P.T.M. Epee, O.J. Schelezki, A.K. Parker, M.C.T. Trought, A. Werner, R.W. Hofmann, P. Almond, J. Fourie
Background and Aims
The shortage of skilled pruners portends automation as an alternative. To train an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system in cane pruning, the attributes of grapevine dormant shoots were characterised.
Methods and Results
Eight attributes of dormant shoots, diameter, length, vertical and horizontal distance, node number, internode length, origin and position relative to bottom fruiting wire, were measured prior to and after pruning. Vine canopies were modified according to a 5 [total node numbers on canes: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50] × 3 [total node numbers on spurs: 1, 2, 3] factorial design. Compared to non-retained dormant shoots, retained dormant shoots were thicker (9.2 ± 0.07 mm), longer (104.7 ± 0.93 cm), close to the vine trunk (11.4 ± 0.65 cm) and below the bottom fruiting wire (83.2 ± 0.54 cm). Spurs had the shortest horizontal (9.8 ± 0.93 cm) and vertical (77.8 ± 0.7 cm) distance, originating from the vine head, base nodes and first nodes of old canes and old spurs. Modifying the vine canopy via increased node numbers had a significant effect on all retained dormant shoot attributes (P < 0.05) except on the position relative to the bottom fruiting wire.
Conclusions
Cane pruning in commercial vineyards is consistent and follows rules based on viticulture knowledge. Retained, non-retained dormant shoots, canes and spurs exhibit distinct attributes useful in quantifying, assessing and modelling cane pruning.
Significance of the Study
Data and knowledge from the research are currently being used in modelling and training AI cane-pruning algorithms.
{"title":"Characterising retained dormant shoot attributes to support automated cane pruning on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc","authors":"P.T.M. Epee, O.J. Schelezki, A.K. Parker, M.C.T. Trought, A. Werner, R.W. Hofmann, P. Almond, J. Fourie","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12555","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12555","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The shortage of skilled pruners portends automation as an alternative. To train an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system in cane pruning, the attributes of grapevine dormant shoots were characterised.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight attributes of dormant shoots, diameter, length, vertical and horizontal distance, node number, internode length, origin and position relative to bottom fruiting wire, were measured prior to and after pruning. Vine canopies were modified according to a 5 [total node numbers on canes: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50] × 3 [total node numbers on spurs: 1, 2, 3] factorial design. Compared to non-retained dormant shoots, retained dormant shoots were thicker (9.2 ± 0.07 mm), longer (104.7 ± 0.93 cm), close to the vine trunk (11.4 ± 0.65 cm) and below the bottom fruiting wire (83.2 ± 0.54 cm). Spurs had the shortest horizontal (9.8 ± 0.93 cm) and vertical (77.8 ± 0.7 cm) distance, originating from the vine head, base nodes and first nodes of old canes and old spurs. Modifying the vine canopy via increased node numbers had a significant effect on all retained dormant shoot attributes (<i>P</i> < 0.05) except on the position relative to the bottom fruiting wire.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cane pruning in commercial vineyards is consistent and follows rules based on viticulture knowledge. Retained, non-retained dormant shoots, canes and spurs exhibit distinct attributes useful in quantifying, assessing and modelling cane pruning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data and knowledge from the research are currently being used in modelling and training AI cane-pruning algorithms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 3","pages":"508-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42827488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Marín, L.G. Santesteban, S. Dayer, A. Villa-Llop, F.J. Abad, G.A. Gambetta, J.M. Torres-Ruiz, N. Torres
Background and Aims
Grafting in viticulture has been essential since the advent of the phylloxera crisis at the end of the 19th century, but relatively little is known about the relevance of the quality of the connection at the grafting junction on the behaviour of grafted grapevines.
Methods and Results
An experimental procedure comparing omega grafted vines with complete alignment of the scion and the rootstock (CA) and vines with partial alignment (PA) was developed. Three complementary trials were carried out in the nursery, in the field and under controlled conditions. The CA vines increased the success rate in the nursery. Vine growth was significantly affected by the alignment between the rootstock and scion both in the nursery and in their first year of establishment in a commercial vineyard and in a potted trial, although these differences dissipated in years 2 and 3 under commercial vineyard conditions. The CA graft also maintained a higher level of leaf gas exchange, but such differences did not correspond to those in the hydraulic conductivity across the graft union itself.
Conclusions
The degree of alignment of the grafted vine material affected vine development, but a better understanding of the role of vascular connections in different graft types and qualities is needed.
Significance of the Study
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific study that developed an experimental procedure for assessing the implication of the alignment at the grafting point on grapevine physiology and water use.
{"title":"Connection matters: exploring the implications of scion–rootstock alignment in grafted grapevines","authors":"D. Marín, L.G. Santesteban, S. Dayer, A. Villa-Llop, F.J. Abad, G.A. Gambetta, J.M. Torres-Ruiz, N. Torres","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12559","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12559","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grafting in viticulture has been essential since the advent of the phylloxera crisis at the end of the 19th century, but relatively little is known about the relevance of the quality of the connection at the grafting junction on the behaviour of grafted grapevines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An experimental procedure comparing omega grafted vines with complete alignment of the scion and the rootstock (CA) and vines with partial alignment (PA) was developed. Three complementary trials were carried out in the nursery, in the field and under controlled conditions. The CA vines increased the success rate in the nursery. Vine growth was significantly affected by the alignment between the rootstock and scion both in the nursery and in their first year of establishment in a commercial vineyard and in a potted trial, although these differences dissipated in years 2 and 3 under commercial vineyard conditions. The CA graft also maintained a higher level of leaf gas exchange, but such differences did not correspond to those in the hydraulic conductivity across the graft union itself.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The degree of alignment of the grafted vine material affected vine development, but a better understanding of the role of vascular connections in different graft types and qualities is needed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific study that developed an experimental procedure for assessing the implication of the alignment at the grafting point on grapevine physiology and water use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"561-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47964840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Gindro, S. Schnee, N. Lecoultre, E. Michellod, V. Zufferey, J.-L. Spring, O. Viret, P.-H. Dubuis
Background and Aims
Plasmopara viticola development in bunches of two grapevine cultivars, the resistant Divico and the susceptible Chasselas, was studied by using microscopy and molecular detection to investigate tissue susceptibility and the extent of colonisation.
Methods and Results
Bunches were inoculated with P. viticola at four phenological stages, and the development of downy mildew was recorded. Visible symptoms were evident after the first three inoculation stages for Chasselas. Inoculation at inflorescence swelling resulted in the desiccation of the inflorescence and at the end of flowering led to desiccation of parts of the bunches with some berries developing normally until ripening. After inoculation of pea-sized berries, brown rot symptoms appeared, whereas no infections were observed after inoculation at veraison. Histological and molecular examination showed that downy mildew invaded almost all bunch tissues but required an active stomata as an infection site. Mycelium and haustoria, however, were never observed in the vascular tissues. For Divico, inoculation at early stages of development resulted in sparse infections with limited colonisation.
Conclusion
Downy mildew systemic development occurs only between adjacent tissues meaning that as the stomata lose function the severity of the infection is reduced.
Significance of the Study
Limited infection justifies the maintenance of a fungicide control program for the resistant cultivar Divico.
{"title":"Development of downy mildew in grape bunches of susceptible and resistant cultivars: infection pathways and limited systemic spread","authors":"K. Gindro, S. Schnee, N. Lecoultre, E. Michellod, V. Zufferey, J.-L. Spring, O. Viret, P.-H. Dubuis","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12560","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Plasmopara viticola</i> development in bunches of two grapevine cultivars, the resistant Divico and the susceptible Chasselas, was studied by using microscopy and molecular detection to investigate tissue susceptibility and the extent of colonisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bunches were inoculated with <i>P. viticola</i> at four phenological stages, and the development of downy mildew was recorded. Visible symptoms were evident after the first three inoculation stages for Chasselas. Inoculation at inflorescence swelling resulted in the desiccation of the inflorescence and at the end of flowering led to desiccation of parts of the bunches with some berries developing normally until ripening. After inoculation of pea-sized berries, brown rot symptoms appeared, whereas no infections were observed after inoculation at veraison. Histological and molecular examination showed that downy mildew invaded almost all bunch tissues but required an active stomata as an infection site. Mycelium and haustoria, however, were never observed in the vascular tissues. For Divico, inoculation at early stages of development resulted in sparse infections with limited colonisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Downy mildew systemic development occurs only between adjacent tissues meaning that as the stomata lose function the severity of the infection is reduced.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Limited infection justifies the maintenance of a fungicide control program for the resistant cultivar Divico.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"572-580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12560","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72363197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Wang, X. Cao, Z.-L. Wang, X. Han, Y.-L Han, D. Wu, M. Hui, F. Yao, H. Wang, H. Li
Background and Aims
Grapevine downy mildew, the most destructive grapevine disease caused by Plasmopara viticola, requires more environmentally friendly control measures. A chemically inert kaolin particle film (KPF) was tested for the control of downy mildew.
Methods and Results
Grapevines were pretreated with KPF before P. viticola infection under field conditions, then an epidemic was monitored for 2 years (2020 and 2021). A 6% KPF pretreatment significantly delayed the epidemic onset by 1–2 weeks and decreased the disease index by 30% compared to the untreated vines. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in leaves was reduced by the KPF treatment, indicating mitigation of the oxidative damage caused by P. viticola infection. The protective effect of the application of KPF may be due to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites. The activity of disease resistance enzymes and the expression of related genes were also increased by KPF treatment.
Conclusions
Kaolin particle film reduced grapevine downy mildew and reinforced the defence response of grapevines cultivated in the field.
Significance of the Study
The positive effect of KPF against downy mildew for grapevines in the field indicated that there is potential to develop KPF for the control of downy mildew.
{"title":"Kaolin particle film limits grapevine downy mildew epidemic under open-field conditions and stimulates the plant defence response","authors":"Y. Wang, X. Cao, Z.-L. Wang, X. Han, Y.-L Han, D. Wu, M. Hui, F. Yao, H. Wang, H. Li","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12558","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grapevine downy mildew, the most destructive grapevine disease caused by <i>Plasmopara viticola</i>, requires more environmentally friendly control measures. A chemically inert kaolin particle film (KPF) was tested for the control of downy mildew.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grapevines were pretreated with KPF before <i>P. viticola</i> infection under field conditions, then an epidemic was monitored for 2 years (2020 and 2021). A 6% KPF pretreatment significantly delayed the epidemic onset by 1–2 weeks and decreased the disease index by 30% compared to the untreated vines. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in leaves was reduced by the KPF treatment, indicating mitigation of the oxidative damage caused by <i>P. viticola</i> infection. The protective effect of the application of KPF may be due to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites. The activity of disease resistance enzymes and the expression of related genes were also increased by KPF treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Kaolin particle film reduced grapevine downy mildew and reinforced the defence response of grapevines cultivated in the field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The positive effect of KPF against downy mildew for grapevines in the field indicated that there is potential to develop KPF for the control of downy mildew.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"545-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72327468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hernández-Montes, J.M. Escalona, M. Tomás, S. Martorell, J. Bota, I. Tortosa, H. Medrano
Background and Aims
Measuring the carbon assimilation and respiration during vine phenology can provide an understanding of the dynamics of carbon fluxes from different organs and their relationship. Most field studies to date do not consider the respiratory losses of different plant organs and their variability under environmental, genetic and phenological changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of genotype and water regime on carbon assimilation, respiration and allocation during vine phenology.
Methods and Results
Field trials were carried out during 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of genotype and water status on carbon assimilation, respiratory losses from leaves, shoots, fruits and roots during the vine phenological cycle, and on biomass production. Carbon respiration varied during plant phenology and represented a significant proportion of the total vine carbon assimilation. The integrated carbon respiratory loss in leaves, fruits and roots was greater in irrigated vines than in non-irrigated vines. Tempranillo recorded the highest carbon assimilation, leaf and stem respiration, as well as the highest above-ground biomass. Garnacha showed a higher root respiration loss and allocated more biomass to the permanent organs. Accumulation of above-ground biomass was influenced by plant carbon budgets during the growing season.
Conclusions
Vine phenology, cultivar and plant water status affected carbon assimilation, carbon loss and carbon allocation. Non-irrigated vines had a higher respiratory carbon loss in respect to the total carbon assimilation by photosynthesis. Above- and below-ground carbon fluxes were coupled during vine phenology.
Significance of the Study
The present work illustrates the importance of respiratory processes on the carbon balance and the relationship among different carbon balance components during vine phenology.
{"title":"Carbon balance in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.): effect of environment, cultivar and phenology on carbon gain, losses and allocation","authors":"E. Hernández-Montes, J.M. Escalona, M. Tomás, S. Martorell, J. Bota, I. Tortosa, H. Medrano","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12557","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12557","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Measuring the carbon assimilation and respiration during vine phenology can provide an understanding of the dynamics of carbon fluxes from different organs and their relationship. Most field studies to date do not consider the respiratory losses of different plant organs and their variability under environmental, genetic and phenological changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of genotype and water regime on carbon assimilation, respiration and allocation during vine phenology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Field trials were carried out during 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of genotype and water status on carbon assimilation, respiratory losses from leaves, shoots, fruits and roots during the vine phenological cycle, and on biomass production. Carbon respiration varied during plant phenology and represented a significant proportion of the total vine carbon assimilation. The integrated carbon respiratory loss in leaves, fruits and roots was greater in irrigated vines than in non-irrigated vines. Tempranillo recorded the highest carbon assimilation, leaf and stem respiration, as well as the highest above-ground biomass. Garnacha showed a higher root respiration loss and allocated more biomass to the permanent organs. Accumulation of above-ground biomass was influenced by plant carbon budgets during the growing season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vine phenology, cultivar and plant water status affected carbon assimilation, carbon loss and carbon allocation. Non-irrigated vines had a higher respiratory carbon loss in respect to the total carbon assimilation by photosynthesis. Above- and below-ground carbon fluxes were coupled during vine phenology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present work illustrates the importance of respiratory processes on the carbon balance and the relationship among different carbon balance components during vine phenology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"534-544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49413115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sams, R.G.V. Bramley, M. Aboutalebi, L. Sanchez, N. K. Dokoozlian, C. M. Ford, V. Pagay
Background and Aims
A large number of fruit samples is required for adequate variogram estimation, making the development of prescriptive maps for vineyard management cost prohibitive for most growers. The project assessed the efficacy of aggregating samples from multiple vineyards, over multiple years, to estimate a ‘common’ variogram that could be generated and applied more efficiently.
Methods and Results
Fifteen hundred berry samples were collected over 3 years (2017–2019) in four vineyards in California for analysis of fruit composition and spatial variability. Maps were produced for anthocyanins, malic acid and β-damascenone in each vineyard using four separate aggregations of samples and showed only subtle changes in patterns of spatial variability in any of the three analytes assessed. A common variogram generated without points from the vineyard to be mapped indicated lower kriging variances over 100 simulations and was able to correctly classify up to 70% of sample values.
Conclusions
The use of a common variogram in describing spatial variability in vineyards adds important statistical support to the generation of robust maps that could be used for targeted vineyard management. Grower collaboration across multiple regional vineyards could therefore improve mapping support for all involved. Though high-density sampling may still be required in some cases, once stable zones of fruit quality have been characterised, the sample size could potentially be reduced in subsequent years.
Significance of the Study
Maps produced from combined datasets collected from multiple vineyards and years could provide growers and wineries more confidence in zonal management by showing the temporal stability of the spatial variability of several aspects of fruit quality.
{"title":"Facilitating mapping and understanding of within-vineyard variation in fruit composition using data pooled from multiple vineyards","authors":"B. Sams, R.G.V. Bramley, M. Aboutalebi, L. Sanchez, N. K. Dokoozlian, C. M. Ford, V. Pagay","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12556","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12556","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A large number of fruit samples is required for adequate variogram estimation, making the development of prescriptive maps for vineyard management cost prohibitive for most growers. The project assessed the efficacy of aggregating samples from multiple vineyards, over multiple years, to estimate a ‘common’ variogram that could be generated and applied more efficiently.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifteen hundred berry samples were collected over 3 years (2017–2019) in four vineyards in California for analysis of fruit composition and spatial variability. Maps were produced for anthocyanins, malic acid and β-damascenone in each vineyard using four separate aggregations of samples and showed only subtle changes in patterns of spatial variability in any of the three analytes assessed. A common variogram generated without points from the vineyard to be mapped indicated lower kriging variances over 100 simulations and was able to correctly classify up to 70% of sample values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of a common variogram in describing spatial variability in vineyards adds important statistical support to the generation of robust maps that could be used for targeted vineyard management. Grower collaboration across multiple regional vineyards could therefore improve mapping support for all involved. Though high-density sampling may still be required in some cases, once stable zones of fruit quality have been characterised, the sample size could potentially be reduced in subsequent years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maps produced from combined datasets collected from multiple vineyards and years could provide growers and wineries more confidence in zonal management by showing the temporal stability of the spatial variability of several aspects of fruit quality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"522-533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48946153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D.L. Capone, I.L. Francis, P.R. Clingeleffer, S.M. Maffei, P.K. Boss
Background and Aims
‘Green’ sensory characters in Shiraz wines were observed in wines produced from different rootstocks. The compounds responsible were investigated as these attributes are generally seen as negative.
Methods and Results
GC/MS-olfactometry and stable isotope dilution analysis methods were used to identify and quantify a range of volatile compounds associated with ‘green’ sensory characters in Shiraz wine made from grapes grafted on Ramsey and Dog Ridge rootstocks. These wines were higher in this character compared to wines from Merbein 6262, a low vigour rootstock. GC-olfactometry identified the compound responsible for this intense ‘green’ aroma to be 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, which was not detected in Shiraz grape berries but was found at significantly higher concentration in rachis tissue from bunches grown on Ramsey rootstock compared to own-roots.
Conclusions
Grape rachis inclusion is the most probable cause of the 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentration in the Shiraz wines, and rootstocks can influence the accumulation of methoxypyrazines in the rachis.
Significance of the Study
Methoxypyrazines in rachis tissues have the potential to impart ‘green’ sensory characters in wines of cultivars not known to produce methoxypyrazines in the berries. Other volatile aroma compounds were found to be affected by rootstocks which may also be useful in targeting rootstocks to give a desired wine style.
{"title":"Evidence that methoxypyrazine accumulation is elevated in Shiraz rachis grown on Ramsey rootstock, increasing ‘green’ flavour in wine","authors":"D.L. Capone, I.L. Francis, P.R. Clingeleffer, S.M. Maffei, P.K. Boss","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12551","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12551","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>‘Green’ sensory characters in Shiraz wines were observed in wines produced from different rootstocks. The compounds responsible were investigated as these attributes are generally seen as negative.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>GC/MS-olfactometry and stable isotope dilution analysis methods were used to identify and quantify a range of volatile compounds associated with ‘green’ sensory characters in Shiraz wine made from grapes grafted on Ramsey and Dog Ridge rootstocks. These wines were higher in this character compared to wines from Merbein 6262, a low vigour rootstock. GC-olfactometry identified the compound responsible for this intense ‘green’ aroma to be 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, which was not detected in Shiraz grape berries but was found at significantly higher concentration in rachis tissue from bunches grown on Ramsey rootstock compared to own-roots.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grape rachis inclusion is the most probable cause of the 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentration in the Shiraz wines, and rootstocks can influence the accumulation of methoxypyrazines in the rachis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methoxypyrazines in rachis tissues have the potential to impart ‘green’ sensory characters in wines of cultivars not known to produce methoxypyrazines in the berries. Other volatile aroma compounds were found to be affected by rootstocks which may also be useful in targeting rootstocks to give a desired wine style.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 2","pages":"304-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42880976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>This special issue of the <i>Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research</i> has been produced to recognise the contribution, over the last 60 years, of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to viticulture research in support of the development and ongoing success of the Australian wine-, dried- and tablegrape industries.</p><p>The involvement of the CSIRO with viticulture research and development can be traced back to the 1927 when the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, forerunner of CSIRO, assumed control of the Merbein Research Station in Victoria which had been established in 1920. Sixty years ago, in 1962, major changes were made to the research directions of the research station, including an expanded focus on viticulture, along with renaming of the facility to the Horticulture Research Station. In 1963, a second laboratory was built on the campus of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in Adelaide, South Australia which became the headquarters of the CSIRO Division of Horticultural Research in 1967, encompassing the research activities of both centres.</p><p>Prior to 1962, the CSIRO's viticultural research portfolio was focused mainly on various aspects of the growth and management of Sultana vines for driedgrape production. With the expansion of the research facilities, however, and wider recognition of the potential for wine industry development, CSIRO's focus shifted to include an increased emphasis on winegrape research, corresponding with the renewed interest, at that time, in winegrape production along the River Murray.</p><p>Many of these discoveries have the potential to underpin the development of improved grapevine germplasm and management techniques to meet the future challenges faced by the Australian viticultural industries.</p><p>This special edition contains 11 articles that have been reviewed through the peer-review process of the <i>Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research</i>. The articles reflect some of the major areas of viticultural research that have been undertaken by CSIRO over the last 10–20 years, including precision viticulture, grapevine breeding and genetics, rootstock physiology, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, the regulation of berry development and the genetic regulation of the biosynthesis of grape-derived flavour and aroma compounds.</p><p>Thanks to the Journal's editorial panel and reviewers for making this issue possible. The contributions of the many CSIRO staff and of our numerous collaborators over the last 60 years, both here in Australia and overseas, some of whom are represented as co-authors on the papers in this issue, are acknowledged. In particular, we would like to thank our colleagues from The Australian Wine Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, the South Australian Research and Development Institute and other State agencies, and Charles Sturt University for their important contributions. We also acknowledge va
本期《澳大利亚葡萄与葡萄酒研究杂志》特刊旨在表彰联邦科学与工业研究组织(CSIRO)在过去60年里对葡萄栽培研究的贡献，这些研究支持了澳大利亚葡萄酒、干葡萄和食用葡萄行业的发展和持续成功。CSIRO对葡萄栽培研究和发展的参与可以追溯到1927年，当时CSIRO的前身科学和工业研究委员会接管了成立于1920年的维多利亚Merbein研究站。60年前，1962年，研究站的研究方向发生了重大变化，包括扩大对葡萄栽培的关注，并将该设施更名为园艺研究站。1963年，第二个实验室在南澳大利亚阿德莱德的韦特农业研究所的校园里建立，1967年成为CSIRO园艺研究部门的总部，包括两个中心的研究活动。在1962年之前，CSIRO的葡萄栽培研究组合主要集中在苏丹葡萄的生长和管理的各个方面，以生产干葡萄。然而，随着研究设施的扩大，以及对葡萄酒行业发展潜力的广泛认识，CSIRO的重点转移到增加对酿酒葡萄研究的重视，这与当时对默里河沿岸酿酒葡萄生产的新兴趣相对应。许多这些发现都有潜力支持葡萄种质改良和管理技术的发展，以应对澳大利亚葡萄产业面临的未来挑战。这个特别版包含11篇文章，这些文章已经通过澳大利亚葡萄和葡萄酒研究杂志的同行评审过程进行了审查。这些文章反映了CSIRO在过去10-20年中所进行的葡萄栽培研究的一些主要领域，包括精确葡萄栽培，葡萄育种和遗传学，砧木生理学，对生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性，浆果发育的调控以及葡萄衍生风味和香气化合物的生物合成的遗传调控。感谢《华尔街日报》的编辑小组和审稿人使本期成为可能。在过去的60年里，CSIRO的许多工作人员和我们在澳大利亚和海外的众多合作者做出了贡献，其中一些人是本期论文的共同作者，我们对他们的贡献表示感谢。我们特别要感谢澳大利亚葡萄酒研究所、阿德莱德大学、南澳大利亚研究与发展研究所等国家机构和查尔斯特大学的同事们的重要贡献。我们也感谢来自葡萄酒、干葡萄和鲜食葡萄的高峰机构的许多行业代表提供的宝贵意见，以及葡萄和葡萄酒生产商提供的支持和鼓励。我们特别感谢我们的主要资助者澳大利亚葡萄酒公司和霍尔特创新公司及其前身的宝贵支持。michael van Lookeren campagne博士，CSIRO农业与食品部主任
{"title":"Foreword to the special issue of the Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research highlighting the research of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in viticulture","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12554","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This special issue of the <i>Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research</i> has been produced to recognise the contribution, over the last 60 years, of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to viticulture research in support of the development and ongoing success of the Australian wine-, dried- and tablegrape industries.</p><p>The involvement of the CSIRO with viticulture research and development can be traced back to the 1927 when the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, forerunner of CSIRO, assumed control of the Merbein Research Station in Victoria which had been established in 1920. Sixty years ago, in 1962, major changes were made to the research directions of the research station, including an expanded focus on viticulture, along with renaming of the facility to the Horticulture Research Station. In 1963, a second laboratory was built on the campus of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in Adelaide, South Australia which became the headquarters of the CSIRO Division of Horticultural Research in 1967, encompassing the research activities of both centres.</p><p>Prior to 1962, the CSIRO's viticultural research portfolio was focused mainly on various aspects of the growth and management of Sultana vines for driedgrape production. With the expansion of the research facilities, however, and wider recognition of the potential for wine industry development, CSIRO's focus shifted to include an increased emphasis on winegrape research, corresponding with the renewed interest, at that time, in winegrape production along the River Murray.</p><p>Many of these discoveries have the potential to underpin the development of improved grapevine germplasm and management techniques to meet the future challenges faced by the Australian viticultural industries.</p><p>This special edition contains 11 articles that have been reviewed through the peer-review process of the <i>Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research</i>. The articles reflect some of the major areas of viticultural research that have been undertaken by CSIRO over the last 10–20 years, including precision viticulture, grapevine breeding and genetics, rootstock physiology, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, the regulation of berry development and the genetic regulation of the biosynthesis of grape-derived flavour and aroma compounds.</p><p>Thanks to the Journal's editorial panel and reviewers for making this issue possible. The contributions of the many CSIRO staff and of our numerous collaborators over the last 60 years, both here in Australia and overseas, some of whom are represented as co-authors on the papers in this issue, are acknowledged. In particular, we would like to thank our colleagues from The Australian Wine Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, the South Australian Research and Development Institute and other State agencies, and Charles Sturt University for their important contributions. We also acknowledge va","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 2","pages":"176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42183501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E.J. Edwards, A. Betts, P.R. Clingeleffer, R.R. Walker
Background and Aims
Rootstock type can lead to differences in scion canopy growth and fruit yield by conferring specific traits to the scion. Conferred traits may interact to alter the relationship between vine water use and fruit yield, providing a mechanism whereby rootstocks could be used to improve the water use efficiency of fruit production. This study aimed to determine whether rootstock conferred vigour and crop water use index (yield per unit water transpired) were linked.
Methods and Results
Seven rootstock genotypes, grafted with Shiraz, in a trial established over 20 years previously, were assessed over four seasons for vigour, yield and leaf physiology, and over three seasons for whole vine transpiration using sapflow sensors. There were consistent differences in rootstock conferred traits, with yield being affected to a lesser extent than vigour or vine water use.
Conclusions
The water use efficiency of fruit production was improved for Shiraz on low vigour conferring rootstocks, due to a combination of rootstock conferred effects on scion vigour, leaf gas exchange, whole vine transpiration and yield.
Significance of the Study
The study has demonstrated that rootstock conferred traits can alter the crop water use index of the scion in a mature vineyard. Consequently, accurately matching irrigation application with vigour and leaf physiology traits of the chosen rootstock has the potential to be used as a tool to optimise vineyard water use efficiency, even in fully irrigated vineyards.
{"title":"Rootstock-conferred traits affect the water use efficiency of fruit production in Shiraz","authors":"E.J. Edwards, A. Betts, P.R. Clingeleffer, R.R. Walker","doi":"10.1111/ajgw.12553","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajgw.12553","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rootstock type can lead to differences in scion canopy growth and fruit yield by conferring specific traits to the scion. Conferred traits may interact to alter the relationship between vine water use and fruit yield, providing a mechanism whereby rootstocks could be used to improve the water use efficiency of fruit production. This study aimed to determine whether rootstock conferred vigour and crop water use index (yield per unit water transpired) were linked.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven rootstock genotypes, grafted with Shiraz, in a trial established over 20 years previously, were assessed over four seasons for vigour, yield and leaf physiology, and over three seasons for whole vine transpiration using sapflow sensors. There were consistent differences in rootstock conferred traits, with yield being affected to a lesser extent than vigour or vine water use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The water use efficiency of fruit production was improved for Shiraz on low vigour conferring rootstocks, due to a combination of rootstock conferred effects on scion vigour, leaf gas exchange, whole vine transpiration and yield.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance of the Study</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study has demonstrated that rootstock conferred traits can alter the crop water use index of the scion in a mature vineyard. Consequently, accurately matching irrigation application with vigour and leaf physiology traits of the chosen rootstock has the potential to be used as a tool to optimise vineyard water use efficiency, even in fully irrigated vineyards.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"28 2","pages":"316-327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajgw.12553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44622204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review highlights the contributions of CSIRO to the development of new scions and rootstocks for the Australian winegrape, driedgrape and tablegrape industries. Initially, CSIRO played a pivotal role in the selection of high-yielding Sultana clones which contributed over half the total Australian grape crop in the 1970s used for wine- and driedgrape production. It was also responsible for importation and evaluation of the Salt Creek (syn. Ramsey) rootstock which provided tolerance to root-knot nematodes and salinity and became the most widely adopted rootstock for the emerging Australian wine industry in the 1980–1990s. The CSIRO has also successfully bred or released several new grape cultivars. While the adoption rate for the CSIRO wine cultivars has been limited, CSIRO-selected cultivars dominate the Australian driedgrape industry, while CSIRO-released cultivars continue to play an important role in the Australian tablegrape industry. In the 1990s, CSIRO commenced the application of molecular biology techniques for grapevine germplasm improvement. Researchers from CSIRO were some of the first in the world to successfully regenerate transgenic grapevines and demonstrate the potential of this technology to produce low-browning driedgrapes and mildew-resistant premium winegrapes. More recently, the focus has shifted to the mapping of resistance loci from wild grape species and their introgression into new winegrape scions to provide resistance to mildews and new rootstocks to provide durable resistance to rootknot nematodes and phylloxera. Finally, this review considers some future challenges faced by the Australian grape industries and how these might be addressed using conventional or molecular breeding strategies.
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