Yu Li, Y. Makino, Zhengqiao Duan, M. Yoshimura, I. Sotome
Vegetable soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (“Edamame”) have emerged as one of the most commercially important foods, and they are very popular because of their delicious taste, rich nutritional value, short crop cycle, and export value. Vegetable soybeans are a good source of protein, monounsaturated fatty acids (with no cholesterol), anti-carcinogenic isoflavones, dietary fiber, vitamin C (Lascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherols), and phytoestrogens (Johnson et al., 1999; Miles et al., 2000). From this, vegetable soybeans have high commercial value as an agricultural product that is healthy for consumers. However, in East Asia, which is the main region of vegetable soybean production, the harvest period is mainly during summer season. Because of the climatic heat and their active respiration, vegetable soybeans are very vulnerable to perishing after harvest (Sugimoto et al., 2010). Therefore, with the rapid worldwide increase in demand for high-quality vegetable soybeans, there is a need for research on how to evaluate the quality and predict the shelf-life of vegetable soybeans. Chemical parameters, such as chlorophyll concentration, vitamin C, and enzymes (Wang et al., 2017) have been used to evaluate the quality of fruits and vegetables, but the process of obtaining these indicators is destructive. Hence, it is important to develop a non-invasive and chemical-free method for estimating the quality of fruits and vegetables. Chlorophyll fluorescence technology, which is related strongly to the photosynthesis reactions, has the advantages of causing no damage and being both objective and compact. It has been widely applied to studies of plant photosynthesis (Baker, 2008), plant adversity and stress (Omasa, 1990; Calatayud et al., 2006), and plant pathology (Meyer et al., 2001). Consumers’ primary demand for vegetable soybeans is good pod appearance, the surface color in particular, and the pods color should be bright green with no sign of yellowing (Konovsky et al., 1994). The loss of green color is indicative of declining freshness and chlorophyll degradation. The decrease in chlorophyll content is due to the decomposition of chloroplast. This will lead to the reduction of photosynthetic activity. In consideration of the chlorophyll fluorescence originates from light-excited chlorophyll a molecule associated with photosystem II (PSII) (DeEll et al., 1999; Maxwell and Johnson, 2000; Henriques, 2009), the ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables may affect the chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Upon that, in recent decades, chlorophyll fluorescence technology has also been used to investigate the ripening and senescence of horticultural products (DeEll et al., 1999; DeEll and Toivonen, 2003; Gorbe and Calatayud, 2012), including apple (DeEll, 1999), banana (Smillie et al.,
植物大豆（“Edamame”）已成为最具商业价值的食品之一，它们因其美味、营养价值丰富、作物周期短和出口价值而广受欢迎。植物大豆是蛋白质、单不饱和脂肪酸（不含胆固醇）、抗癌异黄酮、膳食纤维、维生素C（抗坏血酸）、维生素E（生育酚）和植物雌激素的良好来源（Johnson等人，1999年；Miles等人，2000年）。因此，植物大豆作为一种对消费者健康的农产品具有很高的商业价值。然而，在东亚，作为蔬菜大豆生产的主要地区，收获期主要在夏季。由于气候炎热和它们的主动呼吸，蔬菜大豆在收获后很容易腐烂（Sugimoto等人，2010）。因此，随着全球对优质蔬菜大豆需求的快速增长，有必要研究如何评估蔬菜大豆的质量和预测其保质期。叶绿素浓度、维生素C和酶等化学参数（Wang et al.，2017）已被用于评估水果和蔬菜的质量，但获得这些指标的过程具有破坏性。因此，开发一种无创、无化学物质的方法来评估水果和蔬菜的质量是很重要的。叶绿素荧光技术与光合作用反应密切相关，具有无损、客观紧凑的优点。它已被广泛应用于植物光合作用（Baker，2008）、植物逆境和胁迫（Omasa，1990；Calatayud等人，2006）和植物病理学（Meyer等人，2001）的研究。消费者对蔬菜大豆的主要需求是良好的豆荚外观，尤其是表面颜色，豆荚颜色应该是亮绿色，没有变黄的迹象（Konovsky等人，1994）。绿色的损失表明新鲜度下降和叶绿素降解。叶绿素含量的降低是由于叶绿体的分解。这将导致光合活性的降低。考虑到叶绿素荧光来源于与光系统II（PSII）相关的光激发叶绿素分子（DeEll等人，1999；Maxwell和Johnson，2000；Henriques，2009），水果和蔬菜的成熟和衰老可能会影响叶绿素荧光产量。在此基础上，近几十年来，叶绿素荧光技术也被用于研究园艺产品的成熟和衰老（DeEll等人，1999；DeEll和Toivonen，2003；Gorbe和Calatayud，2012），包括苹果（DeEll，1999）、香蕉（Smillie等人。，
{"title":"Nondestructive Detection of Decay in Vegetable Soybeans Stored at Different Temperatures Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging","authors":"Yu Li, Y. Makino, Zhengqiao Duan, M. Yoshimura, I. Sotome","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.51","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (“Edamame”) have emerged as one of the most commercially important foods, and they are very popular because of their delicious taste, rich nutritional value, short crop cycle, and export value. Vegetable soybeans are a good source of protein, monounsaturated fatty acids (with no cholesterol), anti-carcinogenic isoflavones, dietary fiber, vitamin C (Lascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherols), and phytoestrogens (Johnson et al., 1999; Miles et al., 2000). From this, vegetable soybeans have high commercial value as an agricultural product that is healthy for consumers. However, in East Asia, which is the main region of vegetable soybean production, the harvest period is mainly during summer season. Because of the climatic heat and their active respiration, vegetable soybeans are very vulnerable to perishing after harvest (Sugimoto et al., 2010). Therefore, with the rapid worldwide increase in demand for high-quality vegetable soybeans, there is a need for research on how to evaluate the quality and predict the shelf-life of vegetable soybeans. Chemical parameters, such as chlorophyll concentration, vitamin C, and enzymes (Wang et al., 2017) have been used to evaluate the quality of fruits and vegetables, but the process of obtaining these indicators is destructive. Hence, it is important to develop a non-invasive and chemical-free method for estimating the quality of fruits and vegetables. Chlorophyll fluorescence technology, which is related strongly to the photosynthesis reactions, has the advantages of causing no damage and being both objective and compact. It has been widely applied to studies of plant photosynthesis (Baker, 2008), plant adversity and stress (Omasa, 1990; Calatayud et al., 2006), and plant pathology (Meyer et al., 2001). Consumers’ primary demand for vegetable soybeans is good pod appearance, the surface color in particular, and the pods color should be bright green with no sign of yellowing (Konovsky et al., 1994). The loss of green color is indicative of declining freshness and chlorophyll degradation. The decrease in chlorophyll content is due to the decomposition of chloroplast. This will lead to the reduction of photosynthetic activity. In consideration of the chlorophyll fluorescence originates from light-excited chlorophyll a molecule associated with photosystem II (PSII) (DeEll et al., 1999; Maxwell and Johnson, 2000; Henriques, 2009), the ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables may affect the chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Upon that, in recent decades, chlorophyll fluorescence technology has also been used to investigate the ripening and senescence of horticultural products (DeEll et al., 1999; DeEll and Toivonen, 2003; Gorbe and Calatayud, 2012), including apple (DeEll, 1999), banana (Smillie et al.,","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44231518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kota Shimomoto, K. Takayama, N. Takahashi, H. Nishina, Inaba Kazue, Yuri Isoyama, Shin-Chu Oh
Maximization of crop net photosynthesis is one of the most important objectives of environmental control in greenhouses (Takayama, 2013). To increase the crop photosynthesis, instrumentations such CO2 enrichment, supplemental lighting and so on have been installed in commercial greenhouses (Vanthoor et al., 2011). To establish the appropriate environmental control in greenhouse, plant diagnosis techniques are important and the Speaking Plant Approach (SPA) is regarded as a sophisticated concept (Udink ten Cate et al., 1978; Hashimoto, 1980). In the plant diagnosis techniques, measurement of photosynthetic rate is important to monitor the plant physiological status and performance of assimilation. Nevertheless, many open gas-exchange systems have been designed to measure leaf photosynthetic rate (Dutton et al., 1988) and there is no appropriate instrumentation to monitor fully-grown/fullsize crop photosynthetic rate in commercial greenhouse. Many studies estimated the crop photosynthesis by using the previously measured photosynthesis light response curve at single leaf level, incoming radiation, canopy light profile and the leaf area index (Spitters et al., 1989; Jones, 1992; Cannell and Thornley, 1998; Li et al., 2014). However, the environmental response of photosynthesis at single leaf level does not represent the crop photosynthesis (Dutton et al., 1988). Especially, Paradiso et al. (2011) reported that the spectral dependence of light absorption and photosynthesis at the canopy level is different from that at leaf level. Furthermore, canopy architecture of tomato plant has a large impact on crop light distribution and photosynthesis (Sarlikioti et al., 2011). On the other hand, Zekki et al. (1999) and Teitel et al. (2011) proposed a monitoring of CO2 balance at a greenhouse level to measure the net photosynthetic rate of all the plants grown in the greenhouse. However, it is difficult to evaluate the fluctuated ventilation rate of the greenhouse at high time resolution, so these techniques provide low time resolution data. Therefore, a real-time monitoring of photosynthesis of a full-size plant grown in greenhouse has been required for SPA. There are several whole plant level open chambers for trees or herbaceous plants (Munakata, 1970; Miller et al., 1996; Ferrai et al., 2016), however they are
{"title":"Real-time Monitoring of Photosynthesis and Transpiration of a Fully-grown Tomato Plant in Greenhouse","authors":"Kota Shimomoto, K. Takayama, N. Takahashi, H. Nishina, Inaba Kazue, Yuri Isoyama, Shin-Chu Oh","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.65","url":null,"abstract":"Maximization of crop net photosynthesis is one of the most important objectives of environmental control in greenhouses (Takayama, 2013). To increase the crop photosynthesis, instrumentations such CO2 enrichment, supplemental lighting and so on have been installed in commercial greenhouses (Vanthoor et al., 2011). To establish the appropriate environmental control in greenhouse, plant diagnosis techniques are important and the Speaking Plant Approach (SPA) is regarded as a sophisticated concept (Udink ten Cate et al., 1978; Hashimoto, 1980). In the plant diagnosis techniques, measurement of photosynthetic rate is important to monitor the plant physiological status and performance of assimilation. Nevertheless, many open gas-exchange systems have been designed to measure leaf photosynthetic rate (Dutton et al., 1988) and there is no appropriate instrumentation to monitor fully-grown/fullsize crop photosynthetic rate in commercial greenhouse. Many studies estimated the crop photosynthesis by using the previously measured photosynthesis light response curve at single leaf level, incoming radiation, canopy light profile and the leaf area index (Spitters et al., 1989; Jones, 1992; Cannell and Thornley, 1998; Li et al., 2014). However, the environmental response of photosynthesis at single leaf level does not represent the crop photosynthesis (Dutton et al., 1988). Especially, Paradiso et al. (2011) reported that the spectral dependence of light absorption and photosynthesis at the canopy level is different from that at leaf level. Furthermore, canopy architecture of tomato plant has a large impact on crop light distribution and photosynthesis (Sarlikioti et al., 2011). On the other hand, Zekki et al. (1999) and Teitel et al. (2011) proposed a monitoring of CO2 balance at a greenhouse level to measure the net photosynthetic rate of all the plants grown in the greenhouse. However, it is difficult to evaluate the fluctuated ventilation rate of the greenhouse at high time resolution, so these techniques provide low time resolution data. Therefore, a real-time monitoring of photosynthesis of a full-size plant grown in greenhouse has been required for SPA. There are several whole plant level open chambers for trees or herbaceous plants (Munakata, 1970; Miller et al., 1996; Ferrai et al., 2016), however they are","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44734494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sutjaritpan Boonmee, P. Suwitchayanon, Ramida Krumsri, H. Kato‐Noguchi
Invasions by non-native plants are considered a threat that decreases biodiversity and negatively affect the abundance of native plant species (Callaway and Ridenour, 2004). The ability of invasive plant species to grow earlier than neighboring native species, to spread swiftly, to have high potential for resource competition, and to create monocultures in invaded areas, may contribute to their successful colonization and establishment (Bais et al., 2003; Callaway et al., 2005; McGeoch et al., 2010; Guido et al., 2017). The natural phenomenon known as allelopathy has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the success of invasive species over native species (Prati and Bossdorf, 2004) because allelochemicals released from various parts of an invasive plant, transformed and decomposed during decay, can negatively affect the growth and/or development of surrounding native plants either directly or indirectly (Rice, 1984; Callaway and Ridenour, 2004). This ecological mechanism, therefore, has drawn the attention of researchers in the context of the utilization of plantplant interactions for controlling other plants, especially weed species, which could be useful for the improvement and development of sustainable agricultural management. Ferns are one of the most diverse groups of vascular plants in forest habitat. They are also very tolerant to environmental stresses and have the ability to adapt the changing environmental conditions, which helped some fern species to become naturalize and spread themselves into the native forest (Dixit, 2000; Mehltreter et al., 2010; Watkins and Cardelús, 2012; Kamrul-Haque et al., 2016). Several researchers have investigated the possible mechanisms for the successful invasion of some fern species that may associate with allelopathy, and have reported that allelochemicals may influence the competitiveness and invasiveness of those plant species (Wang et al., 2014; Kato-Noguchi, 2015). Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl is an ornamental fern in the family Nephrolepidaceae. The plant is distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (Hovenkamp and Miyamoto, 2005). N. cordifolia is also often planted as a ground cover because it adapts well to a wide variety of soil types, tolerates sun and drought, and grows in both epiphyte (on rock) and terrestrial habitats (Cheng et al., 2001; Riefner and Smith, 2015). This fern can spread rapidly by means of rhizomes, stolons, tubers, and spores, and eventually form large colonies. N. cordifolia has been introduced as an invasive species in some areas such as New Zealand, Florida, Australia, and California (Wotherspoon and Wotherspoon,
非本地植物的入侵被认为是一种威胁，会减少生物多样性，并对本地植物物种的丰度产生负面影响(Callaway和Ridenour, 2004)。入侵植物比邻近的本地物种生长得早、传播迅速、资源竞争潜力高、在入侵地区形成单一栽培的能力，可能有助于它们成功的定植和建立(Bais等人，2003;Callaway et al.， 2005;McGeoch et al.， 2010;Guido等人，2017)。被称为化感作用的自然现象被认为是入侵物种胜过本地物种的可能机制(Prati和Bossdorf, 2004)，因为从入侵植物的各个部分释放的化感物质，在腐烂过程中转化和分解，可以直接或间接地对周围本地植物的生长和/或发育产生负面影响(Rice, 1984;Callaway and Ridenour, 2004)。因此，这种生态机制在利用植物-植物相互作用控制其他植物，特别是杂草物种方面引起了研究人员的关注，这可能有助于改善和发展可持续农业管理。蕨类植物是森林生境中维管植物种类最多的一类。它们对环境压力也非常耐受，有能力适应不断变化的环境条件，这有助于一些蕨类物种归化并传播到原生森林中(Dixit, 2000;Mehltreter等人，2010;Watkins and Cardelús, 2012;kamrull - haque et al.， 2016)。一些研究人员已经研究了一些可能与化感作用相关的蕨类植物成功入侵的可能机制，并报道了化感物质可能影响这些植物物种的竞争力和入侵性(Wang et al.， 2014;Kato-Noguchi, 2015)。紫紫肾(L.)金菖蒲是一种观赏蕨类植物。该植物主要分布在世界各地的热带和亚热带地区(Hovenkamp和Miyamoto, 2005)。堇青花也经常作为地被植物种植，因为它能很好地适应各种土壤类型，耐阳光和干旱，生长在附生植物(岩石上)和陆地栖息地(Cheng et al.， 2001;Riefner and Smith, 2015)。这种蕨类植物可以通过根茎、匍匐茎、块茎和孢子迅速传播，并最终形成大的菌落。在新西兰、佛罗里达、澳大利亚和加利福尼亚等地，堇叶新蜂已作为入侵种被引进。
{"title":"Investigation of the Allelopathic Potential of Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl against Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plant Species","authors":"Sutjaritpan Boonmee, P. Suwitchayanon, Ramida Krumsri, H. Kato‐Noguchi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.71","url":null,"abstract":"Invasions by non-native plants are considered a threat that decreases biodiversity and negatively affect the abundance of native plant species (Callaway and Ridenour, 2004). The ability of invasive plant species to grow earlier than neighboring native species, to spread swiftly, to have high potential for resource competition, and to create monocultures in invaded areas, may contribute to their successful colonization and establishment (Bais et al., 2003; Callaway et al., 2005; McGeoch et al., 2010; Guido et al., 2017). The natural phenomenon known as allelopathy has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the success of invasive species over native species (Prati and Bossdorf, 2004) because allelochemicals released from various parts of an invasive plant, transformed and decomposed during decay, can negatively affect the growth and/or development of surrounding native plants either directly or indirectly (Rice, 1984; Callaway and Ridenour, 2004). This ecological mechanism, therefore, has drawn the attention of researchers in the context of the utilization of plantplant interactions for controlling other plants, especially weed species, which could be useful for the improvement and development of sustainable agricultural management. Ferns are one of the most diverse groups of vascular plants in forest habitat. They are also very tolerant to environmental stresses and have the ability to adapt the changing environmental conditions, which helped some fern species to become naturalize and spread themselves into the native forest (Dixit, 2000; Mehltreter et al., 2010; Watkins and Cardelús, 2012; Kamrul-Haque et al., 2016). Several researchers have investigated the possible mechanisms for the successful invasion of some fern species that may associate with allelopathy, and have reported that allelochemicals may influence the competitiveness and invasiveness of those plant species (Wang et al., 2014; Kato-Noguchi, 2015). Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl is an ornamental fern in the family Nephrolepidaceae. The plant is distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (Hovenkamp and Miyamoto, 2005). N. cordifolia is also often planted as a ground cover because it adapts well to a wide variety of soil types, tolerates sun and drought, and grows in both epiphyte (on rock) and terrestrial habitats (Cheng et al., 2001; Riefner and Smith, 2015). This fern can spread rapidly by means of rhizomes, stolons, tubers, and spores, and eventually form large colonies. N. cordifolia has been introduced as an invasive species in some areas such as New Zealand, Florida, Australia, and California (Wotherspoon and Wotherspoon,","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43954024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khan, Takashi Arita, Masaki Iwayoshi, Y. Ogura‐Tsujita, S. Isshiki
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important and popular vegetable crop, especially in Asia (Yamaguchi, 1983). Most commercial cultivars of eggplant are F1 hybrids, as inter-breed hybrids of eggplant develop considerable heterosis, especially in yield (Kakizaki, 1931; Sambandum, 1962). Seed production in eggplant hybrid cultivars is cumbersome, as it requires manual emasculation, pollination, bagging, etc. If it is possible to establish a superior male sterility system in eggplant, it can reduce the labor required to produce F1 hybrid seeds. In our laboratory, we have developed the cytoplasm substitution lines of eggplant by continuous backcrossing between S. kurzii Brace & Prain and eggplant using S. kurzii as cytoplasm donor and eggplant as nucleus one (Khan and Isshiki, 2009). The lines showed the anther indehiscent type (i.e., pollen non-release type) of functional male sterility in the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants, however, the genetic segregation of anther dehiscent and indehiscent types occurred in each of the generation (Khan and Isshiki, 2009). Cytoplasmic substitution lines of eggplant could be obtained in another method through the amphidiploid. This method restores the fertility of the F1 by chromosome doubling with colchicine consequently the backcrossing is often successful. It is a common practice in Brassica vegetables (Kanada and Kato, 1997). In the present study, therefore, we performed cytoplasmic substitution by the way of amphidiploid because this method might be able to accelerate genetic fixation of the anther indehiscent type. Each of the backcross generations was investigated for the fertility traits and the data were compared with the previous ones (Khan and Isshiki, 2009).
{"title":"Development of the Functional Male Sterile Line of Eggplant Utilizing the Cytoplasm of Solanum kurzii by Way of the Amphidiploid","authors":"M. Khan, Takashi Arita, Masaki Iwayoshi, Y. Ogura‐Tsujita, S. Isshiki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.79","url":null,"abstract":"Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important and popular vegetable crop, especially in Asia (Yamaguchi, 1983). Most commercial cultivars of eggplant are F1 hybrids, as inter-breed hybrids of eggplant develop considerable heterosis, especially in yield (Kakizaki, 1931; Sambandum, 1962). Seed production in eggplant hybrid cultivars is cumbersome, as it requires manual emasculation, pollination, bagging, etc. If it is possible to establish a superior male sterility system in eggplant, it can reduce the labor required to produce F1 hybrid seeds. In our laboratory, we have developed the cytoplasm substitution lines of eggplant by continuous backcrossing between S. kurzii Brace & Prain and eggplant using S. kurzii as cytoplasm donor and eggplant as nucleus one (Khan and Isshiki, 2009). The lines showed the anther indehiscent type (i.e., pollen non-release type) of functional male sterility in the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants, however, the genetic segregation of anther dehiscent and indehiscent types occurred in each of the generation (Khan and Isshiki, 2009). Cytoplasmic substitution lines of eggplant could be obtained in another method through the amphidiploid. This method restores the fertility of the F1 by chromosome doubling with colchicine consequently the backcrossing is often successful. It is a common practice in Brassica vegetables (Kanada and Kato, 1997). In the present study, therefore, we performed cytoplasmic substitution by the way of amphidiploid because this method might be able to accelerate genetic fixation of the anther indehiscent type. Each of the backcross generations was investigated for the fertility traits and the data were compared with the previous ones (Khan and Isshiki, 2009).","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48760941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dutch tomato cultivars have been bred with an emphasis on yield (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009) on the premise of long-term and high-wire system (hereinafter referred to as Dutch cultivation system). Many studies have compared the characteristics of Japanese and Dutch cultivars in order to clarify the factors of high yield (Matsuda et al., 2011a; 2011b; 2013; Kakita et al., 2015). The main reasons for the high yield of Dutch cultivars are low light extinction coefficient and high photosynthesis rate, resulting in high light utilization efficiency (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009). On the other hand, Japanese tomato cultivars have been bred with an emphasis on quality rather than yield (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009), and the selection environments for tomato cultivars differ greatly between Japan and the Netherlands. Japanese cultivars have been selected in open fields subjected to water stress, whereas Dutch cultivars have been selected in a hydroponic condition. In addition, the cultivation method mainly focuses on relatively short plant heights, such as picking meristem in 6 to 8 stages and performed twice a year, or continuous pinching cultivation. In recent years, low-node and high planting density system has attracted attention as a distinctive Japanese cultivation system for stable production of highquality tomatoes (Johkan et al., 2013;2014; Kinoshita et al., 2014; Tewolde et al., 2016). Therefore, in order to clarify the varietal characteristics of Japan and the Netherlands, it is necessary to compare those cultivars in the context of the cultivation methods in Japan and the Netherlands. In this experiment, we focused on morphological characteristics of both Japanese and Dutch cultivars. The morphological difference between Japanese and Dutch cultivars in Dutch cultivation system has been already discussed in detail (Higashide, 2018). However, there is limited information on the morphological characteristics of both cultivars in low-node and high density planting system for high-quality fruit production. In low-node and high-density planting system, the light condition in the community tends to deteriorate due to a decrease in the amount of light transmitted to lower areas caused by the 4― 5 times higher planting density compared with that in the Dutch cultivation system. As a solution to this problem, there are some reports of improvement in the training method and supplemental light within the community (Lu et al., 2012a; 2012b; Johkan et al., 2013), but these were performed using only Japanese tomato cultivars. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of Japanese and Dutch cultivars by focusing on the morphological characteristics and search for suitable morphological features for the Japanese-style cultivation. In order to evaluate the difference in morphological characteristics, we use ‘CF Momotaro York’ as Japanese cultivar, and ‘Endeavour’ as Dutch cultivar. These cultivars are cultivated widely in their r
荷兰番茄品种的培育以产量为重点(Higashide and Huevelink, 2009)，以长期高线栽培体系(以下简称荷兰栽培体系)为前提。许多研究比较了日本和荷兰品种的特性，以阐明高产的因素(Matsuda et al.， 2011;2011 b;2013;Kakita et al.， 2015)。荷兰品种产量高的主要原因是光消系数低，光合速率高，光利用效率高(Higashide and Huevelink, 2009)。另一方面，日本番茄品种的培育强调质量而不是产量(Higashide和Huevelink, 2009)，日本和荷兰的番茄品种选择环境差异很大。日本品种选择在受水分胁迫的开阔田地，而荷兰品种选择在水培条件下。此外，栽培方法以株高相对较短为主，如分生组织6 ~ 8期采摘，每年进行两次，或连续掐栽培。近年来，低节点高种植密度系统作为日本特色的优质番茄稳定生产栽培系统备受关注(Johkan et al.， 2013;2014;木下等人，2014;Tewolde et al.， 2016)。因此，为了明确日本和荷兰的品种特征，有必要在日本和荷兰栽培方法的背景下对这些品种进行比较。在本试验中，我们重点研究了日本和荷兰两个品种的形态特征。荷兰栽培系统中日本和荷兰品种的形态差异已经进行了详细讨论(Higashide, 2018)。然而，关于这两个品种在低节点高密度种植系统中用于优质果实生产的形态特征资料有限。在低节点高密度种植系统中，由于种植密度比荷兰种植系统高4 - 5倍，导致向较低区域透射的光量减少，群落的光照条件趋于恶化。为了解决这一问题，有一些报道在社区内改进了训练方法和补充光照(Lu et al.， 2012a;2012 b;Johkan et al.， 2013)，但这些研究仅使用日本番茄品种进行。因此，本研究的目的是通过形态学特征来阐明日本和荷兰品种的差异，并寻找适合日本式栽培的形态学特征。为了评估形态特征的差异，我们使用“CF Momotaro York”作为日本品种，“奋进”作为荷兰品种。这些品种在各自的国家被广泛种植。
{"title":"Differences of Morphological Characteristics between Japanese Tomato ‘CF Momotaro York’ and Dutch Tomato ‘Endeavour’ with Single-truss Tomato Plants Grown at High Density","authors":"K. Maeda, M. Johkan, S. Tsukagoshi, T. Maruo","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.59","url":null,"abstract":"Dutch tomato cultivars have been bred with an emphasis on yield (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009) on the premise of long-term and high-wire system (hereinafter referred to as Dutch cultivation system). Many studies have compared the characteristics of Japanese and Dutch cultivars in order to clarify the factors of high yield (Matsuda et al., 2011a; 2011b; 2013; Kakita et al., 2015). The main reasons for the high yield of Dutch cultivars are low light extinction coefficient and high photosynthesis rate, resulting in high light utilization efficiency (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009). On the other hand, Japanese tomato cultivars have been bred with an emphasis on quality rather than yield (Higashide and Huevelink, 2009), and the selection environments for tomato cultivars differ greatly between Japan and the Netherlands. Japanese cultivars have been selected in open fields subjected to water stress, whereas Dutch cultivars have been selected in a hydroponic condition. In addition, the cultivation method mainly focuses on relatively short plant heights, such as picking meristem in 6 to 8 stages and performed twice a year, or continuous pinching cultivation. In recent years, low-node and high planting density system has attracted attention as a distinctive Japanese cultivation system for stable production of highquality tomatoes (Johkan et al., 2013;2014; Kinoshita et al., 2014; Tewolde et al., 2016). Therefore, in order to clarify the varietal characteristics of Japan and the Netherlands, it is necessary to compare those cultivars in the context of the cultivation methods in Japan and the Netherlands. In this experiment, we focused on morphological characteristics of both Japanese and Dutch cultivars. The morphological difference between Japanese and Dutch cultivars in Dutch cultivation system has been already discussed in detail (Higashide, 2018). However, there is limited information on the morphological characteristics of both cultivars in low-node and high density planting system for high-quality fruit production. In low-node and high-density planting system, the light condition in the community tends to deteriorate due to a decrease in the amount of light transmitted to lower areas caused by the 4― 5 times higher planting density compared with that in the Dutch cultivation system. As a solution to this problem, there are some reports of improvement in the training method and supplemental light within the community (Lu et al., 2012a; 2012b; Johkan et al., 2013), but these were performed using only Japanese tomato cultivars. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of Japanese and Dutch cultivars by focusing on the morphological characteristics and search for suitable morphological features for the Japanese-style cultivation. In order to evaluate the difference in morphological characteristics, we use ‘CF Momotaro York’ as Japanese cultivar, and ‘Endeavour’ as Dutch cultivar. These cultivars are cultivated widely in their r","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43183875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Date, T. Ogawa, Kento Matsuura, Naoki Hata, S. Terabayashi
Sesame (Sesamum indicum), one of the most important oil seed crops, is widely cultivated in Asia and Africa, especially in the high temperature regions (Anilakumar et al., 2010), and its seed is also utilized as a cooking ingredient around the world. The seeds contain the functional component sesamin, a type of lignan. Sesamin is reported to possess health benefits such as a cholesterol-lowering effect (Ogawa et al., 1995; Hirata et al., 1996), preventing high blood pressure and increasing vitamin E supply (Yamashita et al., 1992; Kamal-Eldin et al., 1995). Recently, sesamin has also been found in sesame leaves, and although the content is less than 1/5000 that in seeds (Hata et al., 2010), it has been found that cultivation using plastic pot filled with commercial soil-mix under continuous lighting at constant 28°C increases sesamin content in the leaves up to 71.5 mg gDW , about 30 times compared to plants cultured under photoperiod of 12, 16 and 20-h with fluorescent lamp (Hata et al., 2012). Plant factories, especially the enclosed type using wholly artificial light, create the optimum cultivation conditions for year-round production of vegetables because all environmental factors can be managed precisely. Furthermore, plant factories are ideal for producing vegetables with enhanced functionality (such as high antioxidant activity), since “unnatural” environments (such as continuous lighting and minus value of difference between day and night temperature) can be provided. However, since managing and operating fully enclosed plant factories is expensive, it is necessary to cultivate high value crops (such as highly functional vegetables) to recoup the costs (Shimizu, 2014). On the above evidence, we considered that sesame seedlings could become a new functional vegetable crop with high sesamin content in the leaves if cultivated in a plant factory under artificial light. Thus we tried to cultivate sesame plants hydroponically in plant factory under the environment of temperature (constant 28°C) and photoperiod (24-h) reported by Hata et al. (2012). However, we recognized that leaf browning was a problem in sesame seedlings cultured hydroponically in a plant factory, progressing from lower leaves to upper leaves (unpublished). Thus, it is necessary to establish the means to avoid the occurrence of leaf browning of sesame cultivated in plant factory. In this study, we investigated the effects of photoperiod and temperature regimes, based at 28°C of average
芝麻（Sesamm indicum）是最重要的油料作物之一，在亚洲和非洲广泛种植，尤其是在高温地区（Anilakumar et al.，2010），其种子也被用作世界各地的烹饪原料。种子含有功能成分芝麻素，一种木脂素。据报道，芝麻素具有降胆固醇作用（Ogawa等人，1995；Hirata等人，1996）、预防高血压和增加维生素E供应（Yamashita等人，1992；Kamal Eldin等人，1995）等健康益处。最近，芝麻叶中也发现了芝麻素，尽管芝麻素的含量低于种子中的1/5000（Hata等人，2010），但已经发现，在28°C的持续光照下，使用装满商品土壤混合物的塑料盆进行种植，可使芝麻叶中的芝麻素含量增加至71.5 mg gDW，与在12的光周期下培养的植物相比，约为30倍，16和20-h的荧光灯（Hata等人，2012）。植物工厂，尤其是使用全人工光的封闭式工厂，为全年蔬菜生产创造了最佳的种植条件，因为所有环境因素都可以精确管理。此外，植物工厂非常适合生产功能增强的蔬菜（如高抗氧化活性），因为可以提供“非自然”环境（如连续照明和昼夜温差负值）。然而，由于管理和运营全封闭植物工厂成本高昂，因此有必要种植高价值作物（如高功能蔬菜）来收回成本（Shimizu，2014）。根据以上证据，我们认为在植物工厂人工光照下种植芝麻幼苗可以成为一种新的功能性蔬菜作物，其叶片中芝麻素含量较高。因此，我们尝试在植物工厂中，在Hata等人（2012）报道的温度（恒定28°C）和光周期（24小时）的环境下，水培芝麻植物。然而，我们认识到，在植物工厂水培的芝麻幼苗中，叶片褐变是一个问题，从下叶发展到上叶（未发表）。因此，有必要建立避免工厂化栽培芝麻叶片褐变的方法。在这项研究中，我们研究了光周期和温度制度的影响，基于28°C的平均温度
{"title":"Effects of Day Length and Air Temperature Fluctuation on the Occurrence of Leaf Browning in Sesame Seedlings Cultured in a Plant Factory under Artificial Light","authors":"S. Date, T. Ogawa, Kento Matsuura, Naoki Hata, S. Terabayashi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.37","url":null,"abstract":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum), one of the most important oil seed crops, is widely cultivated in Asia and Africa, especially in the high temperature regions (Anilakumar et al., 2010), and its seed is also utilized as a cooking ingredient around the world. The seeds contain the functional component sesamin, a type of lignan. Sesamin is reported to possess health benefits such as a cholesterol-lowering effect (Ogawa et al., 1995; Hirata et al., 1996), preventing high blood pressure and increasing vitamin E supply (Yamashita et al., 1992; Kamal-Eldin et al., 1995). Recently, sesamin has also been found in sesame leaves, and although the content is less than 1/5000 that in seeds (Hata et al., 2010), it has been found that cultivation using plastic pot filled with commercial soil-mix under continuous lighting at constant 28°C increases sesamin content in the leaves up to 71.5 mg gDW , about 30 times compared to plants cultured under photoperiod of 12, 16 and 20-h with fluorescent lamp (Hata et al., 2012). Plant factories, especially the enclosed type using wholly artificial light, create the optimum cultivation conditions for year-round production of vegetables because all environmental factors can be managed precisely. Furthermore, plant factories are ideal for producing vegetables with enhanced functionality (such as high antioxidant activity), since “unnatural” environments (such as continuous lighting and minus value of difference between day and night temperature) can be provided. However, since managing and operating fully enclosed plant factories is expensive, it is necessary to cultivate high value crops (such as highly functional vegetables) to recoup the costs (Shimizu, 2014). On the above evidence, we considered that sesame seedlings could become a new functional vegetable crop with high sesamin content in the leaves if cultivated in a plant factory under artificial light. Thus we tried to cultivate sesame plants hydroponically in plant factory under the environment of temperature (constant 28°C) and photoperiod (24-h) reported by Hata et al. (2012). However, we recognized that leaf browning was a problem in sesame seedlings cultured hydroponically in a plant factory, progressing from lower leaves to upper leaves (unpublished). Thus, it is necessary to establish the means to avoid the occurrence of leaf browning of sesame cultivated in plant factory. In this study, we investigated the effects of photoperiod and temperature regimes, based at 28°C of average","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.58.37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Eguchi, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Daichi Moriuchi, S. Yoshida, K. Matsuoka
In our previous report, we had shown that the Kyoto line of the medicinal plant Pinellia ternata Breit. had the highest yield and effective ingredient content at a growth temperature of 25 ̊C (Eguchi et al., 2019). The Nagasaki line, however, did not show growth response at a temperature of 25 ̊C. We also investigated the effects of temperature on the growth and quality of the Fukushima and Okinawa lines (Eguchi et al., 2016); there was no obvious response to the growth temperature. Higher leaf photosynthetic capacity has been reported to contribute to higher yields in some crops (Jiang et al., 1988; Fischer et al., 1998; Higashide and Heuvelink, 2009; Takai et al., 2013). Therefore, we examined the temperature effects on the photosynthetic rate of the Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Okinawa lines.
在之前的报道中，我们已经展示了药用植物半夏(Pinellia ternata Breit)的京都系。生长温度为25℃时，产率和有效成分含量最高(Eguchi et al.， 2019)。然而，长崎线在25℃的温度下没有表现出生长响应。我们还调查了温度对福岛和冲绳线的生长和质量的影响(Eguchi等人，2016);对生长温度没有明显的响应。据报道，较高的叶片光合能力有助于提高某些作物的产量(Jiang等，1988;Fischer et al.， 1998;Higashide and Heuvelink, 2009;Takai et al.， 2013)。因此，我们研究了温度对京都系、长崎系和冲绳系光合速率的影响。
{"title":"Temperature Effects on the Photosynthesis by the Medicinal Plant Pinellia ternata Breit","authors":"T. Eguchi, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Daichi Moriuchi, S. Yoshida, K. Matsuoka","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.49","url":null,"abstract":"In our previous report, we had shown that the Kyoto line of the medicinal plant Pinellia ternata Breit. had the highest yield and effective ingredient content at a growth temperature of 25 ̊C (Eguchi et al., 2019). The Nagasaki line, however, did not show growth response at a temperature of 25 ̊C. We also investigated the effects of temperature on the growth and quality of the Fukushima and Okinawa lines (Eguchi et al., 2016); there was no obvious response to the growth temperature. Higher leaf photosynthetic capacity has been reported to contribute to higher yields in some crops (Jiang et al., 1988; Fischer et al., 1998; Higashide and Heuvelink, 2009; Takai et al., 2013). Therefore, we examined the temperature effects on the photosynthetic rate of the Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Okinawa lines.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46033789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nomura, A. Takada, Hirosato Kunishige, Y. Ozaki, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano
Photosynthesis is one of the most important determinants in crop growth and yield because photosynthesis is virtually the only means for crops to obtain carbon substrates required for the growth and maintenance of their bodies (Amthor, 2000). A number of models for crop growth and yield, therefore, have been constructed based on carbon balance (i.e., net photosynthesis: gross photosynthesis minus respiration) (e.g., Spitters et al., 1989; Jones et al., 1991; Bouman et al., 1996; Marcelis et al., 2006; Thornley, 2011). To construct models of crop growth and yield, photosynthesis at the canopy scale, rather than at the singleleaf scale, needs to be evaluated, because crops usually constitute a canopy in an agricultural field. Canopy photosynthesis differs from single-leaf photosynthesis: canopy photosynthesis depends not only on environmental elements (e.g., photosynthetically active radiation, CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) but also on the structure of the canopy (e.g., leaf area index (LAI), which is the total area of one side of the leaf per unit ground area; Chen and Black, 1992) (Medlyn et al., 2003; Monsi and Saeki, 2005). Variation in LAI in a crop canopy is indeed a much more important determinant of variation in the growth rate of the canopy than is variation in the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (Gifford and Evans, 1981; Lawlor, 1995). Canopy photosynthesis can be assessed by micrometeorological methods (e.g., eddy covariance and aerodynamic methods) or chamber methods. Micro-meteorological methods have the advantage of not disturbing the microclimate around a crop canopy (Müller et al., 2009). However, these methods are not applicable to greenhouse studies, because prerequisites of the methods, such as enough fetch length and homogeneous vegetation, are not met in a typical greenhouse environment (Baldocchi, 2003; Jones, 2014). In contrast, the use of chamber methods, where crops are enclosed by a small transparent chamber to measure a change in CO2 concentration in the chamber, is the only way to estimate canopy photosynthesis in a greenhouse environment. Chamber methods are classified into two types: open and closed chamber methods. In the closed chamber method, complete closure of a chamber is temporarily needed to estimate the photosynthetic rate of enclosed crops; photosynthetic rate is estimated by multiplying the rate of change in CO2 concentration by the chamber volume. However, this temporary closure of the chamber disturbs the microclimate around the enclosed crops (e.g., increase in temperature by solar radiation, increase in humidity by transpiration, decrease in CO2 con-
光合作用是作物生长和产量最重要的决定因素之一，因为光合作用实际上是作物获得生长和维持其身体所需的碳基质的唯一手段(Amthor, 2000)。因此，基于碳平衡(即净光合作用:总光合作用减去呼吸作用)构建了许多作物生长和产量模型(例如，Spitters等人，1989;Jones et al.， 1991;Bouman et al.， 1996;Marcelis et al.， 2006;Thornley, 2011)。为了构建作物生长和产量模型，需要评估冠层尺度上的光合作用，而不是单叶尺度上的光合作用，因为作物通常构成农田的冠层。冠层光合作用不同于单叶光合作用:冠层光合作用不仅取决于环境因素(如光合有效辐射、CO2浓度、温度、湿度、风等)，还取决于冠层的结构(如叶面积指数(LAI)，即单位地面面积上叶子一侧的总面积;Chen和Black, 1992) (Medlyn et al.， 2003;Monsi and Saeki, 2005)。作物冠层LAI的变化确实比单位叶面积光合速率的变化更能决定冠层生长速率的变化(Gifford and Evans, 1981;软件,1995)。冠层光合作用可通过微气象方法(如涡旋相关和空气动力学方法)或室内方法进行评估。微气象方法的优点是不会干扰作物冠层周围的小气候(m勒等人，2009)。然而，这些方法并不适用于温室研究，因为这些方法的先决条件，如足够的提取长度和均匀的植被，在典型的温室环境中不满足(Baldocchi, 2003;琼斯,2014)。相比之下，使用室内方法是估计温室环境中冠层光合作用的唯一方法。室内方法是将作物封闭在一个小的透明室内，以测量室内二氧化碳浓度的变化。腔室法分为开式和闭式两种。在封闭室法中，为了估计封闭作物的光合速率，需要暂时完全封闭一个室;光合作用速率是通过CO2浓度变化率乘以室体积来估算的。然而，这种暂时封闭的室干扰了被封闭作物周围的小气候(例如，太阳辐射使温度升高，蒸腾作用使湿度增加，二氧化碳含量减少)
{"title":"Long-term and Continuous Measurement of Canopy Photosynthesis and Growth of Spinach","authors":"K. Nomura, A. Takada, Hirosato Kunishige, Y. Ozaki, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.21","url":null,"abstract":"Photosynthesis is one of the most important determinants in crop growth and yield because photosynthesis is virtually the only means for crops to obtain carbon substrates required for the growth and maintenance of their bodies (Amthor, 2000). A number of models for crop growth and yield, therefore, have been constructed based on carbon balance (i.e., net photosynthesis: gross photosynthesis minus respiration) (e.g., Spitters et al., 1989; Jones et al., 1991; Bouman et al., 1996; Marcelis et al., 2006; Thornley, 2011). To construct models of crop growth and yield, photosynthesis at the canopy scale, rather than at the singleleaf scale, needs to be evaluated, because crops usually constitute a canopy in an agricultural field. Canopy photosynthesis differs from single-leaf photosynthesis: canopy photosynthesis depends not only on environmental elements (e.g., photosynthetically active radiation, CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) but also on the structure of the canopy (e.g., leaf area index (LAI), which is the total area of one side of the leaf per unit ground area; Chen and Black, 1992) (Medlyn et al., 2003; Monsi and Saeki, 2005). Variation in LAI in a crop canopy is indeed a much more important determinant of variation in the growth rate of the canopy than is variation in the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (Gifford and Evans, 1981; Lawlor, 1995). Canopy photosynthesis can be assessed by micrometeorological methods (e.g., eddy covariance and aerodynamic methods) or chamber methods. Micro-meteorological methods have the advantage of not disturbing the microclimate around a crop canopy (Müller et al., 2009). However, these methods are not applicable to greenhouse studies, because prerequisites of the methods, such as enough fetch length and homogeneous vegetation, are not met in a typical greenhouse environment (Baldocchi, 2003; Jones, 2014). In contrast, the use of chamber methods, where crops are enclosed by a small transparent chamber to measure a change in CO2 concentration in the chamber, is the only way to estimate canopy photosynthesis in a greenhouse environment. Chamber methods are classified into two types: open and closed chamber methods. In the closed chamber method, complete closure of a chamber is temporarily needed to estimate the photosynthetic rate of enclosed crops; photosynthetic rate is estimated by multiplying the rate of change in CO2 concentration by the chamber volume. However, this temporary closure of the chamber disturbs the microclimate around the enclosed crops (e.g., increase in temperature by solar radiation, increase in humidity by transpiration, decrease in CO2 con-","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.58.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on the growth and Zn accumulation of the edible cactus Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck by exposing hydroponically grown cladodes of N. cochenillifera to 0 ppm, 50 ppm, or 200 ppm of Zn for 10 weeks and assessing their growth. Daughter cladodes emerged from the mother cladodes and continued to grow at all three concentrations of Zn but growth of the daughter cladodes was inhibited and the fresh weights of both the daughter and mother cladodes were lower with the 200 ppm treatment. A high Zn concentration in the nutrient solution greatly increased the Zn concentration in the plant parts, with the roots of plants that were treated with 50 ppm and 200 ppm surpassing the threshold levels of Zn hyperaccumulator plants. A larger amount of Zn accumulated in the daughter cladodes with the 50 ppm treatment than with the 200 ppm treatment but there was no significant difference between these treatments in the other plant parts. These results suggest that the supplementation of nutrient solution with Zn affects the growth of N. cochenillifera and that this plant has a high capacity for accumulating Zn.
{"title":"Zinc Biofortification of the Edible Cactus Nopalea cochenillifera Grown Under Hydroponic Conditions","authors":"T. Horibe, H. Sumi, Ryouta Teranobu","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.43","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on the growth and Zn accumulation of the edible cactus Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck by exposing hydroponically grown cladodes of N. cochenillifera to 0 ppm, 50 ppm, or 200 ppm of Zn for 10 weeks and assessing their growth. Daughter cladodes emerged from the mother cladodes and continued to grow at all three concentrations of Zn but growth of the daughter cladodes was inhibited and the fresh weights of both the daughter and mother cladodes were lower with the 200 ppm treatment. A high Zn concentration in the nutrient solution greatly increased the Zn concentration in the plant parts, with the roots of plants that were treated with 50 ppm and 200 ppm surpassing the threshold levels of Zn hyperaccumulator plants. A larger amount of Zn accumulated in the daughter cladodes with the 50 ppm treatment than with the 200 ppm treatment but there was no significant difference between these treatments in the other plant parts. These results suggest that the supplementation of nutrient solution with Zn affects the growth of N. cochenillifera and that this plant has a high capacity for accumulating Zn.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44969461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patricia Nneka Iweka, S. Kawamura, T. Mitani, Takashi Kawaguchi, S. Koseki
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive technique used for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information pertaining to foods and agricultural commodities. NIRS has been used for the evaluation of physicochemical properties of rice and wheat (Kawamura et al., 2002; Natsuga et al., 2006), and it has already been practically used for the automatic inspection system of ricequality (Kawamura et al., 2003). NIRS has also been used to determine milk quality (Sato et al., 1987; Tsenkova et al., 2001; Kawamura et al., 2007; Kawasaki et al., 2008; Iweka et al., 2016; 2017). However, in recent times, there has been a strong need for a novel system that can be used by dairy farmers to assess the milk quality of individual cow during milking. This need has not been met because it has been challenging to use NIRS for online real-time milk quality assessment of individual cows during milking. For this reason, we designed an experimental online near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic sensing system for milk quality assessment during milking, and we validated the precision and accuracy of the calibration models developed by the sensing system for monitoring milk quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS
{"title":"Online Milk Quality Assessment during Milking Using Near-infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System","authors":"Patricia Nneka Iweka, S. Kawamura, T. Mitani, Takashi Kawaguchi, S. Koseki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.1","url":null,"abstract":"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive technique used for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information pertaining to foods and agricultural commodities. NIRS has been used for the evaluation of physicochemical properties of rice and wheat (Kawamura et al., 2002; Natsuga et al., 2006), and it has already been practically used for the automatic inspection system of ricequality (Kawamura et al., 2003). NIRS has also been used to determine milk quality (Sato et al., 1987; Tsenkova et al., 2001; Kawamura et al., 2007; Kawasaki et al., 2008; Iweka et al., 2016; 2017). However, in recent times, there has been a strong need for a novel system that can be used by dairy farmers to assess the milk quality of individual cow during milking. This need has not been met because it has been challenging to use NIRS for online real-time milk quality assessment of individual cows during milking. For this reason, we designed an experimental online near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic sensing system for milk quality assessment during milking, and we validated the precision and accuracy of the calibration models developed by the sensing system for monitoring milk quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.58.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43451039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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