differ largely from that of OTC. A great difference from existing OTC is use of the ‘air-curtain’ shed roof, which functions as the ceiling
{"title":"Development of an Air-Curtain Roof Chamber to Assess Climate Change Effects on Crop Plants: A Study with Rice","authors":"K. Imai, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, M. Honma, T. Moriya","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.13","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have brought unsettled, especially hot weather. These bouts of heat are aparently one result of global warming, induced to a considerable degree by human activities such as gigantic-scale fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998; Brönninmann, 2015). Projected temperature rises are 2.6― 4.8°C (higher scenario) to 0.5―1.7°C (lower scenario) for 2081―2100 relative to 1986―2005. The observed increase in global carbon emissions over the past 15―20 years has been consistent with the higher scenario (Hayhoe et al., 2017). Higher temperatures than those of normal seasons affect crop growth and yields depending on their intensity level and duration. Observed typical effects are hastening of leaf appearance, flowering, and maturity, increased sterility, and decreased grain weight and quality (Stone, 2001; Menzel and Sparks, 2006). Unless these human-triggered changes terminate, adaptation to them will be necessary by the breeding of tolerant crop species and varieties against these changes, or shifting of the season and location in crop cultivation (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998; Lafarge et al., 2011; Redden et al., 2014). In Japan, the planting time of rice crop has advanced to a considerable degree, concurrent with the dissemination of early season culture. Therefore, grain filling often occurs during high temperatures of summertime, which degrades grain weight and quality (e.g. imperfect rice kernels including chalky grain; Nagato et al., 1960; Nagato and Ebata, 1965; Tashiro and Wardlaw, 1991). Hightemperature-induced deterioration of rice production is occurring worldwide concomitantly with recent global warming (Jagadish et al., 2007; Oh-e et al., 2007; Kobata et al., 2011). As a countermeasure to this, the breeding of new rice cultivars tolerant to high temperatures which includes metabolic changes, is progressing but it is not satisfactory at present (Ishimaru et al., 2016; Morita et al., 2016; Tayade et al., 2018; Fahad et al., 2019). To forecast crop behavior in response to global environmental changes, a series of experiments corresponding to such changes using environmental control facilities is expected to be beneficial. At present, facilities of various types such as the greenhouses and phytotrons (Went, 1957; Downs, 1980), temperature gradient chamber (TGC; Mihara, 1971; Oh-e et al., 2007), open-top chamber (OTC; Heagle et al., 1973; Drake et al., 1989), and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE; Allen et al., 1992; McLeod and Long, 1999) with natural or artificial light sources are adopted in response to experimental needs from basic to applied situations of crop performance under environmental changes (Hashimoto, 1987). In addition to these facilities, we have developed a new growth chamber, the “air-curtain roof chamber (ACRC),” with appearance that does not differ largely from that of OTC. A great difference from existing OTC is use of the ‘air-curtain’ shed roof, which functions as the ceiling ","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43822988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Saengtharatip, Jyotsna Joshi, Geng Zhang, M. Takagaki, T. Kozai, W. Yamori
The term “plant factory with artificial lighting” refers to a controlled environment that enables the production of pesticide-free plants with high yield and quality through the efficient use of water, nutrients, and labor within a small area (Merrill et al., 2016). Controlled conditions and inputs to create optimal conditions enable year-round production (Yamori et al., 2014). In many Asian, European, and North American countries, plant factories are used for commercial production of leafy greens, herbs, and seedlings (Hayashi, 2016). However, the technology is still being developed, and improvements are needed in construction and labor costs, electricity use, yield and quality, and the efficient use of light sources, e.g., fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (Kozai, 2013). Currently, the production of leafy greens is managed with LEDs through the use of multiple culture shelves and an intensive cultivation pattern, but shading of outer leaves by the canopy reduces photosynthetic rate and accelerates the senescence of the outer leaves, which have to be trimmed before packaging and shipment, resulting in yield losses of over 10% (Zhang et al., 2015; Kozai and Niu, 2016). Photosynthesis underlies plant growth and productivity (Yamori, 2016; Yamori and Shikanai, 2016). Light is one of the most important environmental factors that influence plant growth, and is not only the basic driving force of photosynthesis, but also an important regulator of plant growth and development (Terashima et al., 2006). Low light intensity restricts the photosynthetic rate, and if the light intensity falls below the compensation point (i.e., the PPFD at which photosynthetic rate is zero), carbon is lost. Low light also triggers leaf senescence, resulting in yield loss (Frantz et al., 2000). More than 90% of crop biomass is derived from photosynthetic products, so the enhancement of leaf photosynthesis should increase yield (Long et al., 2006; Yamori et al., 2011; 2016). As well as light intensity, light quality greatly affects photosynthesis and plant growth (McCree, 1971; Inada, 1976; Lin et al., 2013). 80 to 95% of blue and red light is absorbed by chlorophyll in leaves across a broad range of plant species (Terashima et al., 2009; Muneer et al., 2014). Red light promotes photosynthesis and induces hypocotyl elongation and leaf area expansion; blue light regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and suppresses cell elongation (McNellis and Deng, 1995; Han et al., 2017). Leaf senescence can be suppressed by the application of red light in soybean (Guiamet et al., 1989) and sunflower (Rousseaux et al., 1996), and of blue light in wheat (Causin et al.,
“人工照明植物工厂”一词指的是一个受控的环境，通过在小面积内有效利用水、养分和劳动力，生产出高产优质的无农药植物(Merrill et al.， 2016)。控制条件和投入以创造最佳条件，实现全年生产(Yamori et al.， 2014)。在许多亚洲、欧洲和北美国家，植物工厂被用于商业生产绿叶蔬菜、草药和幼苗(Hayashi, 2016)。然而，该技术仍在开发中，需要在建筑和劳动力成本、电力使用、产量和质量以及光源(例如荧光灯和发光二极管(led))的有效利用方面进行改进(Kozai, 2013)。目前，绿叶蔬菜的生产采用led管理，采用多个栽培架和集约栽培模式，但冠层遮荫使外叶的光合速率降低，加速了外叶的衰老，在包装运输前必须进行修剪，导致产量损失超过10% (Zhang et al.， 2015;Kozai and Niu, 2016)。光合作用是植物生长和生产力的基础(Yamori, 2016;Yamori and Shikanai, 2016)。光是影响植物生长的最重要的环境因子之一，不仅是光合作用的基本驱动力，也是植物生长发育的重要调节剂(Terashima et al.， 2006)。低光强限制了光合速率，如果光强低于补偿点(即光合速率为零的PPFD)，碳就会损失。弱光还会引发叶片衰老，导致产量损失(Frantz et al.， 2000)。90%以上的作物生物量来自光合产物，因此增强叶片光合作用应能提高产量(Long et al.， 2006;Yamori et al.， 2011;2016)。除了光强外，光质量对光合作用和植物生长也有很大影响(McCree, 1971;Inada, 1976;Lin et al.， 2013)。在广泛的植物物种中，80%至95%的蓝光和红光被叶片中的叶绿素吸收(Terashima等人，2009;Muneer et al.， 2014)。红光促进光合作用，诱导下胚轴伸长和叶面积扩大;蓝光调节叶绿素生物合成和抑制细胞伸长(McNellis和Deng, 1995;Han等人，2017)。大豆(Guiamet et al.， 1989)和向日葵(Rousseaux et al.， 1996)的红光和小麦(Causin et al.， 1996)的蓝光可以抑制叶片衰老。
{"title":"Optimal Light Wavelength for a Novel Cultivation System with a Supplemental Upward Lighting in Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting","authors":"S. Saengtharatip, Jyotsna Joshi, Geng Zhang, M. Takagaki, T. Kozai, W. Yamori","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.21","url":null,"abstract":"The term “plant factory with artificial lighting” refers to a controlled environment that enables the production of pesticide-free plants with high yield and quality through the efficient use of water, nutrients, and labor within a small area (Merrill et al., 2016). Controlled conditions and inputs to create optimal conditions enable year-round production (Yamori et al., 2014). In many Asian, European, and North American countries, plant factories are used for commercial production of leafy greens, herbs, and seedlings (Hayashi, 2016). However, the technology is still being developed, and improvements are needed in construction and labor costs, electricity use, yield and quality, and the efficient use of light sources, e.g., fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (Kozai, 2013). Currently, the production of leafy greens is managed with LEDs through the use of multiple culture shelves and an intensive cultivation pattern, but shading of outer leaves by the canopy reduces photosynthetic rate and accelerates the senescence of the outer leaves, which have to be trimmed before packaging and shipment, resulting in yield losses of over 10% (Zhang et al., 2015; Kozai and Niu, 2016). Photosynthesis underlies plant growth and productivity (Yamori, 2016; Yamori and Shikanai, 2016). Light is one of the most important environmental factors that influence plant growth, and is not only the basic driving force of photosynthesis, but also an important regulator of plant growth and development (Terashima et al., 2006). Low light intensity restricts the photosynthetic rate, and if the light intensity falls below the compensation point (i.e., the PPFD at which photosynthetic rate is zero), carbon is lost. Low light also triggers leaf senescence, resulting in yield loss (Frantz et al., 2000). More than 90% of crop biomass is derived from photosynthetic products, so the enhancement of leaf photosynthesis should increase yield (Long et al., 2006; Yamori et al., 2011; 2016). As well as light intensity, light quality greatly affects photosynthesis and plant growth (McCree, 1971; Inada, 1976; Lin et al., 2013). 80 to 95% of blue and red light is absorbed by chlorophyll in leaves across a broad range of plant species (Terashima et al., 2009; Muneer et al., 2014). Red light promotes photosynthesis and induces hypocotyl elongation and leaf area expansion; blue light regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and suppresses cell elongation (McNellis and Deng, 1995; Han et al., 2017). Leaf senescence can be suppressed by the application of red light in soybean (Guiamet et al., 1989) and sunflower (Rousseaux et al., 1996), and of blue light in wheat (Causin et al.,","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41589967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivares Díaz Edenio, S. Kawamura, M. Matsuo, S. Koseki
Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Japan has remained constant in recent years, per-capita consumption has decreased (Fujibayashi, 2017). Moreover, approximately 66% of Japanese prioritize palatability over price in the rice they consume. Therefore, since Japan has become a more wealthy society, consumers have been demanding higher quality and more palatable rice (Hori et al., 2016; Ohtsubo and Nakamura, 2017). Rice quality is defined by a combination of physical and chemical properties. Physical properties comprise the grain’s external and structural characteristics (Bhattacharya, 2011a); meanwhile, chemical properties determine its sensory characteristics after cooking (Siebenmorgen et al., 2013). Therefore, because rice is handled, processed, and cooked before consumption, its physicochemical properties play a major role in influencing its quality (Bhattacharya, 2011b; Siebenmorgen et al., 2013). In Japan, physicochemical measurements and sensory testing are used to evaluate rice quality. Physicochemical measurements involve evaluating moisture, protein, and amylose content using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and measuring the percentage of sound whole kernels using a visible light (VIS) grain segregator (Kondo and Kawamura, 2013). Sensory testing involves evaluating the taste. Trained panel members taste cooked rice samples and give scores for appearance, flavor, taste, hardness, stickiness, and overall sensory properties (Ohtsubo and Nakamura, 2017). Rice varieties with lower protein and amylose content, which appear as soft and sticky grains after cooking, are considered very palatable among consumers in Japan and in Northeast Asian countries. Residents in Hokkaido, Japan found milled rice of the Yumepirika variety with an amylose content of 19% and protein content of 7.5% and/or amylose content of 19% and protein content of 6.8% to be highly palatable (Kawamura et al., 2013). Similarly, brown rice with an average moisture content of 15% and sound whole kernel rate of more than 80% was considered to be of high-quality (Mizuho National Foundation, 2011). During grain filling, both kernel location in the panicle and ambient air temperature have an enormous impact on rice quality through their influence on the physicochemical properties of rice (Patindol et al., 2015). Rice grain filling depends on the flowering order of spikelets and is a long process that happens from the top of the panicle downward (Myers McClung, 2004). Therefore, it significantly affects protein and amylose content by influencing kernel thickness, weight, and maturity within the bulk of harvested rice. In general, kernels growing in the upper part of the rice panicle experience a longer growing period. They are therefore more mature, with lower levels of amylose and lower levels of protein, and are consequently of higher quality and more palatable than kernels growing in the lower part (Matsue et al., 1994a; 1994b;
尽管近年来日本水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量保持稳定，但人均消费量有所下降(Fujibayashi, 2017)。此外，大约66%的日本人在消费大米时优先考虑口感而不是价格。因此，自从日本成为一个更加富裕的社会以来，消费者一直要求更高质量和更美味的大米(Hori et al.， 2016;大坪和中村，2017)。大米的品质是由物理和化学性质共同决定的。物理特性包括谷物的外部和结构特征(Bhattacharya, 2011a);同时，化学性质决定了其烹饪后的感官特性(Siebenmorgen et al.， 2013)。因此，由于大米在食用前经过处理、加工和煮熟，其理化性质在影响其质量方面起着主要作用(Bhattacharya, 2011b;Siebenmorgen et al.， 2013)。在日本，用物理化学测量和感官测试来评价大米的质量。物理化学测量包括使用近红外(NIR)光谱评估水分、蛋白质和直链淀粉含量，并使用可见光(VIS)颗粒分离器测量完整籽粒的百分比(Kondo和Kawamura, 2013)。感官测试包括评估味道。训练有素的小组成员品尝煮熟的大米样品，并对外观、风味、味道、硬度、粘性和整体感官特性进行评分(Ohtsubo和Nakamura, 2017)。在日本和东北亚国家，蛋白质和直链淀粉含量较低的大米品种，在烹饪后呈现出柔软和粘性的谷物，被消费者认为非常美味。日本北海道居民发现，直链淀粉含量为19%，蛋白质含量为7.5%，直链淀粉含量为19%，蛋白质含量为6.8%的Yumepirika品种的精米非常美味(Kawamura等人，2013)。同样，平均水分含量为15%，健全全粒率超过80%的糙米被认为是优质的(Mizuho National Foundation, 2011)。灌浆过程中，籽粒在穗上的位置和周围空气温度都通过影响水稻的理化性质对稻米品质产生巨大影响(Patindol et al.， 2015)。水稻籽粒灌浆取决于小穗的开花顺序，是一个从穗顶向下发生的漫长过程(Myers McClung, 2004)。因此，它通过影响籽粒厚度、重量和籽粒成熟度显著影响蛋白质和直链淀粉含量。一般来说，生长在稻穗上部的籽粒生育期较长。因此，它们更成熟，直链淀粉和蛋白质含量更低，因此比生长在较低部分的籽粒质量更高，更美味(Matsue et al.， 1994a;1994 b;
{"title":"Diversity of Physicochemical Properties of Different Rice Varieties Produced in Regions of Hokkaido, Japan through Eight Years","authors":"Olivares Díaz Edenio, S. Kawamura, M. Matsuo, S. Koseki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.123","url":null,"abstract":"Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Japan has remained constant in recent years, per-capita consumption has decreased (Fujibayashi, 2017). Moreover, approximately 66% of Japanese prioritize palatability over price in the rice they consume. Therefore, since Japan has become a more wealthy society, consumers have been demanding higher quality and more palatable rice (Hori et al., 2016; Ohtsubo and Nakamura, 2017). Rice quality is defined by a combination of physical and chemical properties. Physical properties comprise the grain’s external and structural characteristics (Bhattacharya, 2011a); meanwhile, chemical properties determine its sensory characteristics after cooking (Siebenmorgen et al., 2013). Therefore, because rice is handled, processed, and cooked before consumption, its physicochemical properties play a major role in influencing its quality (Bhattacharya, 2011b; Siebenmorgen et al., 2013). In Japan, physicochemical measurements and sensory testing are used to evaluate rice quality. Physicochemical measurements involve evaluating moisture, protein, and amylose content using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and measuring the percentage of sound whole kernels using a visible light (VIS) grain segregator (Kondo and Kawamura, 2013). Sensory testing involves evaluating the taste. Trained panel members taste cooked rice samples and give scores for appearance, flavor, taste, hardness, stickiness, and overall sensory properties (Ohtsubo and Nakamura, 2017). Rice varieties with lower protein and amylose content, which appear as soft and sticky grains after cooking, are considered very palatable among consumers in Japan and in Northeast Asian countries. Residents in Hokkaido, Japan found milled rice of the Yumepirika variety with an amylose content of 19% and protein content of 7.5% and/or amylose content of 19% and protein content of 6.8% to be highly palatable (Kawamura et al., 2013). Similarly, brown rice with an average moisture content of 15% and sound whole kernel rate of more than 80% was considered to be of high-quality (Mizuho National Foundation, 2011). During grain filling, both kernel location in the panicle and ambient air temperature have an enormous impact on rice quality through their influence on the physicochemical properties of rice (Patindol et al., 2015). Rice grain filling depends on the flowering order of spikelets and is a long process that happens from the top of the panicle downward (Myers McClung, 2004). Therefore, it significantly affects protein and amylose content by influencing kernel thickness, weight, and maturity within the bulk of harvested rice. In general, kernels growing in the upper part of the rice panicle experience a longer growing period. They are therefore more mature, with lower levels of amylose and lower levels of protein, and are consequently of higher quality and more palatable than kernels growing in the lower part (Matsue et al., 1994a; 1994b;","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48097981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rika Natsuhara, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, N. Kajikawa, Kanako Umaba, Kensei Zako, T. Nishimura, H. Itoh
In recent years, the demand for acquiring information from agricultural products as part of quality inspection has greatly increased. In Japan, it is necessary to simultaneously realize high quality and produce high-value-added crops to secure a competitive advantage over foreign products (Cabinet Office, 2019). A plant factory is a food production system that enables the year-round production of crop plants under fully controlled environmental conditions (Takatsuji, 1997). While plant factories have contributed to a continuous supply of high-quality products, they have issues with profitability, which may arise from a lack of added-value. To develop value-added products for plant factories, this study focused on medicinal plants with high market value. Since medicinal plants usually require a long cultivation period and a large amount of labor, farmers have limited interest in cultivating these crops (Furumatsu and Inui, 2013). Furthermore, the quality of medicinal plants is strongly influenced by cultivation methods and the growing environment. Therefore, plant factories are well suited to the cultivation of medicinal plants due to their ability to produce high quality, value-added plants. Saffron is a bulbous, medicinal plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, and the stigma is harvested to produce one of the world’s most expensive spices (Shoyama, 2009). Also, saffron is considered a medicinal plant, and it has been registered with the Japanese Pharmacopeia (Gazerani et al., 2013). The main constituents contained in saffron stigmas are red carotenoid pigments, picrocrocin and fragrant safranal (Shoyama, 2009). Moreover, it contains crocin, which has medicinal properties. To increase stigma production and enhance crocin content within a limited cultivation area, selecting corms that produce an abundance of flowers is necessary. At present, corm weight is used as an indicator in selection due to previous reports that corm weight of 20 g is highly correlated to desirable bloom capability (Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, 1995). However, corm weight is not a precise indicator since the number of flowers produced varies greatly, even when the weight of corms is the same. Therefore, the development of more accurate and precise selectable traits and techniques is necessary. Corms store a high concentration of carbohydrates needed for flowering (Ohyama et al., 1986). b -carotene, which is the initial material in the biosynthetic pathway of crocin, is composed of glucose (Bolhassani et al., 2014). Because starch is one of the storage forms of glucose, crocin content may be affected by starch content. Given these facts, this study also aimed to test the hypothesis that corm selection based on starch concentration prior to planting would increase the number of flowers harvested as well as the concentration of crocin within the stigma compared to selection by weight alone. Starch granules in plant storage tissues, such as corms, are accumulated w
近年来，作为农产品质量检验的一部分，对农产品信息获取的需求大大增加。在日本，必须同时实现高质量和生产高附加值的作物，以确保相对于外国产品的竞争优势(内阁府，2019)。植物工厂是一种在完全可控的环境条件下实现作物全年生产的食品生产系统(Takatsuji, 1997)。虽然植物工厂为高质量产品的持续供应做出了贡献，但它们的盈利能力存在问题，这可能是因为缺乏附加值。本研究以具有较高市场价值的药用植物为研究对象，为植物工厂开发高附加值产品。由于药用植物通常需要较长的种植周期和大量的劳动力，农民对种植这些作物的兴趣有限(Furumatsu和Inui, 2013)。此外，药用植物的品质受栽培方法和生长环境的影响很大。因此，植物工厂非常适合药用植物的种植，因为它们有能力生产高质量、高附加值的植物。藏红花是鸢尾科藏红花属的一种球茎药用植物，其柱头被收获后制成世界上最昂贵的香料之一(Shoyama, 2009)。此外，藏红花被认为是一种药用植物，并已在日本药典上注册(Gazerani et al.， 2013)。藏红花柱头中所含的主要成分是红色类胡萝卜素、微藏红花素和香藏红花(Shoyama, 2009)。此外，它还含有藏红花素，具有药用价值。为了在有限的种植面积内增加柱头产量和提高藏红花素含量，选择能产生大量花朵的球茎是必要的。目前，由于之前的报道称，20 g的玉米重量与理想的开花能力高度相关，因此在选择时将玉米重量作为指标(药物局，1995)。然而，球茎重量并不是一个精确的指标，因为即使在球茎重量相同的情况下，开花的数量也会有很大的变化。因此，有必要开发更准确和精确的选择性状和技术。球茎储存了开花所需的高浓度碳水化合物(Ohyama et al.， 1986)。b -胡萝卜素是藏红花素生物合成途径的初始物质，由葡萄糖组成(Bolhassani et al.， 2014)。由于淀粉是葡萄糖的一种储存形式，藏红花素的含量可能会受到淀粉含量的影响。考虑到这些事实，本研究还旨在验证一种假设，即与仅通过重量选择相比，基于种植前淀粉浓度的球茎选择会增加收获的花朵数量以及柱头内的西红花素浓度。植物储存组织(如球茎)中的淀粉颗粒在细胞的淀粉质体中积累(Chino, 1991)，影响球茎内的物理细胞结构。使用近红外光谱测量物理性质很难探测到这种积累，
{"title":"Development of a Non-destructive Starch Concentration Measurement Technique in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Corms Using Light Scattering Image Analysis","authors":"Rika Natsuhara, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, N. Kajikawa, Kanako Umaba, Kensei Zako, T. Nishimura, H. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.105","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the demand for acquiring information from agricultural products as part of quality inspection has greatly increased. In Japan, it is necessary to simultaneously realize high quality and produce high-value-added crops to secure a competitive advantage over foreign products (Cabinet Office, 2019). A plant factory is a food production system that enables the year-round production of crop plants under fully controlled environmental conditions (Takatsuji, 1997). While plant factories have contributed to a continuous supply of high-quality products, they have issues with profitability, which may arise from a lack of added-value. To develop value-added products for plant factories, this study focused on medicinal plants with high market value. Since medicinal plants usually require a long cultivation period and a large amount of labor, farmers have limited interest in cultivating these crops (Furumatsu and Inui, 2013). Furthermore, the quality of medicinal plants is strongly influenced by cultivation methods and the growing environment. Therefore, plant factories are well suited to the cultivation of medicinal plants due to their ability to produce high quality, value-added plants. Saffron is a bulbous, medicinal plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, and the stigma is harvested to produce one of the world’s most expensive spices (Shoyama, 2009). Also, saffron is considered a medicinal plant, and it has been registered with the Japanese Pharmacopeia (Gazerani et al., 2013). The main constituents contained in saffron stigmas are red carotenoid pigments, picrocrocin and fragrant safranal (Shoyama, 2009). Moreover, it contains crocin, which has medicinal properties. To increase stigma production and enhance crocin content within a limited cultivation area, selecting corms that produce an abundance of flowers is necessary. At present, corm weight is used as an indicator in selection due to previous reports that corm weight of 20 g is highly correlated to desirable bloom capability (Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, 1995). However, corm weight is not a precise indicator since the number of flowers produced varies greatly, even when the weight of corms is the same. Therefore, the development of more accurate and precise selectable traits and techniques is necessary. Corms store a high concentration of carbohydrates needed for flowering (Ohyama et al., 1986). b -carotene, which is the initial material in the biosynthetic pathway of crocin, is composed of glucose (Bolhassani et al., 2014). Because starch is one of the storage forms of glucose, crocin content may be affected by starch content. Given these facts, this study also aimed to test the hypothesis that corm selection based on starch concentration prior to planting would increase the number of flowers harvested as well as the concentration of crocin within the stigma compared to selection by weight alone. Starch granules in plant storage tissues, such as corms, are accumulated w","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43134262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant factories are controlled-environment agricultural facilities that enable stable vegetable production yearround regardless of the weather conditions. Many researchers have investigated the production of high value-added vegetables in plant factories by controlling environmental conditions or giving certain stimuli, such as air temperature, root-zone temperature, water availability, salinity, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation (Gazula et al., 2005; Chaves et al., 2009; Hikosaka et al., 2010;Bettaieb et al., 2011; Ito et al., 2013; Sudheer et al., 2016). Recent studies have shown that cold stress applied to the root area has a positive effect on the nutritional quality and produces a significant increase in the levels of highly functional plant constituents. For example, Chadirin et al. (2011a; 2011b; 2012) reported that spinach root chilling induced a significant increase in the levels of beneficial substances (such as sugars, ascorbic acid, and Fe) and a decrease in those of harmful substances (such as NO3 and oxalic acid). Furthermore, Ogawa et al. (2018) indicated that root chilling at 10°C for 6 days increased the levels of antioxidants, such as rosmarinic acid and luteolin, in red perilla. Several studies have reported that environmental stress accelerates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the plant body, which induces oxidative stress and triggers antioxidant pathways to manage them with the production of antioxidant molecules (Asada, 2006). Under severe stress conditions, oxidative stress markers, including H2O2, lipid peroxides (LOOH), as well as lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, and oxidized proteins might accumulate in the plant body when ROS generation overcomes antioxidant capacity. For instance, Sakamoto and Suzuki (2015) reported that although root chilling increases the levels of beneficial substances, such as anthocyanin, phenols, and ascorbic acid, it also increases the levels of harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are highly reactive molecules formed under oxidative stress. In that regard, several studies have reported that products of the oxidation of biomolecules cause cancer and liver disease (Nair et al., 2007; Li et al., 2015). Thus, it is necessary to consider the effects of environmental stress on the levels of oxidation byproducts, and not only antioxidant content, for the proper evaluation of the quality and functionality of stress-exposed vegetables. However, changes in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress markers in vegetables under different root chilling temperatures and time frames have not been investigated yet. Here, we measured ascorbic acid content, superoxide dismutase activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, as proxies of antioxidant activity, and MDA content, as an oxidative stress marker, in spinach. This study aimed to investigate the change in antioxidants and oxidized molecules in spinach under diff
植物工厂是控制环境的农业设施，无论天气条件如何，都能实现全年稳定的蔬菜生产。许多研究人员通过控制环境条件或给予某些刺激，如空气温度、根区温度、水分有效性、盐度、臭氧和紫外线照射，研究了植物工厂中高附加值蔬菜的生产(Gazula et al.， 2005;Chaves et al.， 2009;Hikosaka et al.， 2010;Bettaieb et al.， 2011;Ito et al.， 2013;Sudheer et al.， 2016)。最近的研究表明，对根区施加冷胁迫对营养品质有积极的影响，并使高功能植物成分的水平显著增加。例如，Chadirin等人(2011a;2011 b;2012)报告说，菠菜根冷却导致有益物质(如糖、抗坏血酸和铁)水平显著增加，有害物质(如NO3和草酸)水平下降。此外，Ogawa等人(2018)指出，在10°C下冷藏6天可以增加红紫苏中迷迭香酸和木犀草素等抗氧化剂的含量。一些研究报道，环境胁迫加速了植物体内活性氧(ROS)的产生，从而诱导氧化应激并触发抗氧化途径，通过产生抗氧化分子来管理它们(Asada, 2006)。在严重胁迫条件下，当ROS生成克服抗氧化能力时，植物体内的氧化应激标志物，包括H2O2、脂质过氧化物(loh)以及脂质过氧化物衍生的醛类物质和氧化蛋白可能会积累。例如，Sakamoto和Suzuki(2015)报告说，虽然根冷却增加了花青素、酚类和抗坏血酸等有益物质的水平，但它也增加了有害物质的水平，如过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)，这是氧化应激下形成的高活性分子。在这方面，一些研究报告说，生物分子氧化的产物会导致癌症和肝脏疾病(Nair等人，2007;Li等人，2015)。因此，有必要考虑环境胁迫对氧化副产物水平的影响，而不仅仅是抗氧化剂含量，以便正确评价受胁迫蔬菜的质量和功能。然而，在不同的根冷温度和时间框架下，蔬菜抗氧化能力和氧化应激标志物的变化尚未研究。在这里，我们测量了菠菜中抗坏血酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、2,2-二苯基-1-苦酰肼(DPPH)清除活性(作为抗氧化活性的代表)和丙二醛含量(作为氧化应激标志物)。本研究旨在研究在人工环境下，不同程度的根区冷胁迫对菠菜中抗氧化剂和氧化分子的影响。
{"title":"Effect of Temperature and Duration of Root CHILLING on the Balance between Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress in Spinach","authors":"A. Ito, H. Shimizu","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.115","url":null,"abstract":"Plant factories are controlled-environment agricultural facilities that enable stable vegetable production yearround regardless of the weather conditions. Many researchers have investigated the production of high value-added vegetables in plant factories by controlling environmental conditions or giving certain stimuli, such as air temperature, root-zone temperature, water availability, salinity, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation (Gazula et al., 2005; Chaves et al., 2009; Hikosaka et al., 2010;Bettaieb et al., 2011; Ito et al., 2013; Sudheer et al., 2016). Recent studies have shown that cold stress applied to the root area has a positive effect on the nutritional quality and produces a significant increase in the levels of highly functional plant constituents. For example, Chadirin et al. (2011a; 2011b; 2012) reported that spinach root chilling induced a significant increase in the levels of beneficial substances (such as sugars, ascorbic acid, and Fe) and a decrease in those of harmful substances (such as NO3 and oxalic acid). Furthermore, Ogawa et al. (2018) indicated that root chilling at 10°C for 6 days increased the levels of antioxidants, such as rosmarinic acid and luteolin, in red perilla. Several studies have reported that environmental stress accelerates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the plant body, which induces oxidative stress and triggers antioxidant pathways to manage them with the production of antioxidant molecules (Asada, 2006). Under severe stress conditions, oxidative stress markers, including H2O2, lipid peroxides (LOOH), as well as lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, and oxidized proteins might accumulate in the plant body when ROS generation overcomes antioxidant capacity. For instance, Sakamoto and Suzuki (2015) reported that although root chilling increases the levels of beneficial substances, such as anthocyanin, phenols, and ascorbic acid, it also increases the levels of harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are highly reactive molecules formed under oxidative stress. In that regard, several studies have reported that products of the oxidation of biomolecules cause cancer and liver disease (Nair et al., 2007; Li et al., 2015). Thus, it is necessary to consider the effects of environmental stress on the levels of oxidation byproducts, and not only antioxidant content, for the proper evaluation of the quality and functionality of stress-exposed vegetables. However, changes in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress markers in vegetables under different root chilling temperatures and time frames have not been investigated yet. Here, we measured ascorbic acid content, superoxide dismutase activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, as proxies of antioxidant activity, and MDA content, as an oxidative stress marker, in spinach. This study aimed to investigate the change in antioxidants and oxidized molecules in spinach under diff","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44627145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) has become popular in Japan (Goto, 2012). The important characteristics of the plants suitable for PFAL are as follows: (1) the plant’s height must be relatively low, (2) the time from sowing to harvesting or coming to maturity should be short, and (3) the plant should be able to grow even at low-light intensity. Therefore, previous studies related to vegetable production in PFAL often used leafy vegetables and seedlings (Kozai, 2018). However, strawberry plant has lower light requirement and lower plant height than tomato and cucumber, so it can be cultivated in a multi-layer system in PFAL. In addition to this, the unit price of strawberry fruits is higher than that of leafy vegetables. Hence, it is considered to be suitable for strawberry production in PFAL (Yoshida et al., 2013). In recent PFALs, light emitting diode (LED) is usually used as the light source. LEDs have several advantages over fluorescent lamps. For example, the quality of light can be controlled by adjusting the arrangement of the emitting element, the lifetime is long, the amount of light is stable for a long time, light emits no heat, and so on. Concerning the quality of light, many experiments using LEDs have been conducted in environmentally controlled closed-type chambers. Among them, a mixture of red and blue has been reported to be efficient for plant cultivation (Nhut et al., 2003; Shin et al., 2008). Moreover, Lin et al. (2013) reported that the addition of white LEDs to redblue mixed LEDs promoted lettuce growth. Regarding studies on strawberries, though there have been studies conducted on the effect of light quality, that is, red, blue, or red-blue mixed on strawberry plants in a closed plant factory (Choi et al., 2015; Yoshida et al., 2016), there is limited information on the suitability of white LEDs in strawberry production. Considering strawberry production in PFAL, everbearing varieties may be more suitable than June-bearing varieties (Yoshida et al., 2013). June-bearing varieties require low temperature with short-day condition for flower bud differentiation, whereas everbearing varieties require longday condition for the same. Thus, the growth and continuous flowering of everbearing varieties can be simultaneously promoted under long-day condition. It is considered to lead to shortening of the seedling period. For this reason, several studies on photoperiod using everbearing varieties have been carried out and continuous lighting with blue light was efficient for running cost and initial cost (Yoshida et al., 2012; Yoshida et al., 2016), however, there is limited information about how much light (daily light integral; DLI), that is, the product of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) by day’s length, the strawberry actually needs under continuous lighting. Therefore, in this experiment, we set various DLIs by combining different photoperiods and PPFDs, and evaluated the continuous light with
近年来，人工光植物工厂(PFAL)在日本开始流行(Goto, 2012)。适合PFAL的植株的重要特征有:(1)植株高度必须相对较低;(2)从播种到收获或成熟的时间应短;(3)植株即使在弱光强下也能生长。因此，以往与PFAL蔬菜生产相关的研究通常使用叶菜和幼苗(Kozai, 2018)。与番茄和黄瓜相比，草莓植株对光照的需求较低，株高也较低，因此可以采用多层体系栽培。除此之外，草莓类水果的单价高于叶类蔬菜。因此，它被认为适用于PFAL的草莓生产(吉田等人，2013)。在最近的pfal中，通常使用发光二极管(LED)作为光源。与荧光灯相比，led有几个优点。例如，光的质量可以通过调整发光元件的排列来控制，寿命长，光量长时间稳定，光不发出热量等。关于光的质量，许多使用led的实验都是在环境控制的封闭式室内进行的。其中，据报道，红色和蓝色的混合物对植物栽培有效(Nhut et al.， 2003;Shin et al.， 2008)。此外，Lin等人(2013)报道，在红蓝混合led中加入白光led促进了生菜的生长。关于草莓的研究，虽然有在封闭植物工厂中对光质，即红色、蓝色或红蓝混合对草莓植株的影响进行过研究(Choi et al.， 2015;吉田等人，2016)，关于白光led在草莓生产中的适用性的信息有限。考虑到PFAL的草莓生产，常熟品种可能比6月品种更适合(Yoshida et al.， 2013)。六月开花品种需要低温短日照条件进行花芽分化，而常熟品种则需要长日照条件进行花芽分化。因此，在长日照条件下，可以同时促进常熟品种的生长和连续开花。它被认为会导致苗期缩短。因此，已经开展了几项利用常育品种进行的光周期研究，结果表明，蓝光连续照明在运行成本和初始成本方面是有效的(Yoshida et al.， 2012;吉田等人，2016)然而，关于多少光的信息有限(每日光积分;DLI，即光合光子通量密度(PPFD)与白昼长度的乘积，是草莓在连续光照下实际需要的。因此，在本实验中，我们通过组合不同的光周期和ppfd来设置不同的DLIs，并对白光LED的连续光进行评估。
{"title":"Effect of Different PPFDs and Photoperiods on Growth and Yield of Everbearing Strawberry ‘Elan’ in Plant Factory with White LED Lighting","authors":"K. Maeda, Yoshikazu Ito","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.99","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) has become popular in Japan (Goto, 2012). The important characteristics of the plants suitable for PFAL are as follows: (1) the plant’s height must be relatively low, (2) the time from sowing to harvesting or coming to maturity should be short, and (3) the plant should be able to grow even at low-light intensity. Therefore, previous studies related to vegetable production in PFAL often used leafy vegetables and seedlings (Kozai, 2018). However, strawberry plant has lower light requirement and lower plant height than tomato and cucumber, so it can be cultivated in a multi-layer system in PFAL. In addition to this, the unit price of strawberry fruits is higher than that of leafy vegetables. Hence, it is considered to be suitable for strawberry production in PFAL (Yoshida et al., 2013). In recent PFALs, light emitting diode (LED) is usually used as the light source. LEDs have several advantages over fluorescent lamps. For example, the quality of light can be controlled by adjusting the arrangement of the emitting element, the lifetime is long, the amount of light is stable for a long time, light emits no heat, and so on. Concerning the quality of light, many experiments using LEDs have been conducted in environmentally controlled closed-type chambers. Among them, a mixture of red and blue has been reported to be efficient for plant cultivation (Nhut et al., 2003; Shin et al., 2008). Moreover, Lin et al. (2013) reported that the addition of white LEDs to redblue mixed LEDs promoted lettuce growth. Regarding studies on strawberries, though there have been studies conducted on the effect of light quality, that is, red, blue, or red-blue mixed on strawberry plants in a closed plant factory (Choi et al., 2015; Yoshida et al., 2016), there is limited information on the suitability of white LEDs in strawberry production. Considering strawberry production in PFAL, everbearing varieties may be more suitable than June-bearing varieties (Yoshida et al., 2013). June-bearing varieties require low temperature with short-day condition for flower bud differentiation, whereas everbearing varieties require longday condition for the same. Thus, the growth and continuous flowering of everbearing varieties can be simultaneously promoted under long-day condition. It is considered to lead to shortening of the seedling period. For this reason, several studies on photoperiod using everbearing varieties have been carried out and continuous lighting with blue light was efficient for running cost and initial cost (Yoshida et al., 2012; Yoshida et al., 2016), however, there is limited information about how much light (daily light integral; DLI), that is, the product of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) by day’s length, the strawberry actually needs under continuous lighting. Therefore, in this experiment, we set various DLIs by combining different photoperiods and PPFDs, and evaluated the continuous light with ","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42682861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vegetables that are harvested early in the morning or late in the afternoon are valued in plant production based on the diurnal variation of metabolism (Clarkson et al., 2005), which is regulated by a circadian clock with a period of approximately 24 hours. The circadian clock plays an important role in the regulation of biological processes, such as growth, photosynthesis, and flower induction (Barak et al., 2000; Dodd et al., 2005). Therefore, information on circadian time, that is, the internal body time denoted by the circadian clock, is useful in improving the quality of plant production. Recently, a statistical oscillatory analysis of time-series RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data, referred to as a molecular timetable method (MTM) (Ueda et al., 2004), was used to estimate the circadian time of various types of plant leaves, including lettuce and tomato (Higashi et al., 2016; Takeoka et al., 2018). A few hundred genes identified as time-indicating genes (TiGs) were found to exhibit circadian rhythms in their expressions, and the overall profile of their phases was found to represent circadian time. Although this MTM successfully estimates circadian time precisely, it requires extraction of RNA, which involves destroying plant tissues, and it also requires considerable time for sequencing. In generally, optical features of plant tissues have been used in nondestructive real-time methods. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to estimate the soluble solids content of vegetables and fruits (Khuriyati and Matsuoka, 2004), and a combination of visible and near-infrared wavelengths can be used to estimate the amount of chlorophyll (Markwell et al., 1995). Multispectral imaging (MSI) with a few dozens of different spectral bands has been shown to have an excellent ability to determine the spatialspectral signature of plants, especially in characterizing a variety of chemical compositions and assessing the physiological status of plants. A recent study reported that MSI can be used nondestructively to detect circadian rhythms of chlorophyll concentration in soybean leaves (Pan et al., 2015). Therefore, it believed that circadian time can be estimated by means of multispectral analysis, although this has not been previously confirmed. In this study, we used a hyperspectral camera, which is a device with an exceptionally high resolution (more than 100 bands) from visible to near-infrared wavelengths, because optical indices for estimation of circadian time have not been identified. In addition, it is expected that rich information is required for precise estimation of circadian time like as many TiGs in MTM. We also used a machine learning method based on an artificial neural network (ANN) to address nonlinearity of the relationships among wavelengths. As a starting point, we focused on the circadian time at harvest, which is a critical time for production quality. Our experiments were carried out using green perilla (Perilla frutescence var. crispa f. vi
在植物生产中，清晨或傍晚收获的蔬菜的价值取决于新陈代谢的昼夜变化(Clarkson et al.， 2005)，新陈代谢受生物钟的调节，周期约为24小时。生物钟在调节生物过程中发挥着重要作用，如生长、光合作用和开花诱导(Barak et al.， 2000;Dodd et al.， 2005)。因此，关于昼夜节律时间的信息，即由生物钟表示的体内时间，对提高植物生产质量是有用的。最近，对时间序列RNA测序(RNA- seq)数据进行统计振荡分析，称为分子时间表方法(MTM) (Ueda等人，2004)，用于估计包括生菜和番茄在内的各种植物叶片的昼夜节律时间(Higashi等人，2016;Takeoka et al.， 2018)。数百个被确定为时间指示基因(TiGs)的基因被发现在其表达中表现出昼夜节律，并且发现其阶段的总体概况代表昼夜节律时间。虽然这种MTM成功地精确估计了昼夜节律时间，但它需要提取RNA，这涉及到破坏植物组织，并且还需要相当长的测序时间。通常，植物组织的光学特征已被用于无损实时方法。近红外光谱可用于估算蔬菜和水果的可溶性固形物含量(Khuriyati和Matsuoka, 2004)，可见光和近红外波长的组合可用于估算叶绿素的含量(Markwell等，1995)。利用几十个不同光谱波段的多光谱成像(MSI)已被证明在确定植物的空间光谱特征方面具有出色的能力，特别是在表征植物的各种化学成分和评估植物的生理状态方面。最近的一项研究报道，MSI可以无损地用于检测大豆叶片中叶绿素浓度的昼夜节律(Pan et al.， 2015)。因此，它认为可以通过多光谱分析来估计昼夜节律时间，尽管这在以前没有得到证实。在这项研究中，我们使用了一种高光谱相机，这是一种从可见光到近红外波长具有极高分辨率(超过100个波段)的设备，因为用于估计昼夜节律时间的光学指标尚未确定。此外，预计需要丰富的信息来精确估计昼夜节律时间，如MTM中的许多TiGs。我们还使用了基于人工神经网络(ANN)的机器学习方法来解决波长之间关系的非线性。作为起点，我们专注于收获时的昼夜节律时间，这是生产质量的关键时间。实验材料为紫苏(perilla frutescence var. crispa f. viridis)
{"title":"Nondestructive Estimation of Circadian Time in Harvested Green Perilla Leaves Using Hyperspectral Data","authors":"Shogo Nagano, Yusuke Tanigaki, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.91","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables that are harvested early in the morning or late in the afternoon are valued in plant production based on the diurnal variation of metabolism (Clarkson et al., 2005), which is regulated by a circadian clock with a period of approximately 24 hours. The circadian clock plays an important role in the regulation of biological processes, such as growth, photosynthesis, and flower induction (Barak et al., 2000; Dodd et al., 2005). Therefore, information on circadian time, that is, the internal body time denoted by the circadian clock, is useful in improving the quality of plant production. Recently, a statistical oscillatory analysis of time-series RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data, referred to as a molecular timetable method (MTM) (Ueda et al., 2004), was used to estimate the circadian time of various types of plant leaves, including lettuce and tomato (Higashi et al., 2016; Takeoka et al., 2018). A few hundred genes identified as time-indicating genes (TiGs) were found to exhibit circadian rhythms in their expressions, and the overall profile of their phases was found to represent circadian time. Although this MTM successfully estimates circadian time precisely, it requires extraction of RNA, which involves destroying plant tissues, and it also requires considerable time for sequencing. In generally, optical features of plant tissues have been used in nondestructive real-time methods. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to estimate the soluble solids content of vegetables and fruits (Khuriyati and Matsuoka, 2004), and a combination of visible and near-infrared wavelengths can be used to estimate the amount of chlorophyll (Markwell et al., 1995). Multispectral imaging (MSI) with a few dozens of different spectral bands has been shown to have an excellent ability to determine the spatialspectral signature of plants, especially in characterizing a variety of chemical compositions and assessing the physiological status of plants. A recent study reported that MSI can be used nondestructively to detect circadian rhythms of chlorophyll concentration in soybean leaves (Pan et al., 2015). Therefore, it believed that circadian time can be estimated by means of multispectral analysis, although this has not been previously confirmed. In this study, we used a hyperspectral camera, which is a device with an exceptionally high resolution (more than 100 bands) from visible to near-infrared wavelengths, because optical indices for estimation of circadian time have not been identified. In addition, it is expected that rich information is required for precise estimation of circadian time like as many TiGs in MTM. We also used a machine learning method based on an artificial neural network (ANN) to address nonlinearity of the relationships among wavelengths. As a starting point, we focused on the circadian time at harvest, which is a critical time for production quality. Our experiments were carried out using green perilla (Perilla frutescence var. crispa f. vi","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46513620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：