Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-304
J. Landefeld, Obie G. Whichard
In recent years, globalization has been the subject of an increasingly intense public dialog, as international trade and investment have grown and as patterns of trade and investment have evolved and assumed new forms. Economic statisticians are charged with compiling information on globalization that is relevant, timely, and accurate. This paper discusses issues that may be encountered in carrying out this mandate with respect to two major ways in which globalization manifests itself in real terms - cross-border trade in goods and services and foreign direct investment and the resulting international activities of multinational companies. The paper assesses the importance of measurement and examines some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in constructing indicators of globalization and in using those indicators to quantify and describe the phenomenon and gauge its economic impact. The discussion is informed by the experiences of the United States in developing this information.
{"title":"The importance of, and pitfalls in, measuring globalization","authors":"J. Landefeld, Obie G. Whichard","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-304","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, globalization has been the subject of an increasingly intense public dialog, as international trade and investment have grown and as patterns of trade and investment have evolved and assumed new forms. Economic statisticians are charged with compiling information on globalization that is relevant, timely, and accurate. This paper discusses issues that may be encountered in carrying out this mandate with respect to two major ways in which globalization manifests itself in real terms - cross-border trade in goods and services and foreign direct investment and the resulting international activities of multinational companies. The paper assesses the importance of measurement and examines some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in constructing indicators of globalization and in using those indicators to quantify and describe the phenomenon and gauge its economic impact. The discussion is informed by the experiences of the United States in developing this information.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"2 1","pages":"127-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73014834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-303
Y. Akdi, H. Berument, S. Cilasun, Hasan Olgun
The possible long-run relationships between the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index are analyzed for three inflation targeting countries - Canada, Sweden and the UK - using three different statistical techniques. The Engle- Granger test finds cointegration only for Sweden. The Johansen's test and the model-free and seasonality robust periodogram based test conclusively show that the two price indexes are not cointegrated in the three countries included in the sample. Hence, the values of these indexes may consistently diverge over time. However, the two price indexes move together in the short run. These findings have some implications for the success of inflation targeting monetary policies.
{"title":"The relationship between different price indexes: a set of evidence from inflation targeting countries","authors":"Y. Akdi, H. Berument, S. Cilasun, Hasan Olgun","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-303","url":null,"abstract":"The possible long-run relationships between the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index are analyzed for three inflation targeting countries - Canada, Sweden and the UK - using three different statistical techniques. The Engle- Granger test finds cointegration only for Sweden. The Johansen's test and the model-free and seasonality robust periodogram based test conclusively show that the two price indexes are not cointegrated in the three countries included in the sample. Hence, the values of these indexes may consistently diverge over time. However, the two price indexes move together in the short run. These findings have some implications for the success of inflation targeting monetary policies.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"56 1","pages":"119-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72684325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-302
Jan de Haan
Statistics Netherlands has decided to re-design the Consumer Price index (CPI). The aim is to improve its quality and bring the CPI more in line with a cost of living index. This article provides background information on the (total survey) re-design. It focuses on the bottle-necks in the methodology and the production process of the current Dutch CPI, and discusses the changes planned for 2007.
{"title":"The re-design of the Dutch CPI","authors":"Jan de Haan","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-302","url":null,"abstract":"Statistics Netherlands has decided to re-design the Consumer Price index (CPI). The aim is to improve its quality and bring the CPI more in line with a cost of living index. This article provides background information on the (total survey) re-design. It focuses on the bottle-necks in the methodology and the production process of the current Dutch CPI, and discusses the changes planned for 2007.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"46 1","pages":"101-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89309062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-309
H. Nijmeijer
In the European Union, tens of billions of euros are spent on regional policy every year. A major part of this amount is allocated on the basis of regional gross domestic product per capita. Because of the administrative use of this statistical estimate, the requirements for the quality of these figures are very strict. This quality is, however, not easy to specify by means of a confidence interval. What can be done to monitor the quality as a basis for improvement? In this paper an inventory is drawn up of recent work on the quality of regional accounts estimates. Special attention is paid to the instrument of process tables. In the last five years process tables have been developed for the national accounts (GNI Committee) as well as the regional accounts. The focus of the regional accounts process tables is on the treatment of multi-regional companies and the sources for top-down methods. The regional accounts should be compiled in close cooperation with the national accounts. The quality of the national accounts estimates and – indirectly – the regional accounts estimates, could be improved by the findings of the regional accounts compilation process.
{"title":"How to improve the quality of regional accounts estimates","authors":"H. Nijmeijer","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-309","url":null,"abstract":"In the European Union, tens of billions of euros are spent on regional policy every year. A major part of this amount is allocated on the basis of regional gross domestic product per capita. Because of the administrative use of this statistical estimate, the requirements for the quality of these figures are very strict. This quality is, however, not easy to specify by means of a confidence interval. What can be done to monitor the quality as a basis for improvement? In this paper an inventory is drawn up of recent work on the quality of regional accounts estimates. Special attention is paid to the instrument of process tables. In the last five years process tables have been developed for the national accounts (GNI Committee) as well as the regional accounts. The focus of the regional accounts process tables is on the treatment of multi-regional companies and the sources for top-down methods. The regional accounts should be compiled in close cooperation with the national accounts. The quality of the national accounts estimates and – indirectly – the regional accounts estimates, could be improved by the findings of the regional accounts compilation process.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"78 1","pages":"193-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75742878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-301
D. Fenwick
{"title":"Systems of price indices and supporting frameworks","authors":"D. Fenwick","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"76 1","pages":"85-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74368565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-305
Soli Peleg, Shimon Arieli
Important problems of measurement and analysis in the national accounts have emerged in recent years due to rapidly growing globalisation of production, expanding trade in services, performance of international transactions and flow of information over the internet. The paper addresses the measurement problems in connection with: Joint international production, outsourcing across borders, growing flows of services and transactions that are not covered by existing surveys and administrational data, complicated transactions in connection with for example mergers and swaps of stocks. The problems of analysis of growth and productivity under growing globalisation of production are also presented. International recommendations for coverage and methods of measurement currently do not give satisfactory solutions to these problems. The experience with these difficulties in Israel have resulted in the development of possible solutions, which include use of new sources and measurement methods, construction of decision trees for registration of certain transactions, and linkage to statistical frameworks abroad.
{"title":"Problems of measurement and analysis in the national accounts under rapidly growing globalization","authors":"Soli Peleg, Shimon Arieli","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-305","url":null,"abstract":"Important problems of measurement and analysis in the national accounts have emerged in recent years due to rapidly growing globalisation of production, expanding trade in services, performance of international transactions and flow of information over the internet. The paper addresses the measurement problems in connection with: Joint international production, outsourcing across borders, growing flows of services and transactions that are not covered by existing surveys and administrational data, complicated transactions in connection with for example mergers and swaps of stocks. The problems of analysis of growth and productivity under growing globalisation of production are also presented. International recommendations for coverage and methods of measurement currently do not give satisfactory solutions to these problems. The experience with these difficulties in Israel have resulted in the development of possible solutions, which include use of new sources and measurement methods, construction of decision trees for registration of certain transactions, and linkage to statistical frameworks abroad.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"19 1","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79176278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-310
Meir Salem, Y. Siddiqi
The first part of this paper describes how the systems and programs that feed Canada's sub-national economic accounts were built at Statistics Canada. A carefully chosen overview of challenges in developing these accounts offers insights into the issues and problems involved in building the statistical infrastructure that supports the present national and sub-national economic accounts. The second part of the paper deals with conceptual issues and challenges in developing a regional input-output framework that is capable integrating the sub-national data discussed earlier using national accounting principals and conventions. 1. Developing sub-national economic accounts for regional analysis 1.1. The evolution of sub-national accounts The sub-national input-output accounts (domestically known as provincial and territorial accounts) are the most comprehensive and detailed set of economic statistics in Canada and permit a wide variety of regional and inter-regional economic analysis. They are also benchmarks to other sub-national accounts and are integrated with other national accounts components. In other words, both the accounting concepts and the statistical outputs of Canada's national and sub-national programs are reconciled to be consistent with one another. These accounts evolved out of the national programs of income and expenditure accounts and input- output accounts which have a long history in Canada. Sub-national accounts in Canada started with the development of income and expenditure accounts by province beginning in 1981. These accounts consisted of components that make up the expenditure on GDP (such as personal expenditure on goods and services, fixed capital formation and government current expenditures) as well as components that make up income based GDP (such as wages, profits and depreciation). These accounts retained the concepts and definitions of the accounts at the national level and replicated their framework, but were constructed with more limited informational resources, since most surveys were not designed to properly reflect sub-national conditions. Furthermore, these accounts lacked the critically important regional trade flows, a short-coming that was rectified in the new sub-national accounts.
{"title":"Canada's recent experience in constructing regional economic accounts","authors":"Meir Salem, Y. Siddiqi","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-310","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this paper describes how the systems and programs that feed Canada's sub-national economic accounts were built at Statistics Canada. A carefully chosen overview of challenges in developing these accounts offers insights into the issues and problems involved in building the statistical infrastructure that supports the present national and sub-national economic accounts. The second part of the paper deals with conceptual issues and challenges in developing a regional input-output framework that is capable integrating the sub-national data discussed earlier using national accounting principals and conventions. 1. Developing sub-national economic accounts for regional analysis 1.1. The evolution of sub-national accounts The sub-national input-output accounts (domestically known as provincial and territorial accounts) are the most comprehensive and detailed set of economic statistics in Canada and permit a wide variety of regional and inter-regional economic analysis. They are also benchmarks to other sub-national accounts and are integrated with other national accounts components. In other words, both the accounting concepts and the statistical outputs of Canada's national and sub-national programs are reconciled to be consistent with one another. These accounts evolved out of the national programs of income and expenditure accounts and input- output accounts which have a long history in Canada. Sub-national accounts in Canada started with the development of income and expenditure accounts by province beginning in 1981. These accounts consisted of components that make up the expenditure on GDP (such as personal expenditure on goods and services, fixed capital formation and government current expenditures) as well as components that make up income based GDP (such as wages, profits and depreciation). These accounts retained the concepts and definitions of the accounts at the national level and replicated their framework, but were constructed with more limited informational resources, since most surveys were not designed to properly reflect sub-national conditions. Furthermore, these accounts lacked the critically important regional trade flows, a short-coming that was rectified in the new sub-national accounts.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"97 1","pages":"209-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79223691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-09DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2006-232-306
David Hobbs
‘Goods for processing’ (‘toll processing’) has the potential to cause mismeasurement of key economic statistics. This paper outlines practical, economic and taxation aspects of the issue and describes the pragmatic approach adopted by the UK’s Office for National Statistics (ONS). This paper concludes that it is clear that ‘goods for processing’ / toll processing presents a range of practical and statistical problems that need to be addressed via international agreement on the definition, treatment and measurement of such activity. As part of the deliberations towards the revision of the System of National Accounts 1993, some progress has been made towards deciding upon a common treatment but there remains a degree of disagreement and some unease about the practical implications of the recommended revised approach. The ONS pragmatic approach, described within the paper, is put forward as an example of how one country’s NSI has dealt with the issue to date.
{"title":"Goods for processing: a pragmatic approach","authors":"David Hobbs","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2006-232-306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2006-232-306","url":null,"abstract":"‘Goods for processing’ (‘toll processing’) has the potential to cause mismeasurement of key economic statistics. This paper outlines practical, economic and taxation aspects of the issue and describes the pragmatic approach adopted by the UK’s Office for National Statistics (ONS). This paper concludes that it is clear that ‘goods for processing’ / toll processing presents a range of practical and statistical problems that need to be addressed via international agreement on the definition, treatment and measurement of such activity. As part of the deliberations towards the revision of the System of National Accounts 1993, some progress has been made towards deciding upon a common treatment but there remains a degree of disagreement and some unease about the practical implications of the recommended revised approach. The ONS pragmatic approach, described within the paper, is put forward as an example of how one country’s NSI has dealt with the issue to date.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"26 1","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82864000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-405
Horst Posselt
{"title":"Measuring violence against women in Australia","authors":"Horst Posselt","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"14 1","pages":"239-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84831538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-407
Maria Giuseppina Muratore, L. Sabbadini
The National Survey on violence against women originates from the need to disclose the problem on violence against women in Italy in terms of its prevalence, incidence, rate and nature. This is an important topic that still needs further investigation. Women rarely disclose what has happened to them and even more rarely report to the police or seek help in the crisis centres or from other social services. It is important to study domestic violence by using dedicated surveys that take into consideration all relevant aspects with regard to the variables measured, way of posing questions, funnelling effects, use of specific terms. Surveys on violence against women are designed in such a way that helps to put the woman at ease so that she can build confidence with the interviewer. Interviewers are trained to deal with these cases and to identify them, as it is quite common that women victims of domestic violence are not always aware of what happens to them, especially in cases of more subtle forms of violence such as psychological and economic violence. The paper describes the different phases for the implementation of the Italian Violence against Women Survey, focusing special attention on the qualitative relevance of the data collected. 1. The project phase Official data gathered with criminal statistics do not provide the needed evidence on the phenomena of violence and, above all, on domestic violence. Violence in the family setting is still an underreported and understudied social problem affecting millions of women all over the world (14). Violence against women exists in all societies, in all cultures and religions and in all social classes. According to UNICEF estimates every second woman will be abused in the family context during her life. This topic needs further investigation. Women rarely disclose what has happened to them and even more rarely report to the police or seek help in the crisis centres or from other social services. Recommendations and policies at the national and international levels have provided useful guidelines for the implementation of laws and services, for the protection of women and their children (EU Reccomandation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence). Learning about the prevalence and nature of domestic violence its consequences, as well as the characteristics of those involved, helps developing at an institutional and legal level, the policies and services to protect those most in need. In Italy, there is also a considerable demand for information on the prevalence rate of domestic violence on behalf of political and social agencies. Violence against women, and in particular domestic violence is a sensitive issue hard to address in terms of gathering reliable data, identifying its different forms and avoiding underestimation of its prevalence rate. Therefore a special study is required to meet these features. The National Survey on violence again
{"title":"Italian survey on violence against women","authors":"Maria Giuseppina Muratore, L. Sabbadini","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-407","url":null,"abstract":"The National Survey on violence against women originates from the need to disclose the problem on violence against women in Italy in terms of its prevalence, incidence, rate and nature. This is an important topic that still needs further investigation. Women rarely disclose what has happened to them and even more rarely report to the police or seek help in the crisis centres or from other social services. It is important to study domestic violence by using dedicated surveys that take into consideration all relevant aspects with regard to the variables measured, way of posing questions, funnelling effects, use of specific terms. Surveys on violence against women are designed in such a way that helps to put the woman at ease so that she can build confidence with the interviewer. Interviewers are trained to deal with these cases and to identify them, as it is quite common that women victims of domestic violence are not always aware of what happens to them, especially in cases of more subtle forms of violence such as psychological and economic violence. The paper describes the different phases for the implementation of the Italian Violence against Women Survey, focusing special attention on the qualitative relevance of the data collected. 1. The project phase Official data gathered with criminal statistics do not provide the needed evidence on the phenomena of violence and, above all, on domestic violence. Violence in the family setting is still an underreported and understudied social problem affecting millions of women all over the world (14). Violence against women exists in all societies, in all cultures and religions and in all social classes. According to UNICEF estimates every second woman will be abused in the family context during her life. This topic needs further investigation. Women rarely disclose what has happened to them and even more rarely report to the police or seek help in the crisis centres or from other social services. Recommendations and policies at the national and international levels have provided useful guidelines for the implementation of laws and services, for the protection of women and their children (EU Reccomandation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence). Learning about the prevalence and nature of domestic violence its consequences, as well as the characteristics of those involved, helps developing at an institutional and legal level, the policies and services to protect those most in need. In Italy, there is also a considerable demand for information on the prevalence rate of domestic violence on behalf of political and social agencies. Violence against women, and in particular domestic violence is a sensitive issue hard to address in terms of gathering reliable data, identifying its different forms and avoiding underestimation of its prevalence rate. Therefore a special study is required to meet these features. The National Survey on violence again","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"17 1","pages":"265-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76465813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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