Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.05
Nurul Tasha Zulkifle, K. Abd Khalil, M. F. Safian, M. N. Saat, Zaidah Zainal ariffin
Microbial transformation is a biological process during which microorganisms transform organic molecules. Nitrofurazone is widely applied in poultry and aquaculture veterinary drugs. Without appropriate treatment, nitrofurazone residue from agriculture animal waste may have a negative impact on microorganisms. Thus, a study to enhance nitrofurazone degradation using local Aspergillus tamarii KX610719.1 was explored by optimizing the selected parameters. The specific aims of the exploration were: 1) to optimize parameters (pH, temperature and agitation speed) for nitrofurazone degradation rate, 2) to determine the nitrofurazone residue using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), 3) to verify the optimum parameters performance in degrading nitrofurazone. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to analyze and optimize the effect of parameters as independent parameters on the nitrofurazone degradation rate as the response function. The interaction effects and optimum parameters were obtained using Design Expert Version 13.0 software (Stat Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The adequacy of the model test was determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level, which demonstrated satisfactory agreement between the experimental data and the predicted model. The results demonstrate that the optimum conditions for nitrofurazone degradation rate were at the pH value (4.80), temperature (35.84 ºC) and agitation speed (121.33 rpm) with a coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.9612. Based on the verification process, the actual and predicted results was did not significantly differ (P <0.01). A. tamarii KX610719.1 showed a great ability in degrading nitrofurazone under optimum parameters.
{"title":"Optimization of nitrofurazone degradation by local Aspergillus tamarii KX610719.1","authors":"Nurul Tasha Zulkifle, K. Abd Khalil, M. F. Safian, M. N. Saat, Zaidah Zainal ariffin","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial transformation is a biological process during which microorganisms transform organic molecules. Nitrofurazone is widely applied in poultry and aquaculture veterinary drugs. Without appropriate treatment, nitrofurazone residue from agriculture animal waste may have a negative impact on microorganisms. Thus, a study to enhance nitrofurazone degradation using local Aspergillus tamarii KX610719.1 was explored by optimizing the selected parameters. The specific aims of the exploration were: 1) to optimize parameters (pH, temperature and agitation speed) for nitrofurazone degradation rate, 2) to determine the nitrofurazone residue using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), 3) to verify the optimum parameters performance in degrading nitrofurazone. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to analyze and optimize the effect of parameters as independent parameters on the nitrofurazone degradation rate as the response function. The interaction effects and optimum parameters were obtained using Design Expert Version 13.0 software (Stat Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The adequacy of the model test was determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level, which demonstrated satisfactory agreement between the experimental data and the predicted model. The results demonstrate that the optimum conditions for nitrofurazone degradation rate were at the pH value (4.80), temperature (35.84 ºC) and agitation speed (121.33 rpm) with a coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.9612. Based on the verification process, the actual and predicted results was did not significantly differ (P <0.01). A. tamarii KX610719.1 showed a great ability in degrading nitrofurazone under optimum parameters.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84856824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.04
Sonia Kaushik, R. Rameshwari, Shilpa S. Chapadgaonkar
Enzymes are responsible for carrying out more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. They have remarkable efficiency and specificity. They have been widely used in many industrial processes such as food processing, beer fermentation, laundry detergents, pickling purposes, and work as biomarkers for various health conditions. One of the commercially important enzymes is choline oxidase. It belongs to the oxidoreductase family. Oxidoreductases catalyze the transfer of electrons, from electron-donating molecules (reductants) to electron-accepting molecules (oxidants). The current review is focused on the understanding of the wider range of applications of choline oxidase. Choline oxidase plays a key role in the development of resistant transgenic plants against salt, drought, salinity, and low temperature. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction between choline and betaine glycine. Betaine glycine is an osmoprotectant and instrumental in helping plants and bacteria survive dry conditions. Choline oxidase helps in the determination of mustard agents. This insight has helped in devising sensors and developing bioassays for the determination of mustard agents in contaminated environmental sites. Betaine glycine inhibits the growth of cancer cells in vitro. Betaine intake as a nutrient is helpful in the management of good liver, kidney, and heart health. Feeding broiler chicken with choline and betaine glycine as dietary supplements, had a huge positive impact on weight gain, feed efficiency and consumption, and as well as on mortality. Choline oxidase has been engineered for the potential application as biological bleach in detergents. Choline oxidase is having a promising future as an industrial enzyme.
{"title":"Choline oxidase: An enzyme of immense industrial potential","authors":"Sonia Kaushik, R. Rameshwari, Shilpa S. Chapadgaonkar","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymes are responsible for carrying out more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. They have remarkable efficiency and specificity. They have been widely used in many industrial processes such as food processing, beer fermentation, laundry detergents, pickling purposes, and work as biomarkers for various health conditions. One of the commercially important enzymes is choline oxidase. It belongs to the oxidoreductase family. Oxidoreductases catalyze the transfer of electrons, from electron-donating molecules (reductants) to electron-accepting molecules (oxidants). The current review is focused on the understanding of the wider range of applications of choline oxidase. Choline oxidase plays a key role in the development of resistant transgenic plants against salt, drought, salinity, and low temperature. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction between choline and betaine glycine. Betaine glycine is an osmoprotectant and instrumental in helping plants and bacteria survive dry conditions. Choline oxidase helps in the determination of mustard agents. This insight has helped in devising sensors and developing bioassays for the determination of mustard agents in contaminated environmental sites. Betaine glycine inhibits the growth of cancer cells in vitro. Betaine intake as a nutrient is helpful in the management of good liver, kidney, and heart health. Feeding broiler chicken with choline and betaine glycine as dietary supplements, had a huge positive impact on weight gain, feed efficiency and consumption, and as well as on mortality. Choline oxidase has been engineered for the potential application as biological bleach in detergents. Choline oxidase is having a promising future as an industrial enzyme.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86732060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.03
Aswathy Madhusoodhanan, M. Minsa, Archana G. Mohanan, Praveen Kumar
Biofilm is an aggregation of microorganisms adhered to the substrate and confined in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The property of enhanced resistance to host immune response and antibiotics confer them a unique advantage over planktonic cells. Biofilm plays a vital role in microbial pathogenesis, medical device-associated infection and equipment damage. Microbial biofilm presents a critical medical challenge as a result of they are recalcitrant to current therapeutic regimes. One of the distinctive features of bacterial biofilms is an enhanced resistance and tolerance to antibiotics. Compared to the planktonic community, bacterial cells inside the biofilms have proven to be a thousand times more tolerant to standard antibiotics and are resistant to the natural defence mechanism by the host, making them highly difficult to remove. Some of the current biofilm mitigation approaches use biofilm inhibitors to prevent biofilm formation or agents that can disperse preformed biofilm. This review paper summarises the current methods employed to inhibit bacterial biofilm and agents that eradicate biofilms.
{"title":"Bacterial biofilm eradication and combating strategies","authors":"Aswathy Madhusoodhanan, M. Minsa, Archana G. Mohanan, Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"Biofilm is an aggregation of microorganisms adhered to the substrate and confined in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The property of enhanced resistance to host immune response and antibiotics confer them a unique advantage over planktonic cells. Biofilm plays a vital role in microbial pathogenesis, medical device-associated infection and equipment damage. Microbial biofilm presents a critical medical challenge as a result of they are recalcitrant to current therapeutic regimes. One of the distinctive features of bacterial biofilms is an enhanced resistance and tolerance to antibiotics. Compared to the planktonic community, bacterial cells inside the biofilms have proven to be a thousand times more tolerant to standard antibiotics and are resistant to the natural defence mechanism by the host, making them highly difficult to remove. Some of the current biofilm mitigation approaches use biofilm inhibitors to prevent biofilm formation or agents that can disperse preformed biofilm. This review paper summarises the current methods employed to inhibit bacterial biofilm and agents that eradicate biofilms.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79226773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-19DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.02
Nadir A. Hussein, Haider J. K. Al-Janabi, F. R. Al-Mashhady, J. K. Al-Janabi, Ali R. Shakir Al-Shujairi
Many bioagent fungi have promising potential as eco-friendly alternatives to fungicides, with considerable antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic fungi. The present study aimed to investigate the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus isolates against Fusarium spp., the causative agents of wilt disease in cucumber plants, through a dual plate assay of volatile and nonvolatile compounds from these bioagent fungi. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) antagonistic activities of T. harzianum against the growth of F. solani AJA2 (62.3%), followed by F. oxysporum AJA (55.2%), F. incarnatum AJA (53.2%), and F. solani AJA1 (50.8%). The effectiveness of P. ostreatus against the four Fusarium species was notably less than that of T. harzianum. In contrast, in the dual culture assay, the bioagent fungal filtrate exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of all pathogens at 25% concentration. The highest inhibition rate (85%) was shown by T. harzianum against F. incarnatum. The percent of inhibition caused by P. ostreatus was substantially lower than that caused by T. harzianum, which reached 35% in F. incarnatum followed by other pathogens. The volatile compounds of T. harzianum led to a high percentage of inhibition of all the three Fusarium species, while the highest percentage of inhibition due to the compounds of P. ostreatus was observed only for F. solani AJA1 (41.5%). From these results, we concluded that despite the diverse inhibitory effects of both bioagent fungi against Fusarium species, they exhibited successful antagonistic activity and the ability to compete against these species.
{"title":"Antagonistic activities of bioagent fungi Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus against three species of Fusarium in cucumber plants","authors":"Nadir A. Hussein, Haider J. K. Al-Janabi, F. R. Al-Mashhady, J. K. Al-Janabi, Ali R. Shakir Al-Shujairi","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2022.030.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Many bioagent fungi have promising potential as eco-friendly alternatives to fungicides, with considerable antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic fungi. The present study aimed to investigate the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus isolates against Fusarium spp., the causative agents of wilt disease in cucumber plants, through a dual plate assay of volatile and nonvolatile compounds from these bioagent fungi. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) antagonistic activities of T. harzianum against the growth of F. solani AJA2 (62.3%), followed by F. oxysporum AJA (55.2%), F. incarnatum AJA (53.2%), and F. solani AJA1 (50.8%). The effectiveness of P. ostreatus against the four Fusarium species was notably less than that of T. harzianum. In contrast, in the dual culture assay, the bioagent fungal filtrate exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of all pathogens at 25% concentration. The highest inhibition rate (85%) was shown by T. harzianum against F. incarnatum. The percent of inhibition caused by P. ostreatus was substantially lower than that caused by T. harzianum, which reached 35% in F. incarnatum followed by other pathogens. The volatile compounds of T. harzianum led to a high percentage of inhibition of all the three Fusarium species, while the highest percentage of inhibition due to the compounds of P. ostreatus was observed only for F. solani AJA1 (41.5%). From these results, we concluded that despite the diverse inhibitory effects of both bioagent fungi against Fusarium species, they exhibited successful antagonistic activity and the ability to compete against these species.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89926307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for more than 500 million cases worldwide as of April 2022. Initial estimates in 2020 found children were less likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and more likely to be asymptomatic or display mild COVID-19 symptoms. Our early understanding of COVID-19 transmission and disease in children led to a range of public health measures including school closures that have indirectly impacted child health and wellbeing. The emergence of variants of concern (particularly delta and omicron) have raised new issues about transmissibility in children, as preliminary data suggests children may be at increased risk of infection especially if unvaccinated. Global national prevalence data shows SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents is rising due to COVID-19 vaccination among adults and increased circulation of delta and omicron variants. To mitigate this, childhood immunisation programs are being implemented globally to prevent direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19 including severe complications (e.g. MIS-C), debilitating long-COVID symptoms, and the indirect impacts of prolonged community and school closures on childhood education, social and behavioural development and mental health. This talk will provide an overview of the current state-of-knowledge on COVID19 in children, including COVID-19 vaccination strategies, with using some examples of research findings from MCRI, Melbourne.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Children","authors":"P. Licciardi","doi":"10.18356/2788421x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2788421x","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for more than 500 million cases worldwide as of April 2022. Initial estimates in 2020 found children were less likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and more likely to be asymptomatic or display mild COVID-19 symptoms. Our early understanding of COVID-19 transmission and disease in children led to a range of public health measures including school closures that have indirectly impacted child health and wellbeing. The emergence of variants of concern (particularly delta and omicron) have raised new issues about transmissibility in children, as preliminary data suggests children may be at increased risk of infection especially if unvaccinated. Global national prevalence data shows SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents is rising due to COVID-19 vaccination among adults and increased circulation of delta and omicron variants. To mitigate this, childhood immunisation programs are being implemented globally to prevent direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19 including severe complications (e.g. MIS-C), debilitating long-COVID symptoms, and the indirect impacts of prolonged community and school closures on childhood education, social and behavioural development and mental health. This talk will provide an overview of the current state-of-knowledge on COVID19 in children, including COVID-19 vaccination strategies, with using some examples of research findings from MCRI, Melbourne.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43268532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.09
S. J. Rashak, S. Thamer, Abdullah H. Alsaadoon, M. Ibrahim
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia that causes various health problems and is commonly companied by oral symptoms, including oral thrush from Candida infection. The study assessed the role of iron status in the pathogenicity of oral candidiasis in an animal model. IDA in rats was produced by feeding on iron-free diet (five weeks), followed by inducing oral candidiasis by Candida albicans suspension. After the infection, animal subgroups were treated by intramuscular injection (IM) of iron dextran (ID) at 2 and 4 mg/kg once a week for three weeks and normal saline injection for comparison. Blood parameters test and tongue histopathological study were conducted. The IDA parameters and the oral thrush lesions were detected in experimental rats. IM of 2 mg ID diminished oral white patches and improved blood hemoglobin (14.533 g/dl), serum iron (109.177 μg/dl), and serum ferritin (5.276 ng/ml) and decreased total iron-binding capacity (377.000 μg/dl). Tongue sections showed normal tongue papillae, reduced inflammation and regular keratin deposition on papillae. At a 4 mg dose, despite the improvement in the blood parameters, a mild reduction was found in tongue thrush by less normal appearance of tongue papillae sections, mild inflammatory cells and hyperplasia of squamous epithelium. The study findings indicate that iron status plays a critical role in the treatment of oral thrush infection.
{"title":"The effect of iron dextran injection on oral candidiasis symptoms in experimental iron deficiency anemia of laboratory rats","authors":"S. J. Rashak, S. Thamer, Abdullah H. Alsaadoon, M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.09","url":null,"abstract":"Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia that causes various health problems and is commonly companied by oral symptoms, including oral thrush from Candida infection. The study assessed the role of iron status in the pathogenicity of oral candidiasis in an animal model. IDA in rats was produced by feeding on iron-free diet (five weeks), followed by inducing oral candidiasis by Candida albicans suspension. After the infection, animal subgroups were treated by intramuscular injection (IM) of iron dextran (ID) at 2 and 4 mg/kg once a week for three weeks and normal saline injection for comparison. Blood parameters test and tongue histopathological study were conducted. The IDA parameters and the oral thrush lesions were detected in experimental rats. IM of 2 mg ID diminished oral white patches and improved blood hemoglobin (14.533 g/dl), serum iron (109.177 μg/dl), and serum ferritin (5.276 ng/ml) and decreased total iron-binding capacity (377.000 μg/dl). Tongue sections showed normal tongue papillae, reduced inflammation and regular keratin deposition on papillae. At a 4 mg dose, despite the improvement in the blood parameters, a mild reduction was found in tongue thrush by less normal appearance of tongue papillae sections, mild inflammatory cells and hyperplasia of squamous epithelium. The study findings indicate that iron status plays a critical role in the treatment of oral thrush infection.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88200095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.08
Xiu Qing Chong, Kirtani AP Anamalay, O. Nwabueze, H. Chan
Recently, extensive research has been conducted to evaluate the inhibitory activity of different plant species on the advanced glycation end products (AGEs). L. sibiricus is a traditional herb that has been used for postpartum confinement meals in Sarawak, Malaysia and pharmacologically possess anti-hemorrhagic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-AGEs, and preliminary biochemical screening of bioactive component present in L. sibiricus in water extract. Free radical scavenging activity of L. sibiricus was evaluated via DPPH, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, chelating capacity, and total phenolic content was evaluated comparing with gallic acid. Inhibition of formation AGEs by L. sibiricus was evaluated using BSA-MGO, BSA-glucose and MGO scavenging assays. Flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, phytosterol, and diterpenoids were identified in L. sibiricus extract. It also seems to inhibit early and late formation of AGE and MGO scavenging ability. L. sibiricus was able to inhibit the formation of early and late formation of AGE through the scavenging of the formation of reactive dicarbonyl intermediates and reduce the formation of methylquinoxaline adducts through the scavenge of MGO. The inhibition of AGEs formation by L. sibiricus maybe due its antioxidant property and the presence phytochemical bioactive constituents which has been previously reported to possess antioxidant and anti-AGE activity. Future research is ongoing to identify the adducts formed because of MGO scavenging by L. sibiricus using HPLC.
{"title":"In vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, and MGO scavenging effects of Leonurus sibiricus water extract","authors":"Xiu Qing Chong, Kirtani AP Anamalay, O. Nwabueze, H. Chan","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.08","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, extensive research has been conducted to evaluate the inhibitory activity of different plant species on the advanced glycation end products (AGEs). L. sibiricus is a traditional herb that has been used for postpartum confinement meals in Sarawak, Malaysia and pharmacologically possess anti-hemorrhagic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-AGEs, and preliminary biochemical screening of bioactive component present in L. sibiricus in water extract. Free radical scavenging activity of L. sibiricus was evaluated via DPPH, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, chelating capacity, and total phenolic content was evaluated comparing with gallic acid. Inhibition of formation AGEs by L. sibiricus was evaluated using BSA-MGO, BSA-glucose and MGO scavenging assays. Flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, phytosterol, and diterpenoids were identified in L. sibiricus extract. It also seems to inhibit early and late formation of AGE and MGO scavenging ability. L. sibiricus was able to inhibit the formation of early and late formation of AGE through the scavenging of the formation of reactive dicarbonyl intermediates and reduce the formation of methylquinoxaline adducts through the scavenge of MGO. The inhibition of AGEs formation by L. sibiricus maybe due its antioxidant property and the presence phytochemical bioactive constituents which has been previously reported to possess antioxidant and anti-AGE activity. Future research is ongoing to identify the adducts formed because of MGO scavenging by L. sibiricus using HPLC.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88418023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.10
C. Leong, T. Seya, W. Tong, Wen-Nee Tan
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the etiological agent that causes a self-limiting or chronic infection in the hepatocytes of about 250 million people worldwide. The role of adaptive immune system during HBV infection has been well studied. However, the innate immune system's responses against HBV during the early stage of infection largely remain unclear. In this study, we found that HBV genomic DNA or Salmon Sperm DNA (SSD) was able to induce the innate immune response in the macrophages cell line RAW264.7 but not the hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, indicating that hepatocytes may lack of a functional DNA-sensing pathway and hence are unable to respond to the presence of foreign DNA in the cytosol with type 1 IFN response. Thus, we hypothesized that non-parenchymal cells like the Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) might be crucial in triggering the initial immune response to suppress the virus replication and link the innate and adaptive responses. Using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) as a model, this study demonstrated that HBV genomic DNA is able to induce cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12p40 secretion. We also examined the activation and maturation of BMDCs when exposed to the HBV genomic DNA intracellularly and extracellularly. A significant shift of CD86+ and CD40+ cell populations was observed during extracellular exposure of BMDC to Poly I:C and HBV genomic DNA, indicating that TLRs may be vital in the uptake of the extracellular viral DNA to activate the BMDCs. Moreover, transfection of intracellular nucleic acid stimuli, including HBV genomic DNA as well induced BMDCs maturation. Our findings highlight the critical function of DCs in antiviral response as a potential connection between the innate and adaptive immune systems during HBV pathogenesis. Nevertheless, further study is required to determine the role of cytosol DNA sensing pathway in DCs during HBV infection.
{"title":"Hepatitis B virus genomic nucleic acid in the activation and maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells","authors":"C. Leong, T. Seya, W. Tong, Wen-Nee Tan","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the etiological agent that causes a self-limiting or chronic infection in the hepatocytes of about 250 million people worldwide. The role of adaptive immune system during HBV infection has been well studied. However, the innate immune system's responses against HBV during the early stage of infection largely remain unclear. In this study, we found that HBV genomic DNA or Salmon Sperm DNA (SSD) was able to induce the innate immune response in the macrophages cell line RAW264.7 but not the hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, indicating that hepatocytes may lack of a functional DNA-sensing pathway and hence are unable to respond to the presence of foreign DNA in the cytosol with type 1 IFN response. Thus, we hypothesized that non-parenchymal cells like the Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) might be crucial in triggering the initial immune response to suppress the virus replication and link the innate and adaptive responses. Using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) as a model, this study demonstrated that HBV genomic DNA is able to induce cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12p40 secretion. We also examined the activation and maturation of BMDCs when exposed to the HBV genomic DNA intracellularly and extracellularly. A significant shift of CD86+ and CD40+ cell populations was observed during extracellular exposure of BMDC to Poly I:C and HBV genomic DNA, indicating that TLRs may be vital in the uptake of the extracellular viral DNA to activate the BMDCs. Moreover, transfection of intracellular nucleic acid stimuli, including HBV genomic DNA as well induced BMDCs maturation. Our findings highlight the critical function of DCs in antiviral response as a potential connection between the innate and adaptive immune systems during HBV pathogenesis. Nevertheless, further study is required to determine the role of cytosol DNA sensing pathway in DCs during HBV infection.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74800675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.06
Nordanial Rohimi, Rosalina Tan Roslan Tan, Nurul Ain Abu Bakar, S. Mohamed
Catechin-rich oil-palm leaf extract (OPLE) (Elaeis guineensis) was previously demonstrated to possess benefits for diabetes and cardio metabolic health (vasodilation, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties) in animal models. For insights into OPLE anti-diabetic mode-of-action and possible toxicity, the effects of dietary OPLE on insulin-signaling pathways mRNA expressions in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen of normal and diabetic rats were examined. Type-2-Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) were induced by chronic high-fat diet and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection. The OPLE (100 mg/kg body weight) were fed daily to normal and T2DM-induced rats. The OPLE suppressed hyperglycaemia and excessive weight gain in the T2DM rats, and appeared harmless to normal rats. The OPLE supplementation significantly (p<0.05) modulated the mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PIK3R1); insulin signaling receptor (INSR); insulin-receptor substrates 1 and 2; and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-1 (ENPP1) especially in the livers of normal rats and the spleen of diabetic rats. Results suggested the OPLE probably help prevent diabetes in healthy mammals and ameliorate the immune functions of diabetic mammals. The OPLE improved the antioxidant defence responses, insulin-pathways mRNA expressions in the normal and diabetic rats; suppressed hyperglycaemia and excessive weight gain in T2DM rodents without observable liver or kidney toxicity at the dose used.
{"title":"Palm leaf catechins improved insulin-related pathways in diabetic rats","authors":"Nordanial Rohimi, Rosalina Tan Roslan Tan, Nurul Ain Abu Bakar, S. Mohamed","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"Catechin-rich oil-palm leaf extract (OPLE) (Elaeis guineensis) was previously demonstrated to possess benefits for diabetes and cardio metabolic health (vasodilation, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties) in animal models. For insights into OPLE anti-diabetic mode-of-action and possible toxicity, the effects of dietary OPLE on insulin-signaling pathways mRNA expressions in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen of normal and diabetic rats were examined. Type-2-Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) were induced by chronic high-fat diet and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection. The OPLE (100 mg/kg body weight) were fed daily to normal and T2DM-induced rats. The OPLE suppressed hyperglycaemia and excessive weight gain in the T2DM rats, and appeared harmless to normal rats. The OPLE supplementation significantly (p<0.05) modulated the mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PIK3R1); insulin signaling receptor (INSR); insulin-receptor substrates 1 and 2; and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-1 (ENPP1) especially in the livers of normal rats and the spleen of diabetic rats. Results suggested the OPLE probably help prevent diabetes in healthy mammals and ameliorate the immune functions of diabetic mammals. The OPLE improved the antioxidant defence responses, insulin-pathways mRNA expressions in the normal and diabetic rats; suppressed hyperglycaemia and excessive weight gain in T2DM rodents without observable liver or kidney toxicity at the dose used.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84966478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.07
R. Shadhan, Z. Adam, Siti Pauliena Mohd Bohari
This study discusses the effectiveness of methanolic extract and fractions (butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of H. sabdariffa Linn fruit towards antidiabetic activities (in vitro). In order to test the efficacy, toxicity and insulin secretion capacity of rat pancreatic β-cell lines (BRIN-BD11) were tested with the methanolic extract and fractions. The outcomes showed that both the extract and the fractions demonstrated significantly lower levels of cytotoxic activities. Furthermore, the methanolic extract and fractions displayed varied sensitivity levels towards insulin release after an incubation period of 30 min. The methanolic extract, at a concentration of 300 µg/mL, significantly stimulated secretion of insulin by 2.85-fold (p<0.001). In addition, butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions revealed a gradual increase in insulin secretion. The stimulated insulin secretion for these fractions had been recorded at 2-fold (p<0.01), 2.67-fold, and 2.31-fold (p<0.001), respectively, at the highest concentrations. The methanolic extract and fractions also appeared to stimulate secretion of insulin with all modulators present, for example, potassium chloride (KCl), insulin secretion inhibitor (verapamil and diazoxide), as well as insulin secretagogue (tolbutamide and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)). These results indicate that H. sabdariffa Linn fruit methanolic extract and fractions could indeed be beneficial for future development of antidiabetic drugs.
{"title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn fruit derivatives as alternative agents for diabetes mellitus care: A basic insight","authors":"R. Shadhan, Z. Adam, Siti Pauliena Mohd Bohari","doi":"10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35118/apjmbb.2021.029.4.07","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses the effectiveness of methanolic extract and fractions (butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of H. sabdariffa Linn fruit towards antidiabetic activities (in vitro). In order to test the efficacy, toxicity and insulin secretion capacity of rat pancreatic β-cell lines (BRIN-BD11) were tested with the methanolic extract and fractions. The outcomes showed that both the extract and the fractions demonstrated significantly lower levels of cytotoxic activities. Furthermore, the methanolic extract and fractions displayed varied sensitivity levels towards insulin release after an incubation period of 30 min. The methanolic extract, at a concentration of 300 µg/mL, significantly stimulated secretion of insulin by 2.85-fold (p<0.001). In addition, butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions revealed a gradual increase in insulin secretion. The stimulated insulin secretion for these fractions had been recorded at 2-fold (p<0.01), 2.67-fold, and 2.31-fold (p<0.001), respectively, at the highest concentrations. The methanolic extract and fractions also appeared to stimulate secretion of insulin with all modulators present, for example, potassium chloride (KCl), insulin secretion inhibitor (verapamil and diazoxide), as well as insulin secretagogue (tolbutamide and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)). These results indicate that H. sabdariffa Linn fruit methanolic extract and fractions could indeed be beneficial for future development of antidiabetic drugs.","PeriodicalId":8566,"journal":{"name":"Asia-pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89578181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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