Aline Bütikofer, Rita Ginja, K. Løken, Fanny Landaud
Although many students suffer from anxiety and depression, and often identify school pressure and concerns about their futures as the main reasons for their worries, little is known about the consequences of the schooling environment on students’ mental health. Using a regression discontinuity analysis in the largest Norwegian cities, we show that eligibility to enrol in a higher achievement high school increases the probability of enrolment in higher education and decreases the probability of diagnosis or treatment of psychological conditions. We provide suggestive evidence that changes in both teacher and peers’ characteristics are likely drivers of these effects.
{"title":"Higher Achievement Schools, Peers, and Mental Health","authors":"Aline Bütikofer, Rita Ginja, K. Løken, Fanny Landaud","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although many students suffer from anxiety and depression, and often identify school pressure and concerns about their futures as the main reasons for their worries, little is known about the consequences of the schooling environment on students’ mental health. Using a regression discontinuity analysis in the largest Norwegian cities, we show that eligibility to enrol in a higher achievement high school increases the probability of enrolment in higher education and decreases the probability of diagnosis or treatment of psychological conditions. We provide suggestive evidence that changes in both teacher and peers’ characteristics are likely drivers of these effects.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91201229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We design a laboratory experiment to identify whether a preference for randomisation defines a stable type across different choice environments. In games and individual decisions, subjects face 20 simultaneous repetitions of the same choice. Subjects can randomise by making different choices across the repetitions. We find that randomisation does define a type that is predictable across domains. A sizeable fraction of individuals randomise in all domains, even in questions that offer a stochastically dominant option. For some mixers, dominated randomisation is responsive to intervention. We explore theoretical foundations for mixing, and find that most preference-based models are unable to accommodate our results.
{"title":"Stable Randomisation","authors":"Marina Agranov, P. Healy, Kirby Nielsen","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We design a laboratory experiment to identify whether a preference for randomisation defines a stable type across different choice environments. In games and individual decisions, subjects face 20 simultaneous repetitions of the same choice. Subjects can randomise by making different choices across the repetitions. We find that randomisation does define a type that is predictable across domains. A sizeable fraction of individuals randomise in all domains, even in questions that offer a stochastically dominant option. For some mixers, dominated randomisation is responsive to intervention. We explore theoretical foundations for mixing, and find that most preference-based models are unable to accommodate our results.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87560052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Partitioned pricing is a pricing practice that divides the price of a product into a base price and one or more mandatory surcharges. This paper develops a theory of partitioned pricing using a duopoly model where the owner of each firm determines the surcharge but delegates the setting of base price to a manager. In equilibrium, both firms choose partitioned pricing over the conventional all-inclusive pricing. Moreover, partitioned pricing leads to higher full prices and larger profits than all-inclusive pricing. Most surprisingly, collusion on surcharges without any coordination on base prices is as profitable as collusion on all-inclusive prices.
{"title":"Partitioned Pricing and Collusion on Surcharges","authors":"Zhiqi Chen","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Partitioned pricing is a pricing practice that divides the price of a product into a base price and one or more mandatory surcharges. This paper develops a theory of partitioned pricing using a duopoly model where the owner of each firm determines the surcharge but delegates the setting of base price to a manager. In equilibrium, both firms choose partitioned pricing over the conventional all-inclusive pricing. Moreover, partitioned pricing leads to higher full prices and larger profits than all-inclusive pricing. Most surprisingly, collusion on surcharges without any coordination on base prices is as profitable as collusion on all-inclusive prices.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90249536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper estimates the impacts of attending better middle schools on the test scores, on-time graduation, self-reported socio-emotional skills, aspirations, and high school track choices of marginally admitted students. A regression discontinuity design comparing students just above and below the admission threshold to higher-achieving middle schools in Mexico shows some modest gains on externally graded tests, but adverse effects on GPA and on-time graduation. By the end of middle school, marginally admitted students feel academically inferior to their peers, obtain worse scores on measures of conscientiousness, and are more likely to shift their aspirations and subsequent schooling choices from academic to vocational programs. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that unfavourable peer comparisons, stemming from direct observation or subjective teacher assessments, can be sufficiently important to affect students’ educational trajectories.
{"title":"Trade-offs of Attending Better Schools: Achievement, Self-Perceptions and Educational Trajectories","authors":"Raissa Fabregas","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper estimates the impacts of attending better middle schools on the test scores, on-time graduation, self-reported socio-emotional skills, aspirations, and high school track choices of marginally admitted students. A regression discontinuity design comparing students just above and below the admission threshold to higher-achieving middle schools in Mexico shows some modest gains on externally graded tests, but adverse effects on GPA and on-time graduation. By the end of middle school, marginally admitted students feel academically inferior to their peers, obtain worse scores on measures of conscientiousness, and are more likely to shift their aspirations and subsequent schooling choices from academic to vocational programs. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that unfavourable peer comparisons, stemming from direct observation or subjective teacher assessments, can be sufficiently important to affect students’ educational trajectories.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79837075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide new evidence on motivations for voluntary contributions to public goods in a natural setting. Using natural language processing on users’ Twitter posts, we measure revealed sentiment changes before and after making a donation to Wikipedia. We find strong evidence that sentiment improves in the hour and minutes directly before contributing, which we call ‘preheating’. Results are robust to alternative fixed effects and approaches to inference and supported by a complementary online experiment with randomised mood inducement among Twitter users. Preheating suggests that affective states influence giving in addition to reward-seeking, utility-maximising behaviour that has been documented in other contexts.
{"title":"Preheating Prosocial Behaviour","authors":"Casey J. Wichman, Nathan W. Chan","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We provide new evidence on motivations for voluntary contributions to public goods in a natural setting. Using natural language processing on users’ Twitter posts, we measure revealed sentiment changes before and after making a donation to Wikipedia. We find strong evidence that sentiment improves in the hour and minutes directly before contributing, which we call ‘preheating’. Results are robust to alternative fixed effects and approaches to inference and supported by a complementary online experiment with randomised mood inducement among Twitter users. Preheating suggests that affective states influence giving in addition to reward-seeking, utility-maximising behaviour that has been documented in other contexts.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86383250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate how culture affects gender differences in willingness to compete (WTC) in a large pre-registered experiment using an epidemiological approach. Our sample of 1,943 Norwegians with parents born in 59 different countries, show a smaller gender gap in WTC among individuals of more gender-equal ancestries. The difference is driven by women with parents from more gender-equal countries wanting to compete more and men with the same ancestry wanting to compete less. The results are robust to controlling for a large set of factors at the individual, parental, and ancestral country levels, indicating that gendered culture shapes competitive preferences.
{"title":"Culture and Gender Differences in Willingness to Compete","authors":"K. Hauge, Andreas Kotsadam, Anine Riege","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We investigate how culture affects gender differences in willingness to compete (WTC) in a large pre-registered experiment using an epidemiological approach. Our sample of 1,943 Norwegians with parents born in 59 different countries, show a smaller gender gap in WTC among individuals of more gender-equal ancestries. The difference is driven by women with parents from more gender-equal countries wanting to compete more and men with the same ancestry wanting to compete less. The results are robust to controlling for a large set of factors at the individual, parental, and ancestral country levels, indicating that gendered culture shapes competitive preferences.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86322054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities are centres of the consumption industries — establishments offering nightlife, food, recreation, and retail. However, the city’s associated consumer value is inseparable from its geography because residents must travel to consume. By exploiting both the staggered entry across cities and the precise geographic boundary of Uber services for credible identification, we show that the introduction of ride-share technology into a city caused large and significant growth in the consumption industries. We provide evidence that the results are driven by an increase in consumer mobility, due to Uber causing a reduction in the economic cost of travel.
{"title":"Ride-Sharing and the Geography of Consumption Industries","authors":"Jordan J. Norris, Heyu Xiong","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cities are centres of the consumption industries — establishments offering nightlife, food, recreation, and retail. However, the city’s associated consumer value is inseparable from its geography because residents must travel to consume. By exploiting both the staggered entry across cities and the precise geographic boundary of Uber services for credible identification, we show that the introduction of ride-share technology into a city caused large and significant growth in the consumption industries. We provide evidence that the results are driven by an increase in consumer mobility, due to Uber causing a reduction in the economic cost of travel.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85954451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How do changes in labour taxes affect innovation and aggregate productivity growth? To answer this question, we propose a quantitative, general equilibrium growth model featuring product and quality innovation with endogenous market structure, estimate its parameters, and provide empirical validation for the propagation mechanism of labour tax changes. We find that a temporary cut in flat-rate labour taxes produces a growth acceleration in aggregate productivity, permanently increasing the path of real GDP per capita. Moreover, such permanent gains are sizable even without long-run growth effects.
{"title":"Labour Taxes, Market Size, and Productivity Growth","authors":"D. Ferraro, Soroush Ghazi, P. Peretto","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 How do changes in labour taxes affect innovation and aggregate productivity growth? To answer this question, we propose a quantitative, general equilibrium growth model featuring product and quality innovation with endogenous market structure, estimate its parameters, and provide empirical validation for the propagation mechanism of labour tax changes. We find that a temporary cut in flat-rate labour taxes produces a growth acceleration in aggregate productivity, permanently increasing the path of real GDP per capita. Moreover, such permanent gains are sizable even without long-run growth effects.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"114 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88089828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘CEOs’ of public schools in many countries have authority and responsibilities that can greatly affect the quality of schooling. This paper estimates the impact of education CEOs on student outcomes in Israeli elementary schools. We estimate CEO quality in two ways- once using schools that don't switch CEOs and once using schools that do. We show that switches are exogenous and are not correlated with potential outcomes. CEOs' quality positively affects students’ test scores and behavioural outcomes, with pronounced effects for disadvantaged schools. Potential mechanisms show that high-quality CEOs lead to improvements in school priorities, working procedures, and violence reduction.
{"title":"Effects and Mechanisms of CEOS Quality in Public Education","authors":"Victor Lavy, Genia Rachkovski, Adi Boiko","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 ‘CEOs’ of public schools in many countries have authority and responsibilities that can greatly affect the quality of schooling. This paper estimates the impact of education CEOs on student outcomes in Israeli elementary schools. We estimate CEO quality in two ways- once using schools that don't switch CEOs and once using schools that do. We show that switches are exogenous and are not correlated with potential outcomes. CEOs' quality positively affects students’ test scores and behavioural outcomes, with pronounced effects for disadvantaged schools. Potential mechanisms show that high-quality CEOs lead to improvements in school priorities, working procedures, and violence reduction.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87118103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Demographic shocks tied to World War I’s high death toll induced many women to enter the labour force in the immediate postwar period. I document a positive impact of these newly employed women on the labour force participation of subsequent generations of women until today. I also find that the war permanently altered attitudes toward the role of women in the labour force. I decompose this impact into three channels of intergenerational transmission: transmission from mothers to daughters, transmission from mothers-in-law to daughters-in-law via their sons, and transmission through local social interactions.
{"title":"The intergenerational transmission of World War I on female labour","authors":"Victor Gay","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Demographic shocks tied to World War I’s high death toll induced many women to enter the labour force in the immediate postwar period. I document a positive impact of these newly employed women on the labour force participation of subsequent generations of women until today. I also find that the war permanently altered attitudes toward the role of women in the labour force. I decompose this impact into three channels of intergenerational transmission: transmission from mothers to daughters, transmission from mothers-in-law to daughters-in-law via their sons, and transmission through local social interactions.","PeriodicalId":85686,"journal":{"name":"The Economic journal of Nepal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78948190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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