We relate origin-destination real price differences to immigrants’ reservation wages and their career trajectories, exploiting administrative data from Germany and the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. We find that immigrants who enter Germany when a unit of earnings from Germany allows for larger consumption at home settle for lower entry wages, but subsequently catch up to those arriving with less favourable exchange rates, through transition to better-paying occupations and firms. Similar patterns hold in the US data. Our analysis offers one explanation for the widespread phenomenon of immigrants’ downgrading, with new implications for immigrant cohort effects and assimilation profiles.
{"title":"Real Exchange Rates and the Earnings of Immigrants","authors":"C. Dustmann, Hyejin Ku, Tanya Surovtseva","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We relate origin-destination real price differences to immigrants’ reservation wages and their career trajectories, exploiting administrative data from Germany and the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. We find that immigrants who enter Germany when a unit of earnings from Germany allows for larger consumption at home settle for lower entry wages, but subsequently catch up to those arriving with less favourable exchange rates, through transition to better-paying occupations and firms. Similar patterns hold in the US data. Our analysis offers one explanation for the widespread phenomenon of immigrants’ downgrading, with new implications for immigrant cohort effects and assimilation profiles.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80699137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lata Gangadharan, P. Grossman, Lingbo Huang, C. Leister, Erte Xiao, Luigi Butera, Catherine C. Eckel, C. Exley, Ben Grodeck, Stephanie A. Heger, Jonathan Levy, Erzo F. P. Luttmer, Nina Xue, Xiaojian Zhao, 𝑔 Proposition1., 𝑔 ≥𝑔∅∗≥, 𝑔 with𝑙𝑖𝑚→𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑚→, 𝑔
We investigate how information about recipients’ characteristics affects donors’ giving as opposed to when no information is available. In a rational model in which information causes a donor to update her assessment of the recipient's deservingness, we introduce the idea that altruism can be “persuadable” (“dissuadable”) by information about positive (negative) characteristics. We report data from three experiments in which donors are provided information regarding three recipient characteristics: alcoholism, attending courses, and disability. Across different characteristics, our results are broadly consistent with the predictions of persuadable altruism. Overall, we find a positive net impact of providing information on aggregate giving.
{"title":"Persuadable or Dissuadable Altruists? The Impact of Information of Recipient Characteristics on Giving","authors":"Lata Gangadharan, P. Grossman, Lingbo Huang, C. Leister, Erte Xiao, Luigi Butera, Catherine C. Eckel, C. Exley, Ben Grodeck, Stephanie A. Heger, Jonathan Levy, Erzo F. P. Luttmer, Nina Xue, Xiaojian Zhao, 𝑔 Proposition1., 𝑔 ≥𝑔∅∗≥, 𝑔 with𝑙𝑖𝑚→𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑚→, 𝑔","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We investigate how information about recipients’ characteristics affects donors’ giving as opposed to when no information is available. In a rational model in which information causes a donor to update her assessment of the recipient's deservingness, we introduce the idea that altruism can be “persuadable” (“dissuadable”) by information about positive (negative) characteristics. We report data from three experiments in which donors are provided information regarding three recipient characteristics: alcoholism, attending courses, and disability. Across different characteristics, our results are broadly consistent with the predictions of persuadable altruism. Overall, we find a positive net impact of providing information on aggregate giving.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89116196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present results from a five-year effort to design promising virtual coaching interventions to improve college student achievement. Across nearly 20,000 students at three campuses, we find some improvement on study time but no effect on academic outcomes. We interpret the results with unique survey data and a model of student effort. Treated students learn more effort is needed to attain good grades and develop stronger preferences for high grades, but these effects are too small to translate into academic benefits. More comprehensive, social, and better-timed interventions are needed for helping students outside the classroom.
{"title":"The Promises and Pitfalls of Using (Mostly) Low-Touch Coaching Interventions to Improve College Student Outcomes","authors":"Philip Oreopoulos, Uros Petronijevic","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present results from a five-year effort to design promising virtual coaching interventions to improve college student achievement. Across nearly 20,000 students at three campuses, we find some improvement on study time but no effect on academic outcomes. We interpret the results with unique survey data and a model of student effort. Treated students learn more effort is needed to attain good grades and develop stronger preferences for high grades, but these effects are too small to translate into academic benefits. More comprehensive, social, and better-timed interventions are needed for helping students outside the classroom.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"1010 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77169391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Sentiments and Economic Activity: Evidence from US States","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75477111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We combine information from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and the UK Longitudinal Household Study (UKHLS, a.k.a. Understanding Society) to construct consistent time series of aggregate worker stocks, worker flows and earnings in the UK over the 1992-2017. We propose a method to harmonise data between the BHPS and UKHLS, which we validate by checking the consistency of some of our headline time series with equivalent series produced from other sources, notably by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). In addition to drawing a detailed aggregate picture of the UK labour market over the past two and a half decades, we use our constructed dataset to compare the impact of industry, occupation and employer tenure on wages in the UK. We find that returns to occupation tenure are substantial. All else equal, 5 years of occupation tenure are associated with a 3.3% increase in wages. We also find that industry tenure plays a non-negligible part in driving wage growth.
{"title":"Labour Mobility and Earnings in the UK, 1992-2017","authors":"F. Postel-Vinay, A. Sepahsalari","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We combine information from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and the UK Longitudinal Household Study (UKHLS, a.k.a. Understanding Society) to construct consistent time series of aggregate worker stocks, worker flows and earnings in the UK over the 1992-2017. We propose a method to harmonise data between the BHPS and UKHLS, which we validate by checking the consistency of some of our headline time series with equivalent series produced from other sources, notably by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). In addition to drawing a detailed aggregate picture of the UK labour market over the past two and a half decades, we use our constructed dataset to compare the impact of industry, occupation and employer tenure on wages in the UK. We find that returns to occupation tenure are substantial. All else equal, 5 years of occupation tenure are associated with a 3.3% increase in wages. We also find that industry tenure plays a non-negligible part in driving wage growth.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86759960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the effects of increasing the statutory retirement age for claiming full pension benefits on the labour force participation of middle-aged individuals and their partners. Identification relies on a difference-in-differences setting that exploits the heterogeneous increase in age eligibility for retirement caused by an unexpected pension reform. We detect a rise in the participation rate of middle-aged women that spills over into the labour supply of their husbands, who choose to postpone their retirement. The overall labour supply response has important implications for the extent of the fiscal externality associated with pension reforms that increase the retirement age.
{"title":"The Forward-Looking Effect of Increasing the Full Retirement Age","authors":"F. Carta, Marta de Philippis","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper analyses the effects of increasing the statutory retirement age for claiming full pension benefits on the labour force participation of middle-aged individuals and their partners. Identification relies on a difference-in-differences setting that exploits the heterogeneous increase in age eligibility for retirement caused by an unexpected pension reform. We detect a rise in the participation rate of middle-aged women that spills over into the labour supply of their husbands, who choose to postpone their retirement. The overall labour supply response has important implications for the extent of the fiscal externality associated with pension reforms that increase the retirement age.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84397122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Censorship makes new ideas less available to others, but also reduces the number of people choosing to develop non-compliant ideas. We propose a new method to measure the effect of censorship on knowledge growth, accounting for the agents’ choice between compliant and non-compliant occupations. We apply our method to the Catholic Church’s censorship of books written by members of Italian universities and academies over the period 1400-1750. We highlight new facts: once censorship was introduced, censored authors were of better quality than the non-censored authors, but this gap shrank over time, and the intensity of censorship decreased over time. We use these facts to identify the deep parameters of a novel endogenous growth model that links censorship to knowledge diffusion and occupational choice. We conclude that the average log publication per scholar in Italy would have been 43% higher if censorship had not been present, while the effect of adverse macroeconomic processes is almost four times smaller. The induced reallocation of talents towards compliant activities explains half the effect of censorship.
{"title":"Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy","authors":"Fabio Blasutto, David de la Croix","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Censorship makes new ideas less available to others, but also reduces the number of people choosing to develop non-compliant ideas. We propose a new method to measure the effect of censorship on knowledge growth, accounting for the agents’ choice between compliant and non-compliant occupations. We apply our method to the Catholic Church’s censorship of books written by members of Italian universities and academies over the period 1400-1750. We highlight new facts: once censorship was introduced, censored authors were of better quality than the non-censored authors, but this gap shrank over time, and the intensity of censorship decreased over time. We use these facts to identify the deep parameters of a novel endogenous growth model that links censorship to knowledge diffusion and occupational choice. We conclude that the average log publication per scholar in Italy would have been 43% higher if censorship had not been present, while the effect of adverse macroeconomic processes is almost four times smaller. The induced reallocation of talents towards compliant activities explains half the effect of censorship.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89992139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wealthier, risk-averse buyers pay more to speed up transactions in competitive search markets. This result is established in a dynamic housing model where households save to smooth consumption and build a down payment. “Block recursivity” is ensured by the existence of risk-neutral housing intermediaries. In the long run, the calibrated benchmark features higher indebtedness and house prices than a Walrasian model, especially when housing supply elasticity is low. The long-run price effects of greater credit availability are much larger if rental and owner-occupied stocks are segmented, but even without segmentation they can be substantial when supply elasticity is low.
{"title":"Housing prices and credit constraints in competitive search","authors":"J. P. Rincón-Zapatero, B. Jerez, A. Díaz","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wealthier, risk-averse buyers pay more to speed up transactions in competitive search markets. This result is established in a dynamic housing model where households save to smooth consumption and build a down payment. “Block recursivity” is ensured by the existence of risk-neutral housing intermediaries. In the long run, the calibrated benchmark features higher indebtedness and house prices than a Walrasian model, especially when housing supply elasticity is low. The long-run price effects of greater credit availability are much larger if rental and owner-occupied stocks are segmented, but even without segmentation they can be substantial when supply elasticity is low.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88014065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows that Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) may fully respect the non-discrimination principle of the WTO and still act as a protectionist device. NTMs that raise costs of all firms induce some exit, reallocating market shares towards the most efficient firms. The paper analyses when this mechanism generates protectionism. With political economy motives, trade liberalization increases the use of NTMs in the non-cooperative equilibrium and a trade agreement may be welfare reducing if governments care about the most efficient firms only. Moreover, a Pareto improving agreement may require an income redistribution between countries if firm average productivity differs across countries.
{"title":"Protection Without Discrimination","authors":"Vincent Rebeyrol","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper shows that Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) may fully respect the non-discrimination principle of the WTO and still act as a protectionist device. NTMs that raise costs of all firms induce some exit, reallocating market shares towards the most efficient firms. The paper analyses when this mechanism generates protectionism. With political economy motives, trade liberalization increases the use of NTMs in the non-cooperative equilibrium and a trade agreement may be welfare reducing if governments care about the most efficient firms only. Moreover, a Pareto improving agreement may require an income redistribution between countries if firm average productivity differs across countries.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"63 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91548034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large economic literature studies whether racial disparities in policing are explained by animus or by beliefs about group crime rates. But what if these beliefs are incorrect? We analyse a model where officers form beliefs using crime statistics, but don’t properly account for the fact that they will detect more crime in more heavily policed communities. This creates a feedback loop where officers over-police groups that they (incorrectly) believe exhibit high crime rates. This inferential mistake can exacerbate discrimination even among officers with no animus and who sincerely believe disparities are driven by real differences in crime rates.
{"title":"A Behavioural Theory of Discrimination in Policing","authors":"Ryan Hübert, A. Little","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A large economic literature studies whether racial disparities in policing are explained by animus or by beliefs about group crime rates. But what if these beliefs are incorrect? We analyse a model where officers form beliefs using crime statistics, but don’t properly account for the fact that they will detect more crime in more heavily policed communities. This creates a feedback loop where officers over-police groups that they (incorrectly) believe exhibit high crime rates. This inferential mistake can exacerbate discrimination even among officers with no animus and who sincerely believe disparities are driven by real differences in crime rates.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79095194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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