Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-408
Gerardo Meil
This article explores the social and political background of the emergence of major national surveys on the domestic violence against women and presents the main characteristics and results of the two most important surveys done in 1999 and 2002. The analysis of risk factors associated with partner violence shows that both the questioning of the traditional bourgeois family model and the empowerment of women does not by itself translate into lower levels of partner violence.
{"title":"Social surveys on domestic violence against women in Spain","authors":"Gerardo Meil","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-408","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the social and political background of the emergence of major national surveys on the domestic violence against women and presents the main characteristics and results of the two most important surveys done in 1999 and 2002. The analysis of risk factors associated with partner violence shows that both the questioning of the traditional bourgeois family model and the empowerment of women does not by itself translate into lower levels of partner violence.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"279-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82911076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-403
Patricia G. Tjaden
This article examines the history of the violence against women movement from its inception in the 1970s to the present. It discusses paradigmatic shifts that have occurred in the way violence against women is viewed, from a criminal justice perspective, to a public health perspective, and most recently to a human rights perspective. It also critiques violence against women surveillance systems in the United States. The author recommends that violence against women be defined as broadly as possible and incorporate a human rights perspective. She also recommends that, whenever possible, researchers collect data on violence experienced by women over their life span. In addition, the author recommends that researchers incorporate a multiple definition/multiple design approach in collecting data on violence against women. 1. Historical background
{"title":"Defining and measuring violence against women: Background, issues, and recommendations","authors":"Patricia G. Tjaden","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-403","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the history of the violence against women movement from its inception in the 1970s to the present. It discusses paradigmatic shifts that have occurred in the way violence against women is viewed, from a criminal justice perspective, to a public health perspective, and most recently to a human rights perspective. It also critiques violence against women surveillance systems in the United States. The author recommends that violence against women be defined as broadly as possible and incorporate a human rights perspective. She also recommends that, whenever possible, researchers collect data on violence experienced by women over their life span. In addition, the author recommends that researchers incorporate a multiple definition/multiple design approach in collecting data on violence against women. 1. Historical background","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"170 1","pages":"217-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80658438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-402
S. Walby
The development of indicators and methods of collecting quantitative data on violence against women is central to both robust evaluation of policy developments and to the development of explanations. Three issues are addressed here: first, dilemmas in developing indicators based on consistent definitions; second, developments and remaining challenges in survey methodology; third, developments and gaps in collecting data from routine administrative sources. Indicators of violence against women need to capture the extent, as measured by both the rate of prevalence and the number of incidents, to measure severity by including injury levels, and to distinguish between acts carried out by intimate partners, other family or household members, and others. In the development of survey methodology, priorities are a comprehensive sampling frame and a high response rate, so as to include the more marginal groups of women who are especially likely to be at risk. In the delivery of the questionnaire, the methodological priority is that of confidentiality from both other household members and the interviewer in order to facilitate disclosure. Some public services collect some information that pertains to domestic violence, but this is rarely in a form relevant to policy. Relatively small additions to the data that is already collected would make it considerably more useful. However, such data does not give a guide to the actual level of violence against women, since many survivors do not report to authorities or use public services. Only survey data can provide a reliable guide to the extent of gender-based violence.
{"title":"Improving the statistics on violence against women","authors":"S. Walby","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-402","url":null,"abstract":"The development of indicators and methods of collecting quantitative data on violence against women is central to both robust evaluation of policy developments and to the development of explanations. Three issues are addressed here: first, dilemmas in developing indicators based on consistent definitions; second, developments and remaining challenges in survey methodology; third, developments and gaps in collecting data from routine administrative sources. Indicators of violence against women need to capture the extent, as measured by both the rate of prevalence and the number of incidents, to measure severity by including injury levels, and to distinguish between acts carried out by intimate partners, other family or household members, and others. In the development of survey methodology, priorities are a comprehensive sampling frame and a high response rate, so as to include the more marginal groups of women who are especially likely to be at risk. In the delivery of the questionnaire, the methodological priority is that of confidentiality from both other household members and the interviewer in order to facilitate disclosure. Some public services collect some information that pertains to domestic violence, but this is rarely in a form relevant to policy. Relatively small additions to the data that is already collected would make it considerably more useful. However, such data does not give a guide to the actual level of violence against women, since many survivors do not report to authorities or use public services. Only survey data can provide a reliable guide to the extent of gender-based violence.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"2 1","pages":"193-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78425441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-409
D. Fougeyrollas-Schwebel
The Enveff survey, commissioned by the Service des Droits de femmes in 1997, and which was undertaken by the French State Secretary of Women’s Rights, is the first national survey to be carried out on this subject in France. The primary aim of the Enveff survey was to gauge the frequency of the different types of interpersonal violence directed against adult women in the different areas of their lives (couple, family, work, public places). All kinds of violence – verbal, psychological, physical and sexual – were taken into account, regardless of the perpetrator. Whatever the type of violence reported, in the three domains (public space, work, home), the youngest women – between 20 and 24 years old – claimed to have suffered more violence than their elders. It is behind the closed doors of a couple’s relationship that most physical violence is perpetrated.
{"title":"Violence against women in France: the context, findings and impact of the Enveff survey?","authors":"D. Fougeyrollas-Schwebel","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-409","url":null,"abstract":"The Enveff survey, commissioned by the Service des Droits de femmes in 1997, and which was undertaken by the French State Secretary of Women’s Rights, is the first national survey to be carried out on this subject in France. The primary aim of the Enveff survey was to gauge the frequency of the different types of interpersonal violence directed against adult women in the different areas of their lives (couple, family, work, public places). All kinds of violence – verbal, psychological, physical and sexual – were taken into account, regardless of the perpetrator. Whatever the type of violence reported, in the three domains (public space, work, home), the youngest women – between 20 and 24 years old – claimed to have suffered more violence than their elders. It is behind the closed doors of a couple’s relationship that most physical violence is perpetrated.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"181 1","pages":"289-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72785875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-404
H. Johnson
Sound statistical data is critical for the development of appropriate policies, legislation and services for women affected by violence. Significant progress has been made in Canada over the past fifteen years in the breadth and scope of surveys designed to assess the extent of violence against women and societal responses to it. Statistics Canada, the national statistical agency, has played a lead role in implementing prevalence surveys, police- and courts-based surveys, and surveys of shelters and other services for victims. Prevalence surveys are critical sources of information about the nature and extent of physical and sexual violence against women in the population; however, in conducting these surveys researchers must take account of complex methodological and ethical issues relating to emotional trauma, respondent safety, definitions of violence, and reducing response bias. Other sources of data, such as police, shelters and other services for abused women are important for describing how agencies respond to women who come to them for help. This paper argues that national statistical agencies have a leadership role to play in the design and implementation of surveys on violence against women to ensure that standards of scientific rigour are met and the work is done in an ethical manner.
{"title":"Assessing the prevalence of violence against women in Canada","authors":"H. Johnson","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-404","url":null,"abstract":"Sound statistical data is critical for the development of appropriate policies, legislation and services for women affected by violence. Significant progress has been made in Canada over the past fifteen years in the breadth and scope of surveys designed to assess the extent of violence against women and societal responses to it. Statistics Canada, the national statistical agency, has played a lead role in implementing prevalence surveys, police- and courts-based surveys, and surveys of shelters and other services for victims. Prevalence surveys are critical sources of information about the nature and extent of physical and sexual violence against women in the population; however, in conducting these surveys researchers must take account of complex methodological and ethical issues relating to emotional trauma, respondent safety, definitions of violence, and reducing response bias. Other sources of data, such as police, shelters and other services for abused women are important for describing how agencies respond to women who come to them for help. This paper argues that national statistical agencies have a leadership role to play in the design and implementation of surveys on violence against women to ensure that standards of scientific rigour are met and the work is done in an ethical manner.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"19 1","pages":"225-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80491531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-406
Minna Piispa, M. Heiskanen
{"title":"Violence against women survey in Finland:methodology and experiences","authors":"Minna Piispa, M. Heiskanen","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"172 1","pages":"255-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83374384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-14DOI: 10.3233/SJU-2005-223-410
C. Hagemann-White
Against a background of three decades of activism and policy in Germany, the first national representative survey of the prevalence of violence against women was completed in 2004. Placed in the context of a National Action plan, this was the first such study explicitly designed for European comparability. It was aimed at improving policy and harmonizing numerous activities towards overcoming violence against women, taking a comprehensive and gender-based view of the problem. The findings point to important patterns related to the risk of violence and its impact; they also confirm that improved methodology on the one hand, awareness-raising on the other increase reporting. While reporting levels as such are not a useful measure for the success of policies, there is a need for more in-depth and comparative analysis to identify strategic points of intervention and ways of moving policy forward. 1. The study of prevalence and the importance of context Gathering data on the prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence is always political, but it can be significant for politics in different ways. This paper will highlight the background and the development of the German national representative survey on violence against women (16). The survey was commissioned in 2002 as part of the National Action Plan to Combat Violence Against Women published by the German government in 1999, and the results published in 2004. In many countries, for example in Canada or France (11,12), representative surveys have been carried out to demonstrate the existence of interpersonal violence in private life, and have been employed to raise awareness and initiate policy. Following Straus and Gelles in the US (18), the focus has often been the family, as for example in the first national survey implemented in 1999 in Spain (19), fuelling debates on how the state ought to intervene to make the family a safe place. By contrast, in Germany, as in the UK and the Netherlands, it was the testimony of victims, made public by the women's movement, that raised awareness - beginning with the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women in Brussels in 1974, followed by public testimony out of the shelters for battered women. The appropriate response of the state was seen as funding places of safety, support and advocacy for victimized women and their children without regard to their family status (4,8). The role of research in cooperation with services for women was to document and analyse how the violence arose, what its effects were on women and their lives, and what women need to leave a violent situation. By the mid 1990's, there were in Germany - with a population of 81 million - over 400
{"title":"Surveying prevalence of violence against women in the context of the German National Action Plan","authors":"C. Hagemann-White","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-223-410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-223-410","url":null,"abstract":"Against a background of three decades of activism and policy in Germany, the first national representative survey of the prevalence of violence against women was completed in 2004. Placed in the context of a National Action plan, this was the first such study explicitly designed for European comparability. It was aimed at improving policy and harmonizing numerous activities towards overcoming violence against women, taking a comprehensive and gender-based view of the problem. The findings point to important patterns related to the risk of violence and its impact; they also confirm that improved methodology on the one hand, awareness-raising on the other increase reporting. While reporting levels as such are not a useful measure for the success of policies, there is a need for more in-depth and comparative analysis to identify strategic points of intervention and ways of moving policy forward. 1. The study of prevalence and the importance of context Gathering data on the prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence is always political, but it can be significant for politics in different ways. This paper will highlight the background and the development of the German national representative survey on violence against women (16). The survey was commissioned in 2002 as part of the National Action Plan to Combat Violence Against Women published by the German government in 1999, and the results published in 2004. In many countries, for example in Canada or France (11,12), representative surveys have been carried out to demonstrate the existence of interpersonal violence in private life, and have been employed to raise awareness and initiate policy. Following Straus and Gelles in the US (18), the focus has often been the family, as for example in the first national survey implemented in 1999 in Spain (19), fuelling debates on how the state ought to intervene to make the family a safe place. By contrast, in Germany, as in the UK and the Netherlands, it was the testimony of victims, made public by the women's movement, that raised awareness - beginning with the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women in Brussels in 1974, followed by public testimony out of the shelters for battered women. The appropriate response of the state was seen as funding places of safety, support and advocacy for victimized women and their children without regard to their family status (4,8). The role of research in cooperation with services for women was to document and analyse how the violence arose, what its effects were on women and their lives, and what women need to leave a violent situation. By the mid 1990's, there were in Germany - with a population of 81 million - over 400","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"13 1","pages":"301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83781460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the organization and the use of the Business Register at the Central Bureau of Statistics in Croatia. The legal background seems to be a basic problem for improving this register. Methods of data collection, the use of register data and the solution on timeliness are considered. A special difficulty arises because of the introduction of the new classification system NACE. The specific problems of transition countries are also mentioned.
{"title":"Developing the Business Register in Croatia","authors":"Srđan Dumičić, Branka Cimermanović, Ksenija Dumicic","doi":"10.3233/SJU-1993-10403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-1993-10403","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the organization and the use of the Business Register at the Central Bureau of Statistics in Croatia. The legal background seems to be a basic problem for improving this register. Methods of data collection, the use of register data and the solution on timeliness are considered. A special difficulty arises because of the introduction of the new classification system NACE. The specific problems of transition countries are also mentioned.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"5 1","pages":"359-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77889808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To protect individuals in microdata from the risk of re-identification, a general perturbative method called PRAM (the Post-Randomization Method) is sometimes used for masking records. This method adds “noise” to categorical variables by changing values of categories for a small number of records according to a prescribed probability matrix and a stochastic process based on the outcome of a random multinomial draw. Changing values of categorical variables, however, will cause fully edited and clean records in microdata to start failing edit constraints resulting in data of low utility. In addition, an inconsistent record pinpoints to a potential attacker that the record was perturbed and attempts can be made to unmask the data. Therefore, the perturbation process must take into account micro edit constraints which will ensure that perturbed microdata satisfy all edits. Macro edit constraints which take the form of information loss measures also need to be defined in order to ensure that the overall utility of the data will not be badly compromised given an acceptable level of disclosure risk. This paper will discuss methods for perturbing microdata using PRAM while minimizing micro and macro edit failures. (Updated 10th August 2005)
{"title":"Preserving edits when perturbing microdata for statistical disclosure control","authors":"N. Shlomo, T. Waal","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-22207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-22207","url":null,"abstract":"To protect individuals in microdata from the risk of re-identification, a general perturbative method called PRAM (the Post-Randomization Method) is sometimes used for masking records. This method adds “noise” to categorical variables by changing values of categories for a small number of records according to a prescribed probability matrix and a stochastic process based on the outcome of a random multinomial draw. Changing values of categorical variables, however, will cause fully edited and clean records in microdata to start failing edit constraints resulting in data of low utility. In addition, an inconsistent record pinpoints to a potential attacker that the record was perturbed and attempts can be made to unmask the data. Therefore, the perturbation process must take into account micro edit constraints which will ensure that perturbed microdata satisfy all edits. Macro edit constraints which take the form of information loss measures also need to be defined in order to ensure that the overall utility of the data will not be badly compromised given an acceptable level of disclosure risk. This paper will discuss methods for perturbing microdata using PRAM while minimizing micro and macro edit failures. (Updated 10th August 2005)","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"76 1","pages":"173-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87447410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has increased policy and decision-maker demand for integrated hydro-economic data, information and indicators at the level of river basins. In order to meet this increasing demand, a new integrated hydro-economic accounting system has been developed, called National Accounting Matrix including Water Accounts for River Basins (NAMWARiB). NAMWARiB provides information about the interactions between the physical water system and the economy at national and river basin scale. The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss the use and usefulness of the newly developed river basin information system for the implementation of the European WFD based upon the currently available time series data.
{"title":"Integrated river basin accounting in the Netherlands and the European Water framework Directive","authors":"R. Brouwer, S. Schenau, R. V. D. Veeren","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2005-22202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2005-22202","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has increased policy and decision-maker demand for integrated hydro-economic data, information and indicators at the level of river basins. In order to meet this increasing demand, a new integrated hydro-economic accounting system has been developed, called National Accounting Matrix including Water Accounts for River Basins (NAMWARiB). NAMWARiB provides information about the interactions between the physical water system and the economy at national and river basin scale. The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss the use and usefulness of the newly developed river basin information system for the implementation of the European WFD based upon the currently available time series data.","PeriodicalId":85585,"journal":{"name":"Statistical journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","volume":"41 1","pages":"111-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84196953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：