T. Frioni, Elia Romanini, S. Pagani, F. Del Zozzo, M. Lambri, A. Vercesi, M. Gatti, S. Poni, M. Gabrielli
One of the major challenges that global warming poses to viticulture is the maintenance of adequate acidity at maturity in white grapes for sparkling winemaking. This issue arises from three main occurrences: (i) with higher temperatures, degradation of malic acid is significantly enhanced; (ii) with a general advancement in grapevine phenology, grape maturity may occur under suboptimal climatic conditions; and (iii) harvesting grapes at “traditional” dates results in overripe fruits for sparkling destinations. In this biennial work, we compared the fruit and must composition of a local, widely grown white grape variety in the Colli Piacentini area (cv. Ortrugo, ORT) with those of a minor autochthonous variety, namely, Barbesino (BRB). Furthermore, we compared the composition, aromatic, and sensory profiles of wines obtained from ORT and BRB grapes picked on the same date and, in addition, of a second Barbesino wine from late harvest (BRB-LH). ORT and BRB had a similar sugar accumulation dynamic, whereas BRB exhibited a delayed loss of titratable acidity. In more details, BRB had lower malic acid degradation rates when malate concentration was <9 g/L. As a result, with comparable yield and total soluble solid content (TSS) (∼20°Brix), BRB had a higher berry titratable acidity and malic acid concentration at harvest than ORT. BRB wines showed the highest titratable acidity (TA), while ORT had the lowest TA and a higher pH, and as expected, BRB-LH had the highest pH and a lower TA than BRB although still higher than those of ORT wine. The aroma profiles of wines were mainly characterized by fermentative aromas, including esters, fatty acids, higher alcohols, and C6 compounds, and BRB-LH wines showed the highest concentration of higher alcohols, while the fermentative esters were higher in ORT wines. Panelists considered BRB significantly fresher and with bigger aroma intensity than ORT, confirming that the higher acidity detected in BRB musts is well preserved in final wines. Our work demonstrates that local minor varieties can be reconsidered in light of the new climate change-related issues impairing viticulture sustainability today. In particular, currently neglected cultivars could help preserve must acidity as compared to traditional varieties having early ripening, maintaining the links with terroir and local traditions at the same time.
{"title":"Reintroducing Autochthonous Minor Grapevine Varieties to Improve Wine Quality and Viticulture Sustainability in a Climate Change Scenario","authors":"T. Frioni, Elia Romanini, S. Pagani, F. Del Zozzo, M. Lambri, A. Vercesi, M. Gatti, S. Poni, M. Gabrielli","doi":"10.1155/2023/1482548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1482548","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major challenges that global warming poses to viticulture is the maintenance of adequate acidity at maturity in white grapes for sparkling winemaking. This issue arises from three main occurrences: (i) with higher temperatures, degradation of malic acid is significantly enhanced; (ii) with a general advancement in grapevine phenology, grape maturity may occur under suboptimal climatic conditions; and (iii) harvesting grapes at “traditional” dates results in overripe fruits for sparkling destinations. In this biennial work, we compared the fruit and must composition of a local, widely grown white grape variety in the Colli Piacentini area (cv. Ortrugo, ORT) with those of a minor autochthonous variety, namely, Barbesino (BRB). Furthermore, we compared the composition, aromatic, and sensory profiles of wines obtained from ORT and BRB grapes picked on the same date and, in addition, of a second Barbesino wine from late harvest (BRB-LH). ORT and BRB had a similar sugar accumulation dynamic, whereas BRB exhibited a delayed loss of titratable acidity. In more details, BRB had lower malic acid degradation rates when malate concentration was <9 g/L. As a result, with comparable yield and total soluble solid content (TSS) (∼20°Brix), BRB had a higher berry titratable acidity and malic acid concentration at harvest than ORT. BRB wines showed the highest titratable acidity (TA), while ORT had the lowest TA and a higher pH, and as expected, BRB-LH had the highest pH and a lower TA than BRB although still higher than those of ORT wine. The aroma profiles of wines were mainly characterized by fermentative aromas, including esters, fatty acids, higher alcohols, and C6 compounds, and BRB-LH wines showed the highest concentration of higher alcohols, while the fermentative esters were higher in ORT wines. Panelists considered BRB significantly fresher and with bigger aroma intensity than ORT, confirming that the higher acidity detected in BRB musts is well preserved in final wines. Our work demonstrates that local minor varieties can be reconsidered in light of the new climate change-related issues impairing viticulture sustainability today. In particular, currently neglected cultivars could help preserve must acidity as compared to traditional varieties having early ripening, maintaining the links with terroir and local traditions at the same time.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43311858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aims. Drought harms the growth and productivity of grapevines; it thus poses a major threat to the development of viticulture in the background of ongoing climate change. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be used to enhance the resistance/tolerance of plants to environmental stress. The effects of AMF on the osmotic regulation, antioxidant substances, and expression of drought-responsive genes in the grapevine Vitis vinifera L. cv. Ecolly were studied. Methods and Results. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized block design with four treatments: AMF colonization, well-watered; non-AMF colonization, well-watered; AMF colonization with drought stress; and non-AMF colonization with drought stress. The concentration of sucrose and proline in the leaves was higher in mycorrhizal grapevine than in nonmycorrhizal grapevine under drought stress. The concentration of malonaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and glutathione and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity in leaves were higher in mycorrhizal grapevine than in nonmycorrhizal grapevine under drought conditions. AMF inoculation affected the expression of drought-responsive genes. Mycorrhization upregulated the expression of VvNCED, VvP5CS, VvSIP, VvPIP1;2, and VvTIP2;1 genes under drought stress. Conclusions. AMF could reduce the harm caused by drought stress by regulating osmosis, antioxidant activities, and the expression of key drought-responsive genes and aquaporin genes. Significance of the Study. This work provides insights into the physiological and biochemical activities influenced by AMF on grapevine under drought stress.
背景和目的。干旱损害葡萄藤的生长和产量;因此，在持续的气候变化背景下，它对葡萄栽培的发展构成了重大威胁。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可用于提高植物对环境胁迫的抗性/耐受性。AMF对葡萄(Vitis vinifera L. cv.)渗透调控、抗氧化物质和干旱响应基因表达的影响。我们研究了它们。方法与结果。试验在温室内进行，采用完全随机区组设计，设4个处理:AMF定植、充分浇水;非amf殖民化，水充足;干旱胁迫下AMF定殖;干旱胁迫下的非amf定殖。干旱胁迫下，菌根葡萄叶片中蔗糖和脯氨酸的浓度高于非菌根葡萄。干旱条件下，菌根葡萄叶片丙二醛、过氧化氢、超氧阴离子和谷胱甘肽浓度以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于非菌根葡萄。接种AMF影响干旱响应基因的表达。干旱胁迫下，菌根化上调了VvNCED、VvP5CS、VvSIP、VvPIP1;2和VvTIP2;1基因的表达。结论。AMF可以通过调节渗透、抗氧化活性以及关键干旱响应基因和水通道蛋白基因的表达来减轻干旱胁迫的危害。研究的意义。本研究揭示了干旱胁迫下AMF对葡萄生理生化活性的影响。
{"title":"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Drought Stress Tolerance by Regulating Osmotic Balance, the Antioxidant System, and the Expression of Drought-Responsive Genes in Vitis vinifera L.","authors":"Q. Ye, Hua Wang, Hua Li","doi":"10.1155/2023/7208341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7208341","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims. Drought harms the growth and productivity of grapevines; it thus poses a major threat to the development of viticulture in the background of ongoing climate change. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be used to enhance the resistance/tolerance of plants to environmental stress. The effects of AMF on the osmotic regulation, antioxidant substances, and expression of drought-responsive genes in the grapevine Vitis vinifera L. cv. Ecolly were studied. Methods and Results. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized block design with four treatments: AMF colonization, well-watered; non-AMF colonization, well-watered; AMF colonization with drought stress; and non-AMF colonization with drought stress. The concentration of sucrose and proline in the leaves was higher in mycorrhizal grapevine than in nonmycorrhizal grapevine under drought stress. The concentration of malonaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and glutathione and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity in leaves were higher in mycorrhizal grapevine than in nonmycorrhizal grapevine under drought conditions. AMF inoculation affected the expression of drought-responsive genes. Mycorrhization upregulated the expression of VvNCED, VvP5CS, VvSIP, VvPIP1;2, and VvTIP2;1 genes under drought stress. Conclusions. AMF could reduce the harm caused by drought stress by regulating osmosis, antioxidant activities, and the expression of key drought-responsive genes and aquaporin genes. Significance of the Study. This work provides insights into the physiological and biochemical activities influenced by AMF on grapevine under drought stress.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45451366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Espinase Nandorfy, T. Siebert, E. Bilogrevic, D. Likos, F. Watson, S. Barter, Lisa Pisaniello, Allie C. Kulcsar, R. Shellie, R. Keast, L. Francis, M. Bekker
Background and Aims. A wide range of Chardonnay styles exist on the market, from fruit-forward examples to wines displaying “empyreumatic” aromas such as flint, smoky, mineral, and struck-match. The thiols 2-furylmethanethiol and phenylmethanethiol have been linked to these aromas, and this study aimed to determine the contribution of these compounds to specific sensory properties in Chardonnay wines, as well as the consumer acceptance of wine displaying “empyreumatic” aromas. Methods and Results. Twenty-four Australian and New Zealand Chardonnay wines were selected for volatile analysis and quantitative sensory descriptive analysis. Consumer liking of a subset of six wines was also determined, and a further sensory study involving additions of the thiols to a base wine was conducted. Partial least squares regression showed that flint/struck-match/mineral aromas were related to 2-furylmethanethiol concentration with phenylmethanethiol less well associated. The odorant addition study confirmed that 2-furylmethanethiol directed flint/struck-match/mineral aromas and exerted strong suppression of other aromas while phenylmethanethiol played a lesser role. Consumer acceptance (n = 92) was overall lower for wines displaying high flint/struck-match/mineral aromas, although cluster analysis of the liking scores identified a sizeable consumer group (33%) who preferred wines with this attribute. Conclusions. The potent thiol 2-furylmethanethiol was indicated to be the primary contributor to flint/struck-match/mineral aromas in Chardonnay wines, with phenylmethanethiol playing a subordinate role. Significance of the Study. Increased concentration of 2-furylmethanethiol and the conferred “empyreumatic” odours should be carefully considered when producing wine styles to appeal to consumers.
{"title":"The Role of Potent Thiols in “Empyreumatic” Flint/Struck-Match/Mineral Odours in Chardonnay Wine","authors":"D. Espinase Nandorfy, T. Siebert, E. Bilogrevic, D. Likos, F. Watson, S. Barter, Lisa Pisaniello, Allie C. Kulcsar, R. Shellie, R. Keast, L. Francis, M. Bekker","doi":"10.1155/2023/8847476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8847476","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims. A wide range of Chardonnay styles exist on the market, from fruit-forward examples to wines displaying “empyreumatic” aromas such as flint, smoky, mineral, and struck-match. The thiols 2-furylmethanethiol and phenylmethanethiol have been linked to these aromas, and this study aimed to determine the contribution of these compounds to specific sensory properties in Chardonnay wines, as well as the consumer acceptance of wine displaying “empyreumatic” aromas. Methods and Results. Twenty-four Australian and New Zealand Chardonnay wines were selected for volatile analysis and quantitative sensory descriptive analysis. Consumer liking of a subset of six wines was also determined, and a further sensory study involving additions of the thiols to a base wine was conducted. Partial least squares regression showed that flint/struck-match/mineral aromas were related to 2-furylmethanethiol concentration with phenylmethanethiol less well associated. The odorant addition study confirmed that 2-furylmethanethiol directed flint/struck-match/mineral aromas and exerted strong suppression of other aromas while phenylmethanethiol played a lesser role. Consumer acceptance (n = 92) was overall lower for wines displaying high flint/struck-match/mineral aromas, although cluster analysis of the liking scores identified a sizeable consumer group (33%) who preferred wines with this attribute. Conclusions. The potent thiol 2-furylmethanethiol was indicated to be the primary contributor to flint/struck-match/mineral aromas in Chardonnay wines, with phenylmethanethiol playing a subordinate role. Significance of the Study. Increased concentration of 2-furylmethanethiol and the conferred “empyreumatic” odours should be carefully considered when producing wine styles to appeal to consumers.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Vercesi, A. Garavani, M. G. Parisi, M. Gatti, S. Poni
In a global warming context, the advancement and compression of maturity in early ripening grape varieties suited to sparkling wine making can easily expedite harvest within the first two weeks of August (in northern Italy). Such earliness, albeit safeguarding acid retention, involves potential suboptimal grape composition and triggers logistical issues related to grape harvest and delivery. Hence, this three-year study beginning in 2020 was conducted on cane-pruned Chardonnay vines, grown in the Franciacorta district of Lombardy, to assess if a single-step delayed winter pruning was able to postpone vine phenology and ripening, without harming yield potential. Control (C) vines pruned midwinter were compared with those subjected to late winter pruning (LWP), performed when the apical shoots growing on the unpruned canes had reached the 2-3 unfolded leaf stage (T1) as well as 7-8 days later (T2). In 2022, a fourth treatment was added, consisting of a two-step procedure with finishing performed at T1 (LWP-two canes). Vegetative growth, yield components, ripening dynamics, and maturity at harvest were followed in each year of this study. Budburst delay induced by LWP treatments across seasons varied between 4 and 9 days, whereas harvest was postponed by 5–14 days. The extent of delay was especially pronounced in 2020, when the removed leaf area (LA) was also found to be the highest. The higher the removed LA, the higher the yield constrain was in the concomitant year. In 2020 and 2021, despite the harvest delay, LWP vines were able to assure full matching with desirable features in must composition, set at total soluble solids (TSS) of about 18°Brix and a titratable acidity (TA) of at least 8 g/L. In the very hot and dry phase of 2022, none of the treatments facilitated the required ripening status, while data showed that an even earlier ripening would not have allowed the harvest to reach the minimum TSS level. Notably, even in 2021 and 2022, when the removed LA was quite low, a delaying effect was prompted in the seasonal trends of all main ripening parameters. This suggested that besides the amount of LA removal, other unknown factors drive the postponement of ripening. In 2022, the behavior of added-treatment LWP-two canes was found to be quite similar to that of the C vines. Depending upon the desired yield level and local climate feature, the protocol entailing a single-step late winter pruning, performed at any time between the T1-T2 time window used in this study, is deemed as effective in achieving a significant harvest delay while maintaining or even improving the compositional patterns recorded for midwinter pruned vines.
{"title":"Vine Performance and Phenology Postponement in Cane-Pruned Chardonnay Vines Grown in a Temperate Climate: The Effects of a Delayed Winter Pruning","authors":"A. Vercesi, A. Garavani, M. G. Parisi, M. Gatti, S. Poni","doi":"10.1155/2023/1329802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1329802","url":null,"abstract":"In a global warming context, the advancement and compression of maturity in early ripening grape varieties suited to sparkling wine making can easily expedite harvest within the first two weeks of August (in northern Italy). Such earliness, albeit safeguarding acid retention, involves potential suboptimal grape composition and triggers logistical issues related to grape harvest and delivery. Hence, this three-year study beginning in 2020 was conducted on cane-pruned Chardonnay vines, grown in the Franciacorta district of Lombardy, to assess if a single-step delayed winter pruning was able to postpone vine phenology and ripening, without harming yield potential. Control (C) vines pruned midwinter were compared with those subjected to late winter pruning (LWP), performed when the apical shoots growing on the unpruned canes had reached the 2-3 unfolded leaf stage (T1) as well as 7-8 days later (T2). In 2022, a fourth treatment was added, consisting of a two-step procedure with finishing performed at T1 (LWP-two canes). Vegetative growth, yield components, ripening dynamics, and maturity at harvest were followed in each year of this study. Budburst delay induced by LWP treatments across seasons varied between 4 and 9 days, whereas harvest was postponed by 5–14 days. The extent of delay was especially pronounced in 2020, when the removed leaf area (LA) was also found to be the highest. The higher the removed LA, the higher the yield constrain was in the concomitant year. In 2020 and 2021, despite the harvest delay, LWP vines were able to assure full matching with desirable features in must composition, set at total soluble solids (TSS) of about 18°Brix and a titratable acidity (TA) of at least 8 g/L. In the very hot and dry phase of 2022, none of the treatments facilitated the required ripening status, while data showed that an even earlier ripening would not have allowed the harvest to reach the minimum TSS level. Notably, even in 2021 and 2022, when the removed LA was quite low, a delaying effect was prompted in the seasonal trends of all main ripening parameters. This suggested that besides the amount of LA removal, other unknown factors drive the postponement of ripening. In 2022, the behavior of added-treatment LWP-two canes was found to be quite similar to that of the C vines. Depending upon the desired yield level and local climate feature, the protocol entailing a single-step late winter pruning, performed at any time between the T1-T2 time window used in this study, is deemed as effective in achieving a significant harvest delay while maintaining or even improving the compositional patterns recorded for midwinter pruned vines.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to examine the various Swiss wine consumer segments, evaluate whether and how these segments had changed during the past decade, and formulate recommendations for targeted marketing. Data were collected through an online survey involving randomly selected Swiss households who were invited using flyers; the final sample size was N = 512. With the use of a shortened version of the questionnaire devised for a similar study published in 2011, we were able to compare the results of the said study with the present results. The results of the principal component analyses revealed eight factors. The factor scores were then used in hierarchical cluster analyses, which in turn revealed seven distinct segments of wine consumers. Four of these had already been identified 10 years ago: involved (21.9%), price-conscious (20.3%), lowbrow (16.0%), and image-oriented (5.3%) consumers. Three new segments emerged: local (15.2%), traditional (11.9%), and relaxation-seeking (9.4%) consumers. Our results show that each wine seller has its own place in the market and can benefit from the present study, which determines the appropriate marketing mix for a specific segment.
{"title":"Emergence of New Segments of Swiss Wine Consumers: A Comparison with a Segmentation Study from 2011","authors":"T. Brunner, Thomas M Schnetzer, Mathilde Delley","doi":"10.1155/2023/6103015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6103015","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the various Swiss wine consumer segments, evaluate whether and how these segments had changed during the past decade, and formulate recommendations for targeted marketing. Data were collected through an online survey involving randomly selected Swiss households who were invited using flyers; the final sample size was N = 512. With the use of a shortened version of the questionnaire devised for a similar study published in 2011, we were able to compare the results of the said study with the present results. The results of the principal component analyses revealed eight factors. The factor scores were then used in hierarchical cluster analyses, which in turn revealed seven distinct segments of wine consumers. Four of these had already been identified 10 years ago: involved (21.9%), price-conscious (20.3%), lowbrow (16.0%), and image-oriented (5.3%) consumers. Three new segments emerged: local (15.2%), traditional (11.9%), and relaxation-seeking (9.4%) consumers. Our results show that each wine seller has its own place in the market and can benefit from the present study, which determines the appropriate marketing mix for a specific segment.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42648248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malcolm B. Hobbs, Selena M. Vengco, Stephanie L. Bolton, L. Bettiga, M. Moyer, M. Cooper
Leafroll and red blotch are two of the most consequential viral diseases threatening the sustainability of the wine grape industry. To promote uptake of management practices, there is a critical need to understand the motivating factors for decision makers and optimize the dissemination and acquisition of knowledge. From 2019 to 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 42 wine grape industry professionals (“decision makers”) in the Western United States, from California (n = 32) and Washington (n = 10). The interview questions explored the perceptions and experiences of these decision makers as they learned about disease ecology, interacted with their immediate and extended community, and adopted management practices. Utilizing qualitative thematic analysis, we identified nine economic, knowledge, and social-behavioural factors along with 24 sub-factors. These factors illustrated the interplay between knowledge, communication, economics, labour, government subsidies, regulatory practices, and collaborative efforts that influence adoption. The quality of knowledge dissemination emerged as a critical aspect. Using the interview data along with a quantitative survey (n = 145), we also explored how growers use 14 educational resources to learn about grapevine viruses. Using these findings, extension educators can optimize their activities to disseminate knowledge on grapevine viral disease management. In total, this study provides context for the agricultural industry, research scientists, extension educators, and other supporting partners of the financial, interpersonal, and technical issues that must be overcome to successfully manage grapevine viral diseases.
{"title":"Meeting the Challenge of Viral Disease Management in the US Wine Grape Industries of California and Washington: Demystifying Decision Making, Fostering Agricultural Networks, and Optimizing Educational Resources","authors":"Malcolm B. Hobbs, Selena M. Vengco, Stephanie L. Bolton, L. Bettiga, M. Moyer, M. Cooper","doi":"10.1155/2023/7534116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7534116","url":null,"abstract":"Leafroll and red blotch are two of the most consequential viral diseases threatening the sustainability of the wine grape industry. To promote uptake of management practices, there is a critical need to understand the motivating factors for decision makers and optimize the dissemination and acquisition of knowledge. From 2019 to 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 42 wine grape industry professionals (“decision makers”) in the Western United States, from California (n = 32) and Washington (n = 10). The interview questions explored the perceptions and experiences of these decision makers as they learned about disease ecology, interacted with their immediate and extended community, and adopted management practices. Utilizing qualitative thematic analysis, we identified nine economic, knowledge, and social-behavioural factors along with 24 sub-factors. These factors illustrated the interplay between knowledge, communication, economics, labour, government subsidies, regulatory practices, and collaborative efforts that influence adoption. The quality of knowledge dissemination emerged as a critical aspect. Using the interview data along with a quantitative survey (n = 145), we also explored how growers use 14 educational resources to learn about grapevine viruses. Using these findings, extension educators can optimize their activities to disseminate knowledge on grapevine viral disease management. In total, this study provides context for the agricultural industry, research scientists, extension educators, and other supporting partners of the financial, interpersonal, and technical issues that must be overcome to successfully manage grapevine viral diseases.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46951983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqiang Luo, Jamie Selby-Pham, Kimber Wise, Yinhao Wu, Jiacan Sun, Yameng Qu, Tian Cao, Pangzhen Zhang, Philip J. Marriott, Kate Howell
Wine producers perform early wine quality prediction based on berry morphology, the taste of the berry and the measurement of basic chemical parameters. Incorporating analysis on grape and wine volatiles could potentially achieve a more accurate prediction of wine quality, but forming these models requires careful selection of grapes, controlled fermentations, and standardised quality assessment. Here, we present 3 models for the prediction of quality in Shiraz wine. Modelling was performed by general regression analysis with 4-fold cross-validation: Model 1 (R2 = 99.97% and 4-foldR2 = 97.61%) for prediction of wine quality from wine volatiles, Model 2 (R2 = 99.89% and 4-foldR2 = 98.42%) for early prediction of wine quality from free-bound and glycosidically bound grape volatiles, and Model 3 (R2 = 91.62% and 4-foldR2 = 80.21%) for the prediction of wine quality from free grape volatiles only. The accuracy of these models presents an advancement in the early prediction of wine quality and provides a valuable tool to assist grape growers and winemakers to support the understanding of quality in the vineyard to better direct scarce resources.
{"title":"Early Prediction of Shiraz Wine Quality Based on Small Volatile Compounds in Grapes","authors":"Jiaqiang Luo, Jamie Selby-Pham, Kimber Wise, Yinhao Wu, Jiacan Sun, Yameng Qu, Tian Cao, Pangzhen Zhang, Philip J. Marriott, Kate Howell","doi":"10.1155/2023/2990963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2990963","url":null,"abstract":"Wine producers perform early wine quality prediction based on berry morphology, the taste of the berry and the measurement of basic chemical parameters. Incorporating analysis on grape and wine volatiles could potentially achieve a more accurate prediction of wine quality, but forming these models requires careful selection of grapes, controlled fermentations, and standardised quality assessment. Here, we present 3 models for the prediction of quality in Shiraz wine. Modelling was performed by general regression analysis with 4-fold cross-validation: Model 1 (R2 = 99.97% and 4-foldR2 = 97.61%) for prediction of wine quality from wine volatiles, Model 2 (R2 = 99.89% and 4-foldR2 = 98.42%) for early prediction of wine quality from free-bound and glycosidically bound grape volatiles, and Model 3 (R2 = 91.62% and 4-foldR2 = 80.21%) for the prediction of wine quality from free grape volatiles only. The accuracy of these models presents an advancement in the early prediction of wine quality and provides a valuable tool to assist grape growers and winemakers to support the understanding of quality in the vineyard to better direct scarce resources.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135183955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristobal A. Onetto, Christopher M. Ward, A. Borneman
Background and Aims. Shiraz (Syrah) is a dark-skinned cultivar of the wine grape Vitis vinifera that forms the basis of some of the world’s most iconic wines. Worldwide, Shiraz is the fourth most planted grapevine cultivar; however, it represents the most planted cultivar in Australia. Given the importance of Shiraz to worldwide wine production, this study aimed to produce a reference genome for this cultivar while investigating the unique genetic variants and ancestral origins of this iconic variety. Methods and Results. Long-read ONT data were selected to produce a highly contiguous genome assembly for Shiraz. Phylogenetic reconstruction using high-quality genome assemblies for wine grape cultivars provided further support of a kinship between Shiraz and Pinot Noir. Harnessing long-read data, transposable element insertions potentially affecting gene function were characterized in Shiraz and assessed relative to other cultivars. This revealed a heterogenous landscape of transposon insertion points across cultivars and uncovered a specific combination of allelic variants at the VviTPS24 terpene synthase locus. Conclusions. This establishment of a Shiraz genome provides a detailed view of the genetics that underpin this cultivar, including the discovery of a specific combination of VviTPS24 variants, which when combined with appropriate environmental triggers may allow Shiraz to produce high levels of rotundone, the aroma compound responsible for the distinctive peppery characteristics of this cultivar. Significance of the Study. The availability of a reference genome for Shiraz expands the pool of genomes available for wine grapes while providing a foundation resource for whole-genome studies involving this iconic cultivar, including intracultivar variant identification and transcriptomic studies using a matching reference genome.
{"title":"The Genome Assembly of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz","authors":"Cristobal A. Onetto, Christopher M. Ward, A. Borneman","doi":"10.1155/2023/6686706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6686706","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims. Shiraz (Syrah) is a dark-skinned cultivar of the wine grape Vitis vinifera that forms the basis of some of the world’s most iconic wines. Worldwide, Shiraz is the fourth most planted grapevine cultivar; however, it represents the most planted cultivar in Australia. Given the importance of Shiraz to worldwide wine production, this study aimed to produce a reference genome for this cultivar while investigating the unique genetic variants and ancestral origins of this iconic variety. Methods and Results. Long-read ONT data were selected to produce a highly contiguous genome assembly for Shiraz. Phylogenetic reconstruction using high-quality genome assemblies for wine grape cultivars provided further support of a kinship between Shiraz and Pinot Noir. Harnessing long-read data, transposable element insertions potentially affecting gene function were characterized in Shiraz and assessed relative to other cultivars. This revealed a heterogenous landscape of transposon insertion points across cultivars and uncovered a specific combination of allelic variants at the VviTPS24 terpene synthase locus. Conclusions. This establishment of a Shiraz genome provides a detailed view of the genetics that underpin this cultivar, including the discovery of a specific combination of VviTPS24 variants, which when combined with appropriate environmental triggers may allow Shiraz to produce high levels of rotundone, the aroma compound responsible for the distinctive peppery characteristics of this cultivar. Significance of the Study. The availability of a reference genome for Shiraz expands the pool of genomes available for wine grapes while providing a foundation resource for whole-genome studies involving this iconic cultivar, including intracultivar variant identification and transcriptomic studies using a matching reference genome.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41837452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Clarke, K. Powell, S. Norng, B. M. Carmody, M. Walpole, J. Cunningham
Background and Aims. Grape phylloxera in Australia comprises diverse genetic strains that feed on roots and leaves of Vitis spp. The G38 phylloxera strain was detected on roots of Vitis spp., for the first time in North East Victoria in 2015. Prior to 2015, G38 phylloxera was only known to feed on leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and development of G38 phylloxera on roots of diverse Vitis spp. under field, controlled laboratory, and greenhouse conditions. Methods and Results. In the field, emergence traps quantified first instars and alates emerging from roots of diverse rootstocks and Vitis vinifera L. High numbers of phylloxera were collected in traps placed at vines of rootstocks 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann. Nodosity were also observed on roots of 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann in the field and in-pot vines experiments. The better performance of G38 phylloxera on these three rootstocks compared to V. vinifera in the field and in potted vines parallelled the excised roots experiments. Conclusions. The relatively high performance of G38 phylloxera on the 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann rootstocks suggest a susceptible response and could be associated with rootstock parentage. Further investigation is warranted to determine implications for rootstocks development. Significance of the Study. These findings are fundamental for decision-making in phylloxera risk assessment and rootstock selection. The study reaffirms the need for triphasic (in vitro, in planta, and in-field) rootstock screening protocols for phylloxera.
{"title":"Performance of a Leaf-Galling Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) on Roots of Diverse Vitis spp. Rootstocks in North East Victoria, Australia","authors":"C. Clarke, K. Powell, S. Norng, B. M. Carmody, M. Walpole, J. Cunningham","doi":"10.1155/2023/1328258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1328258","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims. Grape phylloxera in Australia comprises diverse genetic strains that feed on roots and leaves of Vitis spp. The G38 phylloxera strain was detected on roots of Vitis spp., for the first time in North East Victoria in 2015. Prior to 2015, G38 phylloxera was only known to feed on leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and development of G38 phylloxera on roots of diverse Vitis spp. under field, controlled laboratory, and greenhouse conditions. Methods and Results. In the field, emergence traps quantified first instars and alates emerging from roots of diverse rootstocks and Vitis vinifera L. High numbers of phylloxera were collected in traps placed at vines of rootstocks 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann. Nodosity were also observed on roots of 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann in the field and in-pot vines experiments. The better performance of G38 phylloxera on these three rootstocks compared to V. vinifera in the field and in potted vines parallelled the excised roots experiments. Conclusions. The relatively high performance of G38 phylloxera on the 101-14, 3309 Courderc and Schwarzmann rootstocks suggest a susceptible response and could be associated with rootstock parentage. Further investigation is warranted to determine implications for rootstocks development. Significance of the Study. These findings are fundamental for decision-making in phylloxera risk assessment and rootstock selection. The study reaffirms the need for triphasic (in vitro, in planta, and in-field) rootstock screening protocols for phylloxera.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44408916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aims. Shiraz disease (SD) is a viral disease associated with Grapevine virus A that causes significant yield loss in economically important grape cultivars in Australia such as Shiraz and Merlot. Current diagnostic methods are time-consuming and costly. This study evaluates an alternative methodology using visible remote sensing imagery to detect SD in Shiraz grapevines. Methods and Results. High-resolution visible remote sensing images were captured of Shiraz grapevines in two South Australian viticultural regions over two seasons. The projected leaf area (PLA) of individual grapevines was estimated from the images. Virus-infected vines had significantly lower PLA than healthy vines in the early season but fewer difference after veraison. The lower PLA was only observed in grapevines coinfected with grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) and Grapevine virus A (GVA). Shiraz vines infected with either GLRaVs or GVA had similar PLA to healthy vines. Conclusions. High-resolution RGB remote sensing technology has the potential to rapidly estimate SD infection in Shiraz grapevines. Our observations of shoot devigouration only in coinfected vines calls into question the etiology of SD. Further validation of the PLA technique incorporating different regions, seasons, cultivars, and combinations of viruses is needed for improving the robustness of the method. Significance of the Study. This preliminary study presents a new rapid and low-cost surveillance method to estimate SD infections in Shiraz vineyards, which could significantly lower the cost for growers who conduct on-ground SD visual assessments or lab-based tissue testing at the vineyard scale.
{"title":"Evaluating the Potential of High-Resolution Visible Remote Sensing to Detect Shiraz Disease in Grapevines","authors":"Yeniu Mickey Wang, B. Ostendorf, V. Pagay","doi":"10.1155/2023/7376153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7376153","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims. Shiraz disease (SD) is a viral disease associated with Grapevine virus A that causes significant yield loss in economically important grape cultivars in Australia such as Shiraz and Merlot. Current diagnostic methods are time-consuming and costly. This study evaluates an alternative methodology using visible remote sensing imagery to detect SD in Shiraz grapevines. Methods and Results. High-resolution visible remote sensing images were captured of Shiraz grapevines in two South Australian viticultural regions over two seasons. The projected leaf area (PLA) of individual grapevines was estimated from the images. Virus-infected vines had significantly lower PLA than healthy vines in the early season but fewer difference after veraison. The lower PLA was only observed in grapevines coinfected with grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) and Grapevine virus A (GVA). Shiraz vines infected with either GLRaVs or GVA had similar PLA to healthy vines. Conclusions. High-resolution RGB remote sensing technology has the potential to rapidly estimate SD infection in Shiraz grapevines. Our observations of shoot devigouration only in coinfected vines calls into question the etiology of SD. Further validation of the PLA technique incorporating different regions, seasons, cultivars, and combinations of viruses is needed for improving the robustness of the method. Significance of the Study. This preliminary study presents a new rapid and low-cost surveillance method to estimate SD infections in Shiraz vineyards, which could significantly lower the cost for growers who conduct on-ground SD visual assessments or lab-based tissue testing at the vineyard scale.","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44579857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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